Production of Mythel Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) from

methanol & Butylene

Season: 2018-2019
Project Supervisor :- Husham Majeed

Group Members
Hasaneen Husham Kareem
Mohammad Mahmood
Zahraa Alaa
 ‫ِّ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ك ِّذي ِّع مل عَل ٌمي﴾‬
‫﴿وفَ ْو َق ُ ِّ ل‬
‫َ‬

‫سورة يوسف ‪ :‬اآلية ‪76‬‬

‫أ‬
 ‫االهداء‬
‫إىل من دنا فتدىل فكان قاب قوسني أو أدنى ‪ .....‬حممد املصطفى (ص)‪.‬‬

‫إىل فخر الورى ‪ .....‬موالنا علي املرتضى (ع)‪.‬‬

‫إىل ابنة خدجية الكربى ‪ .....‬موالتنا فاطمة الزهراء (ع)‪.‬‬

‫إىل املسموم عدواناً وظلماً ‪ .....‬سيدنا احلسن اجملتبى (ع)‪.‬‬

‫إىل املذبوح من القفى ‪ .......‬سيدنا أبي عبد اهلل (ع)‪.‬‬

‫إىل من ميأل األرض عدال بعدما ملئت ظلما وجورا ‪.....‬‬

‫حبيبنا املهدي املرجتى (عج)‪.‬‬

‫هندي لكم جهدنا هذا‬

‫ب‬
 ‫الشكر وتقدير‬
‫ما كان هلذا اجلهد أن يرى النور لوال فضل اهلل وعونه ‪ ،‬ولوال اياد بيض امتدت ملساعدتنا وذللت‬

‫الصعوبات اليت اعرتضت طريق املشروع ‪ ،‬والبد لنا يف هذه احلالة ‪ ،‬أن نقف وقفه تقدير واحرتام لكل‬

‫من شارك يف إخراج هذا املشروع بصورته النهائية‪.‬‬

‫ونقدم شكرنا وجزيل إمتنانا ألستاذنا الفاضل هشام جميد التميمي الذي رافق خطواتنا يف هذا‬

‫الدرب الطويل فلم يبخل بوقته ونصائحه السديدة اليت كانت نرباسا أنار لنا طريق املشروع وذلل‬

‫وعورته ‪.‬‬

‫لكل اساتذتنا األفاضل ‪...‬‬ ‫كما وخنص بالشكر‬

‫د‬
1.1 INTRODUCTION:

MTBE is a commonly used acronym for the chemical compound

methyl tertiary-butyl ether. At room temperature
e, MTBE is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid that is highly soluble
in water. It is produced by the chemical reaction of methanol, generally
manufactured from natural gas, and isobutylene. MTBE has a very
distinct taste and odor, similar to turpentine.
MTBE has been used as a gasoline additive since 1979. However,
MTBE was not widely used as a gasoline additive in Connecticut until
the mid-1980s and was not discovered in our ground water until 1987.
Initially, it was added to gasoline as a. replacement for tetraethyl lead
to increase the octane rating of the fuel. This action has resulted in a.
significant reduction in ambient air levels of lead. As an octane
enhancing additive, MTBE is blended into conventional gasoline at
concentrations ranging from approximately 3 to 5 percent, by volume.
More recently, MTBE has also been used as an oxygenate, an additive
that increases the oxygen content of gasoline. Oxygenates are added to
gasoline to produce more complete fitel combustion, resulting in
reductions of carbon monoxide and ozone forming emissions. As an
oxygenate, MTBE is currently blended into gasoline at concentrations
ranging from 2.0 to 2.7 percent weight oxygen, the equivalent of 11 to
15 percent MTBE.

1
1.2 History of the product:
In the late 1970s and 1980s, oxygenates such as MTBE and ethanol
were added to fuels to improve efficiency while meeting lead phase-out
requirements. The use of MTBE became prevalent because of its low
cost, ease of production, and favorable transfer and blending
characteristics. Other less commonly used oxygenates include
methanol, ethyl tertiary-butyl ether (ETBE), tertiary-amyl methyl
ether (TAME), diisopropyl ether (DIPE), and tertiary-butyl alcohol
(TBA).
In 1987, the Colorado Air Quality Control Commission adopted the
first regulations in the country requiring that oxygenated fuels be sold
along much of the Colorado Front Range. The purpose of the
oxygenated fuels program was to make gasoline burn more cleanly in
order to reduce air emissions and smog.
Based in part on the successful oxygenated fuels program that had
been ongoing along the Colorado Front Range, the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990 required that oxygenated fuels be used at service
stations and gasoline retail businesses in regions of the United States
where ozone or carbon monoxide air quality standards were exceeded.
Beginning in 1992, the winter oxygenated fuel program required 2.7%
oxygen by weight in gasoline (equivalent to 15% MTBE or 7.3%
ethanol by volume) in 40 U.S. metropolitan areas, including those
located along the Colorado Front Range. In 1995, the U.S. implemented
Reformulated Gasoline Phase I, requiring 2.0% oxygen by weight in
gasoline year-round in 28 U.S. metropolitan areas. Reformulated
Gasoline Phase II, beginning January 1, 2000, continued to require
2.0% oxygen by weight.
As a result of concerns regarding MTBE, efforts have been made in
several States to discontinue the use of MTBE in gasoline.

2
 FIGURE (1): atomic combination for MTBE

1.3 Physical and chemical properties

Characteristic/Property Data

Chemical formula C5H12O

Molecular weight 88.2
Common Name Methyl tertiary-butyl ether
Synonyms MTBE, tert-butyl methyl ether
Physical state Colorless liquid with characteristic
terpene-like odor.
Vapor pressure 245 mm Hg @ 25°C
Density (water = 1) 0.7

Specific gravity 0.74

Solubility (in water) 4.8 g/100 ml at 20°C

Melting point -109 °C
Boiling point 55°C
Flash point -28°C
Conversion factors 1 mg/m3 = 0.28 ppm 1ppm= 3.61 mg/m3

3
1.4 MTBE applications:
 As anti-knocking agent

In the US it has been used in gasoline at low levels since 1979 to replace
tetraethyl lead and to increase its octane rating helping prevent engine
knocking. Oxygenates help gasoline burn more completely, reducing
tailpipe emissions from pre-1984 motor vehicles; dilutes or displaces
gasoline components such as aromatics (e.g., benzene) and sulfur; and
optimizes the oxidation during combustion. Most refiners chose MTBE
over other oxygenates primarily for its blending characteristics and
low cost.

