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Medical Terminology Terms

Ancient Roots of Medical Terminology (McMaster University)

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MED TERMS REVIEW:

Chapter 1

VERBS:
-iz/e: To (do the action of)
: To make (something)

ADJECTIVES:
Pertaining to: -al, -ic, -ous, -ar/y, -ar, -an, -ine, -ac, -ar/is, -us, al/is
Resembling: -oid

NOUNS:
An abnormal condition involving: -ia
One who (does action of)/One who specializes in: -ist
A substance of: -in
independent meaning; ends in: -e, -is, -ism, -s, -y

DIAGNOSTIC-DESCRIBING MEDICAL DISORDERS:

-it/is : The inflammation of…
-o/rrhex/is: The rupturing of…
-o-schis/is: The splitting of…
-ias/is: The abnormal presence of…
-o-clas/is: The breaking of…
-os/is: An abnormal condition involving…
o-path/y: A disease of…
o-megal/y: The enlargement of…
o-phag/y: The ingestion of…

o-gen/es/is: The production of…

o-poi/es/is: The formation of…
o-kin/es/is: the movement of…

-alg/ia: Pain in(volving)…

-odyn/ia: Pain in(volving)…
o-pleg/ia: The paralysis of…
o-pen/ia: A deficiency of…
o/rrhag/ia: The rapid flowing of…
o-malac/ia: The softening of…
o-necr/os/is: The death of…
o-sten/os/is: The narrowing of…
o-scler/os/is: The hardening of…
o/pt/os/is: The downward displacement of…

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-agr/a: Gouty pain in…

-o/rrhe/a: The flowing of (something from)…
-edema: The swelling of…
o-cel/e: The protrusion of (something thru)…
o-lith: A calculus in/involving…
o-spasm : A spasm of…
-ism/us: A spasm of…

-ec/top/ia: The displacement of…

-ec/tas/ia: The distension of…
o/plas/ia: The formation of…
o-dys/plas/ia: The defective formation of…
o-troph/y: The growth of…
o-dys/troph/y: The defective growth of…
a/troph/y: The lack of growth of…
-a/sthen/ia: The lack of strength of…

THERAPEUTIC WORDS:
o-therap/y: Treatment by means of…
-iatr/y: The healing of…
o-stas/is: The stopping of…
o-plast/y: The surgical repairing of…
o-cent/es/is: The surgical puncturing of…
o/rrhaph/y: The suturing of…
o/tom/y: The cutting of…
ec/tom/y: The cutting out of…
o/stom/y: The making of an opening in…
ic/s: The science of…
o/log/y: The study of…
o-scop/y: The examination of…
o-metr/y: The measurement of…
o-graph/y: The recording of…

o-pex/y: 1. The adhesion of… (DIAGNOSTIC)

2. The fixation of… (THERAPEUTIC)

o-lys/is: 1. The disintegration of… (DIAGNOSTIC)

2. The separation of the adhesions of… (THERAPEUTIC)

o-trop/ism: The tendency to preferentially affect… (BOTH)

NOUNS:
o-phag/e: Something which ingests…
o/tom/e: An instrument for cutting…

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ec/tom/e: An instrument for cutting out…

o-scop/e: An instrument for examining…
o-clast: Something which breaks…
o-stat: Something which stops…
o-gen: A substance which produces…
o-path: One with a disease of…
o-graph: An instrument for recording…
o-gram: A record of…
o-meter: An instrument for measuring…

ADJECTIVES:
o-gen/ic: Producing…
o-gen/ous: Produced by…
o-trop/ic: Preferentially affecting…
-icist: one who specializes in the science of…
o-phag/in: a substance which ingests…
o-log/ist: One who studies…

Chapter 2: External Anatomy

COMBINING FORMS:
anthrop/o: man
som(at)/o: body
derm(at)/o: skin
epi/derm(at)/o: epidermis
cyt/o: cell
o-cyt/e: a cell of
arthr/o: joint
acr/o: extremeties
mel/o: limb
cephal/o: head
trich/o: hair
blephar/o: eyelid
ophthalm/o: eye
ot/o: ear
rhin/o: nose

pros/op/o: face
faci/o: face

cervic/o: neck
trachel/o: neck

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om/o: shoulder
brachi/o: arm

ancon/o: elbow
cubit/o: elbow (Chapter 3)