 As a solvent.

Despite the popularity of MTBE in industrial settings, it is rarely used

as a solvent in academia with some exceptions.
MTBE forms azeotropes with water (52.6 °C; 96.5% MTBE) and
methanol (51.3 °C; 68.6% MTBE).
Although an ether, MTBE is a poor Lewis base and does not support
formation of Grignard reagents. It is also unstable toward strong acids. It
reacts dangerously with bromine.

 Alternatives to MTBE as an anti-knock agent

Other oxygenates are available as additives for gasoline including

ethanol and other ethers such as ETBE. Ethanol has been advertised as
a safe alternative by agricultural and other interest groups in the US
and Europe. In 2003, California was the first US state to start replacing
MTBE with ethanol. An alternative to ethanol is ETBE, which is
manufactured from ethanol and isobutene. Its performance as an
additive is similar to MTBE, but due to the higher price of ethanol
compared to methanol, it is more expensive. Higher quality gasoline is
also an alternative, so that additives such as MTBE are unnecessary.
Iso-octane itself is used. MTBE plants can be retrofitted to produce iso-
octane from isobutylene.

4
2.1 MTBE production:
MTBE is an oxygenated fuel additive that is blended with gasoline to
promote CO2 formation over CO formation during combustion. The
facility manufactures MTBE from methanol and isobutylene.
Isobutylene is obtained from a refinery cut, and it also contains 1-
butene and 2-butene, both of which do not react with methanol.
Process Selection
MTBE is produced via direct addition of methanol to isobutylene using
sulphonated ion Exchange resin as catalysts.

2.1 Production methods

The MTBE plants actually consist of six units: Isomerization Unit

(including deisobutanizer), Dehydrogenation Unit, MTBE Unit,
Methanol Recovery Unit,Oxygenate Removal Unit and Olefin
Saturation Unit. A common offsite utility system will be incorporated
to distribute the required utilities to each unit. There are five method
of producing MTBE implemented under license as the following [3]:
1. UOP-Oleflex Process
2. Phillips STAR Process
3. ABB LummusCatofin Process
4. Snamprogetti-Yarsingtez FBD (SP-Isoether) Process.
5.Amberlyst Process.

2.1.1UOP-Oleflex Process

24The UOP-Oleflex process uses multiple side-by-side, radial flow,

moving-bed reactors connected in series. Preheated feed and interstage
heaters supply the heat of reaction. The reaction is carried out over
platinum supported on alumina, under near isothermal conditions. The
catalyst system employs UOP's Continuous Catalyst Regeneration
(CCR) technology. The bed of catalyst slowly flows concurrently with
the reactants and is removed from the last reactor and regenerated in a
separate section. The reconditioned catalyst is then returned to the top
of the first reactor. The typical processes involved are the
deisobutenization, the isomerisation and the dehydrogenation process

5
2.1.2Philips Star Process
The second one is the Philips Steam Active Reforming (STAR) Process.
The Phillips Steam Active Reforming (STAR) Process uses a noble
metal-promoted zinc aluminate spinel catalyst in a fixed-bed reactor.
The reaction is carried out with steam in tubes that are packed with
catalyst and located in a furnace. The catalyst is a solid, particulate
noble metal. Steam is added to the hydrocarbon feed to provide heat to
the endothermic reaction, to suppress coke formation, and to increase
the equilibrium conversion by lowering partial pressures of hydrogen
and propane.

2.1.3ABB LummusCatofin Process

The ABB LummusCatofin Process uses a relatively inexpensive and
durable chromium oxide alumina as catalyst. This catalyst can be
easily and rapidly regenerated under severe conditions without loss in
activity. Dehydrogenation is carried out in the gas phase over fixed
beds. Because the catalyst cokes up rapidly, five reactors are typically
used. Two are on stream, while two are being regenerated and one is
being purged. The reactors are cycled between the reaction and
thereheat/regeneration modes, and the thermal inertia of the catalyst
controls the cycletime, which is typically less than 10 minutes. The
chromium catalyst is reduced from Cr +6 to Cr+3 during the
dehydrogenation cycle. The raw materials used to produce MTBE by
using this method are butanes, hydrogen and as well as recycled
isobutene from the system itself. In this process, there is an isostripper
column, which separatesthe heavies, and the light ends from which
then could produce MTBE.

2.1.4 Snamprogetti-Yartsingtez FBD (SP-

Isoether)
The Snamprogetti-Yarsingtez SP-Isoether (FBD) Process uses a
chromium catalyst in equipment, which is the fluidized bed that
resembles conventional fluidized catalytic cracking technology used in
the oil refinery. The catalyst is recirculated from the reactor to the
regeneration section on a 30–60-min cycle. The process operates under
low pressure and has a low-pressure drop and uniform temperature

6
profile. Snamprogetti has been presenting and marketing their
hydrogenation technology, ISOETHER 100, since 1997. This process is
to be used to convert MTBE units by utilizing Snamprogetti’s MTBE
Water Cooled Tubular Reactor Technology. In this SPIsoether Process,
the products are MTBE and isooctagenas (iso octane gas). In this SP-
Isoether Process the catalyst used in the isoetherification reactor is the
same as those other typical processes, which is Platinum.Four method
processes of the MTBE above are favorable among the petrochemical
firms.

2.1.5Amberlyst process:
Methanol and mixed butelynes feed (23 wt% iso-butelyne,20%wt 1-
butelyne, 57 %wt 2-butelyne) is pumped and heated at reaction
conditions(30 bar and 85 Co). The reactor is a fixed bed type reactor
and operating adiabatically at liquid phase over acidic ion-exchange
resin catalyst according to the following reaction:

CH3OH+C4H8 C5H12O

Methanol side reactions are minimized by using an excess of methanol.

The reactor effulent is distilled with MTBE as the bottom product.
Methanol is recovered from the mixed butelynes in a water scrubber
and the methanol is subsecuently separated from water so that
unreacted methanol can not be recycled , unreacted butelynes are sent
to the refinery for further processing.the product stream must contain
at least 94% mol MTBE.

7
2.2 Process Description:
Methanol and the mixed butylenes feed is pumped and heated to
reaction conditions. Both the methanol and the mixed butylenes are
made in on-site units, and are sent to this unit at the desired conditions.
The reactor operates in the vicinity of 30 bar, to ensure that the
reaction occurs in the liquid phase. The reaction is reversible. The feed
temperature to the reactor is usually maintained below 90°C to obtain
favorable equilibrium behavior. Any side reactions involving 1-butene
and 2-butene form small amounts of products with similar fuel
blending characteristics, so side reactions are assumed to be
unimportant. Other side reactions are minimized by keeping the
methanol present in excess. The reactor effluent is distilled, with
MTBE as the bottom product. Methanol is recovered from the mixed
butylenes in a water scrubber, and the methanol is subsequently
separated from water so that unreacted methanol can be recycled.
Unreacted butylenes are sent back to the refinery for further
processing. The MTBE product is further purified, mostly to remove
the trace amounts of water. The product stream from Unit 900 must
contain at least 94 mol % MTBE, with the MTBE portion of the stream
flowrate at specification.

2.3 Reason of Selection production

method:
1. Lower capital investment from other processes.
2. Conversion isGreater than 98%.
3. Advantages are:
 the process operate under low pressure and the temperature is
not high,this mean that the process is not as dangerous as other
high temperature operated process.
 the product of the process is only MTBE and other effulent and
as wel as flue gas which are not harmfull to the environment.
4. Disadvantages are:
Waste water which contain 99 wt% water must be treated to
remove the trace amount of impurities , this added to the utility
cost.

8
2.3 Process details:
Stream 1: Methanol – stored as a liquid at the desired pressure of the
reaction.
Stream 2: Mixed butene stream – 23% isobutene, 20% 1-butene, 57%
2-butene.
Stream 8: MTBE product – must be 95 wt% pure.
Stream 11: Process water – see utility list for more information
Stream 12: Waste butenes – returned to refinery – contains 1-butene
and 2-
butene with less than 1 wt% other impurities.
Stream 16: Waste water – must be treated – must contain 99 wt% wate

9
 Production capacity of MTBE

P=100000 tan/year

P=13889/88 = 157.8 kmol/hr

Material balance of distillation (T-901)

M10

distillation
M8

M9

M8 = M9 + M10

M8 = 157.8 + M10

Blance of (MTBE)

0.1833+M8=157.8*0.9650+M10*0.0148

0.1833(157.8+M10)=157.8*0.965+M10*0.0148
10
 M8 =M10
157.8 +=732.06
732.06

M8 = 889.86 K

Components M8=(mole%) M9(mole%) M10(mole%)

CH3OH 0.4163 0.0486 0.4979

I-Butene 0.3993 ------- 0.4872

MTBE 0.1833 0.9452 0.0149

H2O 0.00111 0.0062 ---------

stream (Kmol/hr)

Components M8 M9 M10

CH3OH 370.3737 7.6691 364.4926

I-Butene 355.2492 ------- 356.6536

MTBE 163.0783 149.153 10.9076

H2O 0.9786 0.9783 ---------

Tatal 889.86 157.8 732.06

11
 Material blancean a bsorber (T-902)
M11 M13
A bsorber

M12 M14

M11 + M12 = M13 + M14

732.06 + M12 = M13 + M14 ___________ 1

M.B of CH3OH

732.06(0.4957) + 0M12 = 0.04913 M13 + 0.0659 M14 ________ 2

M.B of I-Butene

732.06(0.4857) + 0M12 =0.4913 M13 + 0.0659 M14 __________3

362.882142 = 0.0472 M13 + 0.2307 M14

0.0472 M13 = 362.882142 – 0.2307 M14

M13 = 7688.18098 – 4.887712 M14 ____________4

355.5615=0.4913(7688.1809-4.8877 M14 + 0.0659 M14)

355.5615 = 3777.2032 – 2.4013 M14 + 0.0659 M14

355.5615 = 3777.2032 – 2.33543 M14

M14 = 1465.1202

M13 = 7688.1809 –4.8877(1465.1202) = 527.1129

732.06 + M12 = 527.1129 + 1465.1202

M12 = 1260.1731

12
Components M11=(mole%) M12(mole%) M13(mole%) M14(mole%)

CH3OH 0.4960 _______ 0.0471 0.2310

I-Butene 0.04860 _______ 0.4914 0.0660

MTBE 0.0180 _______ 0.0026 0.0083

H2O ______ 1 0.4588 0.6948

Stream (Kgmol/hr)

Components M11 M12 M13 M14

CH3OH 363.1011 ______ 24.82701 388.4427

355.7811 ______ 259.0232 69.6979

I-Butene
13.17708 ______ 1.370494 12.16049
MTBE
______ 1260.1731 241.8393 1017.9655
H2O
732.06 1260.1731 527.1129 1465.1202
Total

In = out

1992.2331 = 1992.2331

13
 Material blance of distillation (T -903)

M16

distillation
M15

M17

M15 = M16 + M17

1465.1202 = M16 + M17 _____________ 1

M.B of water

0.6942 (1465.1202) = 0.0022 (1465.1202) + 0.996 M17

M17 = 1014.2689

M16 = 1456.1202 – 1014.2689

= 441.8513

14
 Components M15 (mole%) M16(mole%) M17(mole%)

CH3OH 0.2309 0.7535 0.0003

I-Butene 0.0660 0.2167 _______

MTBE 0.0083 0.0276 _______

H2O 0.6948 0.0022 0.9997

Stream (Kgmol / hr)

Components M15 M16 M17

CH3OH 3338.2962 332.9349 3.0428

I-Butene 69.6979 95.7492 _______

MTBE 12.16049 12.1950 _______

H2O 1017.9655 0.97207 1013.9646

Total 1465.1202 441.8513 1014.2689

In = out

1465.1202 = 1465.1202

15
 Material blance of reactor

M7 M8
Reactor

M8 = 889.86

Iso-Butylene + CH3OH MTBE

A +B c
Cout = Cin + generation

889.86 = 0 + generation

Generation = 889.86

The reactor over of conversion

Of 98%

Conv = reactor of A/feed

0.98 = 889.86/feed

Feed = 908.0204

16
 Components M7=(mole%) M8(mole%)

CH3OH 0.5016 0.4163

I-Butene 0.4863 0.3993

MTBE 0.0118 0.1833

H2O 0.6009 0.001

Stream (Kgmol/hr)

Components M7 M8

CH3OH 454.9182 370.4487

I-Butene 441.5703 355.3211

MTBE 10.71146 163.1113

H2O 0.81721 0.9788

M7 = 908.0204 M8 = 889.86

17
 Material blance of mixer (M-901)

M4 M5
mixer
M3

M3 + M4 = M5

M3 + M4 = 908.0204

M.B of water

M3 + 0.00175 M4 = 0.0009 (908.0204)