cheir/o OR chir/o: hand

dactyl/o: digit
onych/o: nail

thorac/o: 9
steth/o: chest

mast/o: Breast
mamm/o: Breast

thel/e: Nipple

omphal/o: navel
umbil(ic)/o: navel

glute/o OR glut/o: buttock

gon/o OR gony/o: knee

pod/o: foot
ped/o: Foot

Chapter 3: Skeletal System

COMBINING FORMS

oste/o: bone
oss(e)/o: bone
-ost/os/is: the ossification of

skelet/o: skeleton
crani/o: skull

cleid/o: collar bone

clav/i/cul/o: collar bone
clav(ic)/i: collar bone

acr/om/i/o: acromion
corac/o, OR corac/oid/o: coracoid process
humer/o: humerus

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uln/o: ulna
radi/o: radius
carp/o: wrist
phalang/o: phalanges
scapula/o: shoulder blade

rach(i)/o, OR rhach(i)/o: spine

spin/o: spine

myel/o: spinal cord/bone marrow

spondyl/o: vertebra
vertebr/o: vertebra

cost/o, OR cost/i: rib

stern/o: sternum

xiph/o, OR xiph/oid/o: xiphoid process

cox/o: hip
pelv/o, OR pelv(i)/o: pelvis
ili/o: ilium
ischi/o: ischium
pub/o, OR pub/i: pubis
sacr/o: sacrum
coccyg/o: coccyx
acetabul/o: acetabulum
femor/o: femur
pat/ell/o: knee-cap
tibi/o: tibia
fib/ul/o: fibula
tars/o: tarsus
calcane/o: calcaneus

tal/o: talus
astragal/o: talus

CONNECTORS
Chondr/o: cartilage
Cartilag(in)/o: cartilage

My/o, OR my/oso: muscle

Mus/culo: muscle

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Ten/o
tenon(t)/o Tendon
Tend/o
Tendin/o

Desm/o
syn/desm/o
syn/desm/os/o ligament
Ligament/o

Apo/neur/o
Apo/neur/os/o aponeurosis

Achill/o: Achilles’ tendon

Chapter 4
COMBINING FORMS

NERVOUS SYSTEM
En/cephal/o:
cerebr/o: Brain

Cereb/ell/o: Cerebellum
Membran/o: membrane
mening/o meninges
Ep/en/dym/o: ependyma

Neur/o:
Nerv/I: Nerve

Gangli(on)/o: ganglion
Neuron/o: nerve cell
(neur/o)gli/o: Neuroglia
rad/i/cul/o: radicle

sym/path(et)/o: Sympathetic nerves

sym/path/ic/o: Sympathetic nerves

vag/o: vagus nerve

EYE
Ophthalm/o: Eye
opt(ic)/o: Eye

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Ocul/o: Eye

cor/e OR cor(e)/o: Pupil

pup/ill/o: Pupil

ker(at)/o: Cornea
corne/o: Cornea

Scler/o: sclera
retin/o: retina
uve/o: uvea
ir(id)/o: iris

cycl/o: Ciliary body

cili/o: Ciliary body
cili/ar/o: Ciliary body

chor/oid/o OR chori/o: Choroid

Con/junct/iv/o: Conjunctiva
Canth/o: canthus
phac/o: lens

dacry/o: tear
lacrim/o: tear

Dacry/o/cyst/o: tear sac

THE EAR
tympan/o: middle ear
malle/o: hammer
incud/o: anvil
sta/ped(i)/o: stirrup
myring/o: Tympanic membrane

Chapter 5
COMBINGING FORMS

CARDIOVASCULAR
hem(at)/o OR (haem-): Blood
sangu/in/o OR sangu/i: blood

-(h)em/ia: the abnormal presence of blood in X

hem/o/glob/in/o: hemoglobin

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plasm(at)/o OR plasm/a: plasma

thromb/o: clot
thromb/o/cyt/o: blood platelet
sphygm/o: pulse
card(i)/o: heart
aort/o OR aort/ic/o: Aorta
valv(ul)/o: valve
ventr/i/cul/o: ventricle
peri/card(i)/o: pericardium
my/o/card(i)/o: myocardium

angi/o: OR vas/o: OR vas/cul/o: vessel

arter(i)/o: artery
phleb/o OR ven/o: vein
cap/ill/ar/o: capillary
varic/o OR cirs/o: varix

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
lymph/o OR lymphat/o: lymph
lymph/angi/o: lymph vessel
lymph/aden/o: lymph node
splen/o OR lien/o: spleen