M4 = 466.98192

M3 = 908.0204 – 466.98192

M3 = 441.0384

18
 Components M3 (mole%) M4(mole%) M5(mole%)

CH3OH _______ 0.8249 0.5010

I-Butene 2 0.1538 0.4862

MTBE _______ 0.0196 0.0119

H2O _______ 0.0017 0.0009

Stream (Kgmol/hr)

Components M3 M4 M5

CH3OH _______ 385.2133 454.9184

I-Butene 441.0384 71.82180 441.4792

MTBE _______ 9.15284 10.8054

H2O _______ 0.81721 0.81721

Total 441.0384 466.98192 908.0204

In = out

908.0204=908.0204

19
 Material blance of flash drum (V -901)

M1 M4
Flash drum
M2

M1 + M2 = M4

M1 + 441.0384 = 466.9819

M1 = 25.9435

20
 Components M3 (mole%) M4(mole%) M5(mole%)

CH3OH _______ 0.7535 0.8250

I-Butene _______ 0.2167 0.1538

MTBE 1 0.0276 0.0196

H2O _______ 0.0022 0.0016

Components M1 M2 M4

CH3OH _______ 332.3224 385.2601

I-Butene _______ 95.5730 71.8218

MTBE 25.9435 12.17265 9.15284

H2O _______ 0.97028 0.7471

Total 25.9435 441.0384 466.9819

21
 Energy BLANC
Specific Heat Capacitey

By using some at equation as given below

Cp=A+BT+CT^2

Cp=Kj/kymol(k)

T=T/1000

Components A B C T(k)

CH3OH 18.322 0.1015 0.00002868 298-1500

I-Butene 179340 -1467 10.323 298-1500

MTBE 140120 -9 0.563 298-1500

H2O 3.470 0.00145 298-1500

Cp=18.322+0.1015*(298.15/1000)+0.00002868(298.15/1000)^2

=18.41

22
 Energy BLANC on flash Drum(v-901)

H1 H4
Flash drum
H2

H1=liquid stream=m cp (∆T)

Amount of I-butene=25.9435

H1 of i-butene = 25.935*178.904(298.15-273.15)

H1=116034.8981 Kj/hr

H2=vapor stream=m cp ∆T+m

H of CH3OH = 332.3224*18.55*(322.99-273.15)+(332.3224*35.5)

=315810.3634
H of i-butene = 95.5730*178.8672*(322.99-273.15)+(95.5730*22200)

=2973729.165
H of MTBE= 12.17265*140.117*49.84+(12.17265*28100)

=247058.3298
H of H2O = 0.97028*3.4704*49.84+(0.97028*40.65)

=207.267

23
 H2 total=3716805.124 Kj/h

H4=liquid stream=m cp(∆T)

H ofCH3OH=385.2601*18.35453*(318.85-273.15)

=323156.951

H ofi-butene=71.8218*178.873*(45.7)

=587107.024
H of MTBE=9.15284*140.117*(45.7)

=58608.809
H of H2o=0.74717*3.4704*(45.7)

=118.4991

H4 totel=9689912.2831
Kj/h

H1 total + H2 total = 3832840.022

24
 Energy BLANC on mixer (M-901)

H4 H5
mixer
H3

H4 = liquid stream = mcp ∆T

=968991.2831
H3 = liquid stream = m cp ∆T

=441.0384 * 178.903 * (298.15 – 273.15)

=1972577.322
H5 = liquid stream = m cp ∆T

H of CH3OH = 454.9184 * 18.3523 * (299.08 – 273.15)

= 216484.3568
H of i-butene = 441.4795 * 178.902 * (25.93)

=204799.1994
H of MTBE = 10.8054 * 140.117 * (25.93)

=39258.5446
H of H2O = 0.81721 * 3.4704 * (25.93)
H5 total = 460615.6395
=73.53866

H4 total + H3 total = 2941568.605

25
 Energy BLANC on heat exchanger (E-901)
H6 H7
Heat
exchanger

Hs Hs

H6 = liquid stream = m cp ∆T

=460615.6395
H7 = liquid stream = m cp ∆T

H of CH3OH = 454.9182 * 18.3610 * (385.15 – 273.15)

= 935508.3439
H of i-butene = 441.5703 * 178.776 * (112)

=884152.259
H of MTBE = 10.7164 * 140.116 * (112)

=168172.3795
H of H2O = 0.81721 * 3.4705 * (112)

=317.6463 H7 total=9945521.629 H7 total=460615.6395

So heat provide by high pressure stream

Hs = 9484905.989
26
 Energy BLANC on reactor (R-901)

H7 H8
Reactor

H7 = liquid stream = m cp ∆T

=9945521.629 Kj/hr
H8 = liquid stream = m cp ∆T

H of CH3OH = 370.4487* 18.3626 * (400.72– 273.15)

= 867782.533
H of i-butene = 355.3211* 178.753 * (127.75)

=8114004.533
H of MTBE = 136.1113* 140.116 * (127.75)

=2436367.364
H of H2O = 0.9788 * 3.4705 * (127.75)

=425.767 H8 total = 11418580.27

Heat of reaction

CH3OH + iso-butylen MTBE

∆HR = 2436376.634 – (867782.334 + 8114004.533)

=-6545410.233 Kj/mole
27
 Energy blance on distillation (T-901)
H10

distillation
H8

H9

H8 = liquid stream = m cp ∆T

=1141858.27Kj/hr
H10 = liquid stream = m cp ∆T+m

H of CH3OH = 364.4926* 18.3633 * (407.72– 273.15)+(364.4926*35.3)

= 912243.5578
H of i-butene = 356.6596* 178.743 * (127.75)+(356.6596*22200)

=16683785.29
H of MTBE = 10.9076* 140.116 * (134.37)+(10.9076*28100)

=512146.1656

28
 Condenser Duty
Before calculating the condenser we wil estimate the top column the
temperature using Antoine is Equation

T=

Pressure of stream is 1900kpa=14251.14

Components Xi*pressure Pi(mmhg)

CH3OH 0.4957*14251.14 7064

I-Butene 0.4857*14251.14 9613.228

MTBE 0.0148*14251.14 210.917

Constant for CH3OH

A=7.15610 B=957.240 C=626.353

T=(957.240/7.15610-Log(764.29)) +626.353

Ti=865.060

Costant for i-butene

A=179.340 B=-1.467 C=-54.426

Ti=(-1.467/1790340-log(6913.228))+54.426

T=54.4173
29
 Costant for MTBE

A=140.120 B=-0.009 C=-101.972

Ti=(-0.009/140.120-log(210.917))+101.972

T=101.9714
T=(865.060*0.4957)+(54.4173*0.4851)+(101.9714*0.0148)

T=456.7166
∆T=456.7166-273.15

∆T=183.5667K
Now we calculate the vapor phas heat dute at the condenser in let we
get .

H of CH3OH =M CP*∆T+M

=364.4926*18.3683*(185.567)+(364.4926*35.3)

=1255257.959
H of i-butene =356.6596*178.673*(185.567)+(356.6596*22200)

=19743181.98
H of MTBE =10.9076*140.116*(185.567)+(10.9076*28100)

=596111.0389

H total=21588550.98

30
So heat removed by the condenser

Hc=21588550.98-18108175.01

Hc=34803750.969
H9 = liquid stream = m cp ∆T

H of CH3OH = 7.6691* 18.3678 * (451.61– 273.15)

=25138.6778
H of MTBE = 149.153* 140.116 * (178.46)

=3729585.883
H of H2O = 0.9779 * 3.4070 * (178.46)

=594.5761
H9 total=3755319.137

Now by applying the over all heat balance on the distillation column

H8 + HR = H9 + H10 + Hc

1141858.27 +HR = 3755319.137 + 18108175.01+3480375.969

HR = 24202011.85

In = H8 = 1141858.27 Kj/hr

Out = H9+H10 = 21863494.15Kj/hr

31
 Energy blancean a bsorber (T-902)

H12 H13
A bsorber

H11 H14

H12= liquid stream = m cp ∆T

H of H2O = 1260.1731*3.4704*(303.15-273.15)

=131199.1418

H11 = vapor stream = m cp ∆T + m

=18108175.01
H14 = liquid stream = m cp ∆T

H of CH3OH = 388.4427* 18.3587 * (356.27– 273.15)

= 592753.9051
H of i-butene = 96.6979* 178.818 * (83.12)

=1441268.046
H of MTBE = 12.16049* 140.116 * (83.12)

=141626.4405

32
H of H2O = 1017.9655 * 3.4705 * (83.12)

=293650.4311 H14 total=2469298.832

H13 = vapor stream = m cp ∆T + m

H of CH3OH = 24.82701* 18.3587 * (356.27– 273.15)+(24.82701*35.3)

= 38930.4365
H of i-butene = 259.0232* 178.818 * (83.49)+(259.0232*22200)

=9617405.743
H of MTBE = 1.370494* 140.116 * (83.49)+(1.370494*28100)

=54543.3105
H of H2O = 241.8393 * 3.4705 * (83.49)+(2418393*40.65)

=79904.1992

H13 total=9790783.689

In = H11+H12 = 18239374.15 Kj/hr

Out = H13+H14 = 12260082.15 Kj/hr

33
 Energy blance on distillation column (T-901)
H16

distillation
H15

H17

H8 = liquid stream = m cp ∆T

=2469298.823 Kj/hr
H10 = liquid stream = m cp ∆T

H of CH3OH = 332.9349 * 18.3554 * (329.42– 273.15)

= 343874.5941
H of i-butene = 95.7492* 178.857 * (56.27)

=960929.7267
H of MTBE = 12.1950* 140.117 * (56.27)

=96150.0578
H of H2O = 0.97207 * 3.4704 * (56.27)

=189.8253 H16 total=1401144.204

34
 Condenser Duty
Before calculating the condenser we wil estimate the top column the
temperature using Antoine is Equation

T=

Pressure of stream is 500kpa=3750.3

Components Xi*pressure Pi(mmhg)

CH3OH 0.7531*3750.3 2842.351

I-Butene 0.2166*3750.3 812.3150

MTBE 0.0276*3750.3 103.5083

H2O 0.0022*37503. 8.25066

Constant for CH3OH

A=7.15610 B=957.240 C=-338.237

T=(957.240/7.15610-Log(2824.351)) +338.237

Ti=596.5891

Constant for i-butene

A=179.340 B=-1.467 C=-154.426

Ti=(-1.467/1790340-log(812.3150))+145.426

T=53.0472
35
 Constant for MTBE

A=140.120 B=-0.009 C=-101.972

Ti=(-0.009/140.120-log(103.5083))+101.972

T=100.1722
Constant for H2O

A=7.96917 B1886.76 C=-4.64292

Ti=(1886.76/7.96917-log(8.25066))+4.6292

T=272.1667
T=(596.58*0.7531)+(53.0472*0.2166)+(100.1722*0.0276)+(272.145*0.00
22)

T=464.145k
∆T=464.145-273.15

∆T=190.995K
Now we calculate the vapor phas e heat at the condenser in let we get

H16=M CP*∆T+M

H of CH3OH =M CP*∆T+M

=332.9349*18.3554*(185.567)+(190.995)+(332.9349*355.3)

=1178952.32
H of i-butene =95.7492*178.857*(190.995)+(95.7492*22200)

=5396500.814
36
H of MTBE =12.1950*140.117*(190.995)+(95.7492*22200)

=326358.278
H ofH2O=0.97207*3.4704*(190.995)+(0.97207*40.65)

=683.8308

H total=6902495.243

So heat removed by the condenser

Hc=6902495.243-1461144.204

=5501351.039kj/hr

H17 = liquid stream = m cp ∆T

H of CH3OH 3.0428*18.3655 (428.76-273.15)

=8695.8826
H of H2O 1013.96646*3.4705*(428.76-273.15)

=547586.0105
H17=556281.8931

Now by Applying The Overall Heat Balance on The Distillation

Colum

H15+HR=H16+H17+HC

2469298.823+HR=1401144.204+556281.8931+55013510039

HR=4989478.313

37
 Chapter Five (Design)

Design steps and calculations:-

• Rate of Reaction.
• Weight of Catalyst.
• Volume of Bed.
• Height and Diameter of Bed.
• Height and Volume of Reactor.
• Space Time and Space Velocity.
• Thickness of Shell.

(5-1) Rate of Reaction:-

-rA=0.0043869 (K mole /m3.sec)

(5-2) Weight of Catalyst

As we know that

38
Where
FAo=134.0158
-for continuous process and replacement of catalyst we use
3 reactors in parallel so the flow rate handled by one
reactor is.
FAo =134.0158 /3 kg mole /hr
FAo=44.6719 kg mole /hr
FAo=44.6719/3600=0.0124 kg mole/sec
For 98% conversion
Put all the values we get .

W=2.7706 kg

(5-3) volume of Bed

-As we know that
W=2.7706 kg
Bulk density of catalyst =760 kg /m3
So the volume of catalyst will be
Vcatalyst =2.7706 /760

39
Vcatalyst =3.6455 ×10^-3
Bed Porosity =0.35
So volume of bed will be
Vbed =Vcatalyst /(1-Bed porosity)
VBED=(3.6455×10^-3)/(1-0.35)
VBED =5.6085 × 10-3

(5-4) Height and Diameter of Bed

As we know that

HB=VBED/(π×D2/4)

-For Catalyst bed it is rule of thumb that.

H:D=3:1

D3= 4VBed / 3π

Put the values we get

D3=(4 × 5.6085 10-3)/(3 × 3.14)
D3=2.3815 ×10-3 m3
DBED=0.1335 m
-put this value in height of bed equation we get
HBED=5.6085 ×10-3/0.0140
HBED=0.4006 m
40
(5-5)Height and Volume of Reactor
In order to find out the height of bed add 15% clearance height to
the height of bed in this way we will get the height of reactor.

HR=HBED+0.15(HBED)
HR=0.4006+0.15(0.4006)
HR=0.46069 m
-Now Volume of reactor or will be

VREACTOR= HR× ( π D2/4)

=0.46069 (3.14×(0.1335) 2/4)

=6.4453 × 10-3 m3

(5-6) Space Time and Space Velocity

As we know that
Space time = VR / volumetric flow rate

(Volumetric flow rate = molar flow rate / mixture density)

Volumetric flow rate = 176.2349 m3/sec

So put the value we get

Space time = 3.6572 ×10-5 sec

=2.19432 ×10-3 min

41
Now

Space velocity = 1 / space time

Put the value we get

Space velocity = 1 / (2.19432 ×10-3)

=455.722046 min-1

(5-7) Pressure Drop Calculation

As we know that the Fenske's equation can be used in order to
calculate the pressure drop in fixed bed catalytic reactors.

Where
HBED=0.4006 m
ϵ=0.35
G=292.8661 kg/m 2.sec
d=0.000525 m
g=9.8 m/sec 2

ρL=4634.6798 kg/m 3

μ mixture=0.0002418 pa.sec

∆p =0.1711 psi

42
(5-8)Shell thickness
As we know that the thickness of shell can be
calculated as

F=85 N/m2
J=0.8
Di =0.1335
Pi=5 atm
Add 5% excess pressure we get
Pi=0.532 N/m2
Put all these in the equation
e =5.2427 ×10-4 m
-allowable thickness for corrosion =2mm
So
Outside diameter of reactor
=0.1335+(2×2.52427 ×10-3)
D outside=0.1385 mm

43
(5-9)specification sheet for fixed bed catalytic reactor

Equipment Fixed Bed Catalytic Reactor

Function To Convert Methanol into
MTBE
Operation Continuous
Catalyst Sulfonic Acid
Reaction Rate 0.0043869 K mole/m3.sec
Weight of Catalyst 2.7706 kg
Volume of Bed 5.6085 × 10-3 m3
Height of Bed 0.4006 m
Diameter of Bed 0.1335 m
Height of Reactor 0.46069 m
Volume of Reactor 6.4453× 10-3 m3
Space Time 2.19432 × 10-3 min
Space Velocity 455.722046 min-1
Pressure Drop 0.1711 psi
Shell Thickness 0.1385 mm

ABSORBER DESIGN

7.1 Introduction:
Gas absorption is the removal of one or more selected components
from a mixture of gases or liquids by absorption in to a suitable
liquid. It is the 2nd largest unit operation of mass transfer in
chemical process industry after distillation. The gas absorption
process involves the re-distribution of solute between the gas
phase and the liquid phase when the two phases come into close
contact and achieve equilibrium conditions. [12,15]

44
 The major purpose of the gas absorption may be any of the
following for the separation of

  Component having the economic value

  As a stage in the preparation of some compounds

 For removing of undesired components (pollution)

7.2 Types of Absorption:

1. Physical Absorption: In physical absorption mass transfer
takes place purely by diffusion and physical absorption is
governed by the physical equilibrium.

2. Chemical Absorption: In chemical absorption as soon as

particular component comes in contact with the absorbing
liquid a chemical reaction takes place.

Types of Absorption Equipment’s:

The major types of absorbers which are used for absorption
purposes in chemical process industries are given below as
follows.

 •Packed Column

 •Plate Column
•Centrifugal Contactor
•Bubble Column

45
 7.3 Column Selection:
Comparison between Packed Column and Plate Column:
• Plate column can be designed to handle a wide range of liquid
and gas flow rates than packed columns. 
• Packed columns are suitable for high liquid flow rates.

• Plate column can be designed with more assurance than packed

columns. There is always come doubt that good liquid distribution
can be maintained throughout a packed column under all
operating conditions, particularly in large columns.

• It is easier to make provision for cooling in a plate column; coils
can be installed on the plates.

• It is easier to make provision for the withdrawal of side-streams
from plate column. The efficiency of a plate can be predicted with
more certainty than the Equilent term for packing.

• If the liquids cause fouling or contains solids it is easier to make
provision for cleaning in plate’s column. 
• For corrosive liquids a packed column will be economical as
compared to plate column 
• Packed columns are suitable for handling foaming systems. 
• Packed columns are always considered for low pressure drop
and low diameter.




46
 7.4 Selection of Packing:

-The packing should be such that it provides

 • Large surface area for contact

 • Low pressure drop

 • Corrosion resistant

 • Light weight

 • High void spaces and larges passage for flow

 • Can handle foaming and corrosive fluids

 • Less channeling
• Capital investment is low

- Selected Packing is 1 inch Pall Rings

It has following characteristics

 • One of the most efficient packing

 • Open structure

 • Low pressure drop

• High flooding point

-Selected Parameters are

• Packing Factor = FP = 170 m-1
• Interfacial Area = a = 207 m2/m3
• Packing Size = DP = 25 mm
47
 ABSORBER DESIGN

M11 M13
Absorber

M12 M13

STREAM (Mole)

Components M11 M12 M13 M14

CH3OH 0.4957 0.0471 0.2308
i-Butene 0.4857 0.4913 0.0659
MTBE 0.0180 1.00 0.0026 0.0083
H2O 0.4587 0.6942

48
 7.5 Design Steps and Calculations:

 • Calculation of Flow Factor

 • K Calculation

 • Gas Mass Velocity

 • Column Diameter and Area

 • Check for Channeling

 • Effective Interfacial Area

 • Liquid Film Mass transfer Co-Efficient

 • Gas Film Mass transfer Co-Efficient

• Overall Mass transfer Co-Efficient
• Pressure Drop Calculation 
• Mechanical Design

Calculation of Flow factor:

- The flow factor can be calculated as

49
Where

FLV = flow factor

LN = liquid flow rate at bottom = 216.1559 Kg mole/hr.

LV = vapor flow rate at bottom = 78.2044 Kg mole/hr.

-The densities of liquid and vapor mixtures can be calculated by

using the following methodology

• Calculate volume of each component using (Vi = mi/ ρi )

• Calculate mixture volume (V mixture = V1X1 + V2X2 + V3X3 +
…….)
• Calculate the volume fraction (V1-fraction = Vi / V mixture) 
• Calculate the mixture density (ρ mixture = ρ1 V1-fraction + ρ2 V2-
fraction + ρ 3 V3-fraction + ……)

ρ V = density of vapors = 665.6573 Kg/m3

ρ l = density of liquid= 813.8226 Kg/m3

-put all of these values in above formula we get the flow

parameter value

Flv=1.85

50
K4 Calculations:

For packing material we select pall rings with following

specifications.
Size = 1 inch = 25 mm
For low pressure drop assume pressure drop is 20 mm H 2o/m
From figure 7.1 given below we have

51
K4 at the selected pressure drop is = 0.2
K4 at the flooding line is = 0.4
So therefore
Percentage flooding = 50%

Gas Mass Velocity:

As we know that gas mass velocity can be calculated as follows

where
FP = packing factor = 170 m-1
K4 = 0.2
ρV = density of vapors = 665.6573 Kg/m3

ρl = density of liquid = 813.822 Kg/m3

The viscosity of liquid and vapor phase mixtures can be
calculated a method described in “Applied Process Design for
Chemical and Petrochemical Plants by Ernest E. Ludwig,
Vol. 02, 3rd edition” and that method is

So by using above formula we have calculate the liquid and

vapor phase mixture viscosities given below

μ l= liquid mixture viscosity = 1.6994 cp

μ v = vapor mixture viscosity = 24.0637 cp

52
Now put all of these values in above equation we will get gas mass
velocity

Now put all of these values in above equation we will get gas mass
velocity

Vw=4.0522 kg/m 2.sec

Column Diameter and Area:

As we know that
Area of column = mass flow rate / mass velocity
Area of column = 11.3869 / 4.0522
Area of column = 2.81 m2
Now the diameter of column can be calculated as follows Ac
= π/4 (Dc) 2
By putting all the values in the above formula we can calculate
the diameter of the column
Dc = 1.8919 m

53
Check for Channeling:
For the checking of channeling
Dc / DP = 1.8919 / 0.025 = 72.6767 > 8
So it should be greater than 9 therefore there is no channeling

Calculation of Mass Transfer Co-Efficient (Onda’s method)

Effective interfacial area
-as we know that
Aw/a =1-exp[-1.45(σc/σl) (lw/aμl) 0.1(lwa/ l2 g) -0.05(lw2/ρl σl a)0.2]
Where
Aw=effective interfacial area
A=actual area of packing =207 m2/m3
G=gravitational constant =9.8 m/sec 2
Lw=liquid mass flow rate per unit area=8.4416 kg/m2.sec
ρ=Density of liquid =813.8226 kg/m3

σc = critical surface tension of packing = 33 × 10-3 N/m

μl=liquid mixture viscosity =1.6994 cp
Now we have to find out the liquid surface tension by using a
formula given in “Applied Process Design for Chemical and
Petrochemical Plants by Ernest E. Ludwig, Vol. 02, 3rd edition”
and that formula is given blow.

54
By using above formula we have to find out the liquid surface
tension of mixture and that is
σ= surface tension of liquid mixture = 0.016445 N/m
Put all of these values in above equation in order to calculate the
effective interfacial area

Aw=200 m2/m3

Liquid Film Mass Transfer Co-Efficient:

As we know that

Where
Dl =Liquid diffusion co-efficient = for MTBE =0.00941 m2/sec
Put all the necessary values we get

Kl=4.883× 10-4 m/sec

55
Gas film mass transfer co-efficient

Where
Dv=vapor diffusion co-efficient = for MTBE =7.92 m2/sec

KG=1.114× 10-2 m/sec

Overall Mass Transfer Co-Efficient:

-As we know that

1/KOG = 1/KG + HA/KL
Where
HA = henry constant = PA/CA = 4.934/0.002 = 2467 Pa.m3 /Kg
mole.
Put all of the values in above equation we get
1/KOG = 1/0.01144 + 2467/0.0004883
1/KOG = 50609.63245
KOG = 1975 × 10-5 Kg mole/sec.atm.m2

56
Pressure drop calculations
-as we know that

Where

ΔP = pressure drop
C = 0.15
J = 0.16
A = 207 m2/m3
LS = (MWR) ρL a = 0.0000335 × 813.8226 × 207 = 5.64
Kg/m2.sec
LV = (MWR) ρV a = 0.0000335 × 665.6573 × 207 = 4.61
Kg/m2.sec

PG = 72.5189
F = flooding factor = 0.675
Put all of these values in above equation we get

∆P=0.15 psi

57
Overall Height of Gas Phase Transfer Unit:

By using Cornell’s Method we have

HOG = HG + m Gm/Lm (HL)
Now according to this method we have
HG = 0.11 × ψh × (Sc)v0.5 × (Dc/0.305)1.11 × (Z/3.05) 0.4 × (LW ×
f1f2f3)0.5
And
HL = 0.305 × φh × (Sc) L0.5 × K3(Z/3.05)0.15
From the graph given below we have at 50% flooding the value of
K3 is
K3 = 0.96
From the figure 7.2 given below we have at 50% flooding the
value of ψh is

ψh = 60
Now
LW * = L/A = 40.5/2.81 = 15.68

Now at the value of

58
LW* = 15.68 the value of φh can be calculated from the graph
given below
and that is
φh = 0.2
Now
(SC)L = μL/dLDL = 64
(SC)V = μV/dVDV = 1.17470
At 25oC, the liquid is water so
f1 = f2 = f3 = 1.00
by putting these values in above Cornell’s Equations we get

HL = 3.120 m
HG = 0.277 m
Now the overall height of gas phase transfer unit is calculated by
putting the values in above
equation of HOG we have

59
HOG = 3.120 + (0.6) (0.277)
HOG = 3.2862 m
Height of Packed Bed:
As we know that
Z = HOG × NOG
Put the values we get
Z = 3.2862 × 10 = 32.862 m
Holdup and Distribution Height:
As we know that
Holdup and Distribution Height = 0.25 (D) + 1
Put the values we get
Holdup and Distribution Height = 0.25 (1.8919) + 1
Holdup and Distribution Height = 1.4729 m
So the total height of column will be
Total Height of Packed Column = Height of Packed Column +
Holdup and Distribution Height
Total Height of Packed Column = 32.862 + 1.4729
Total Height of Packed Column = 34.3349 m
For a satisfactory design we prefer that

60
L/D should be less than 30 and we prefer that it should be less
than 20
So
L/D = 34.3349/1.8919 = 18.14836
So design is acceptable.

Mechanical Design
Shell Thickness:

As we know that the thickness of shell can be calculated as

As we know that the thickness of shell can be
calculated as

F=144 N/m2
J=0.775
Di =1.89190 m
Pi=5 bar
Add 5% excess pressure we get
Pi=5.5 N/m2
Put all these values in above equation we get

e=0.04 mm
Allowable thickness for corrosion = 2 mm
So
e = 2.04 mm

61
Equipment Absorption Column
Function To separate MTBE from
butene
Operation Continuous
Flow factor 1.85
Packing material Pall Rings
flooding 50%
Gas mass velocity 4.0522 kg/m2.sec
Column diameter 1.8919 m
Column area 2.81 m2
Channeling No
Effective interfacial area 200 m2/m3
Liquid film mass transfer Co- 4.883× 10-4 m3/sec
efficient
Gas film mass transfer co- 1.144 × 10-2 m2/sec
efficient
Overall mass transfer co- 1.965× 10-5kg mole/sec.m2
efficient
Pressure Drop 0.15 psi
Shell Thickness 2.04 mm

62
 COST ESTIMATION
Purchased Equipment Cost:

Equipment Unit Cost ($) No. of Total Cost

Equipment’s
Distillation 296037.7193 2 592075.4365
Absorber 135485.41 1 135485.41
Reactor 172980.98 3 518942.94
Heat 1188.666 4 4754.664
Exchanger
Reboiler 14685.78 2 29371.56
Condenser 5729.38 2 11458.76
Horizontal 2122.48 1 2122.48
Vessel
Pumps 4882.48 4 19531.12
Mixer 13589.67 1 13589.67
Total Purchased Cost 1327332.0405

-Total purchased equipment cost = E = 1330000 $

Direct Cost

Direct Cost Percentage Total Cost

)of (E ($)
Installation Cost 40 532000
Instrumentation and Control Cost 13 172900
Piping Cost 10 133000
Electric Cost 10 133000
Building Cost (including Services) 29 385700
Yard Improvement Cost 10 133000
Land Cost 06 798000
Total Direct Cost
2287600
63
Indirect Cost

Indirect Cost Percentage Total Cost

of (E) ($)
Engineering and 32 425600
Supervision Cost
Construction 30 399000
Expenses
Contractor Fee 18 239400
Contingency Cost 30 399000
Total indirect Cost 1463000

Total Capital Investment:

Fixed capital investment = F.C.I = Direct cost + indirect cost

Fixed capital investment = F.C.I = 2287600 + 1463000
Fixed capital investment = F.C.I = 3750600 $
Now
Working Capital = 18% of Fixed capital investment
Working Capital = 0.18 (3750600)
Working Capital = 675108 $
Now
Total capital investment = T.C.I = F.C.I + Working Capital (W.C)
Total capital investment = T.C.I = 3750600 + 675108
Total capital investment = T.C.I = 4425708 $

64
Product Cost:

Assume that the fixed capital investment is depreciated by straight

line method for 20 years.
Assuming 5% salvage value at the end of the plant life.
Depreciation = D = (V-VS)/N
Where
V = F.C.I = 3750600
VS = 0.05 (F.C.I) = 187530
N = number of years = 20
Put the values in above equation we get
Depreciation = D = (3750600 – 187530)/20
Depreciation = D = 178153.5 $
Now
Total Product Cost = T.P.C = T.C.I – D
Total Product Cost = T.P.C = 4425708 – 178153.5
Total Product Cost = T.P.C = 4247554.5 $

Manufacturing Cost:

Manufacturing Percentage )$( Total Cost

Cost of (T.P.C)
Fixed Charges 12 509706.54
Direct Product 55 2336154.975
Cost
Plant Overhead 10 424755.45
Charges
Total manufacturing Cost 3270616.965

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General Expenses:

General Expenses Percentage )$( Total Cost

of (T.P.C)
Administrative 5 212377.725
Cost
Distribution and 15 637133.175
Selling Cost
Research and 5 212377.725
Development
Cost
Finance (Interest) 5 212377.725
Total General Expenses 1274266.35

Now the total product cost will be

Total Product Cost = Manufacturing Cost + General Expenses
Total Product Cost = 3270616.965 + 1274266.35
Total Product Cost = 4544883.315 $

Gross Earnings/Incomes:

Selling price of MTBE per ton = 400 $

So
Total Income = selling price × quantity of product
Total Income = 400 × 20000
Total Income = 8 × 10 6

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Now
Gross Income = Total income – Total product cost
Gross Income = 8 × 106 – 4.54 × 106
Gross Income = 3.46 × 106
Let the tax rate is 40%
Taxes = 0.4 × 3.46 × 106
= 1.384 × 106
So
Net Profit = Gross Income – Taxes
Net Profit = 3.46 × 10 6 – 01.384 × 106
Net Profit = 2.076 × 10 6

Rate of Return:

Rate of Return = (Net profit/Total Capital Investment) × 100

Rate of Return = (2.076 × 10 6/4.425 × 106) × 100
Rate of Return = 46.91%

Payback Period:

Payback Period = Total Capital Investment/Net Profit

Payback Period = 4.425 × 106/2.076 × 106
Payback Period = 2.131 years

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