GLANDS
(endo)crin/o: secretion
hormone/o: hormone
aden/o OR gland/ul/o: gland
pine/al/o: pineal gland
hypo/phys(e)/o: pituitary gland
par/ot(id)/o: parotid gland
thyr(oid)/o: thyroid gland
para/thyr/o OR para/thyr/oid/o: parathyroid gland
thym/o: thymus

ad/ren/o OR ad/ren/al/o: adrenal gland

supra/ren/o OR supra/ren/al/o: adrenal gland

insul/o: islets of Langerhans

gonad/o: gonad

Chapter 6

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
rhin/o: nose

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nas/o: nose

sin(us)/o: sinus
sept/o: septum
Antr/o: antrum
Pharyng/o: pharynx
nas/o/pharyng/o OR rhin/o/pharyng/o: Nasopharynx
Epi/glott(id)/o: epiglottis
Laryng/o: larynx
Trach/e/o: trachea
bronch/o OR bronch/i: bronchus

Pne/um(on)/o: lung (more commonly); air

Pulm(on)/o: lung

Pleur/o: pleura

Phren/o: diaphragm
Dia/phragm(at)/o: diaphragm

Medi/ast/in/o: mediastinum

Spir/o: breathing
Pne/o: breathing

Pne/um(at)/o: air(more commonly); lung

Latin Endings:

NOMINATIVE PLURALS:

Masculin Feminine Neuter

Singular x-ic/us -a -um x-al/e
-s x-ic/a -on x-ar/e
-x -s x-ic/um
-is -x
x-al/is x-ar/is -is
x-al/is x-ar/is
Plural x-ic/i -ae -a x-al/ia
-es x-ic/ae x-ic/a x-ar/ia
x-al/es -es
x-ar/es x-al/es
x-ar/es

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“A LITTLE”:
X-ul/us
X-ul/a
X-ul/um
X-ell/us
X-ell/a
X-ell/um
X-ill/us
X-ill/a
X-ill/um
X-ol/us
X-ol/a
X-ol/um
X(i)-cul/a
X(i)-culus
X(i)-xul/um

Chapter 7: Oral-Dental Systems (Only Oral+Dental the midterm 2):

ORAL:
Gnath/o: jaw
Max/ill/o: upper jaw
Mand/i/bul/o: lower jaw

Geni/o: chin
Ment/o: chin

Stom(at)/o: mouth
Or/o: mouth

Cheil/o: lip
Labi/o: lip

Bucc/o: cheek

Gloss/o: tongue
Lingu/o: tongue

Palat/o: palate
Uran(isc)/o: palate

Uv/ul/o: uvula

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Cion/o: uvula
Staphyl/o: uvula

DENTAL:
Odont/o: tooth
Dent/o: tooth
Dent/i: tooth

Peri/odont/o: peridontium

Gingiv/o: gums
Ul/o: gums

Dent/in/o: dentin

(en)amel/o: enamel
A/damant(in)/o: enamel

Pulp/o: pulp
Cement/o: cementum

Chapter 8: Bones of the Head

Front/o: Frontal bone
Pariet/o: Parietal bone
Oc/cipit/o: Occiput
Atl(ant)/o: Atlas
Tempor/o: Temporal bone
Mast(oid)/o: Mastoid process

Styl/o: Styloid process

Styl/oid/o: Styloid process

Petr/o: Petrous part of the temporal bone

Petr/os/o: Petrous part of the temporal bone

Squam/o: Squamous part of the temporal bone

Squam/os/o: Squamous part of the temporal bone

Sphen/o: Sphenoid bone

Sphen/oid/o: Sphenoid bone

Zygomat(ic)/o: Zygomatic bone

Ethm(oid)/o: Ethmoid bone
Lacrim/o: Lacrimal bone

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Nas/o: Nasal bone

Max/ill/o: Maxilla
Mand/i/bul/o: Mandible
Sut/ur/-: Suture
Hy/o: Hyoid bone

DIAGNOSTIC TERMINATIONS:
X-aux/is: The enlargement of X
X-o-cirrh/os/is: The hardening of X
X-o-cleis/is: The closure of X
X-(h)elc/os/is: The ulceration of X
X-i-fer/ous: Bearing X

X-tox/ic/os/is: The poisoning of X

X-o-tox/ic: Poisonous to X
X-o-tox/in: A substance poisonous to X
X-o-tox/ic/ity: The ability to poison X

Neurototoxic: poisonous to something involving an abnormal condition pt. the nerves

THERAPEUTIC TERMINATIONS:
X-ap/her/es/is: The removal of X
X-(en)/chys/is: The injection of fluid into X

X-o-camps/ia: The bending of X (THERAPEUTIC)

: The curvature of X (DIAGNOSTIC)

X-o-camp: An instrument for bending X

X-o-trips/y: The crushing/rubbing of X
X-o-trib/e: An instrument for crushing/rubbing X

Chapter 9: Digestive System

Celi/o: Abdomen OR Abdominal wall

Abdomin/o: Abdomen
Ventr/o: Abdomen

Lapar/o: Abdominal wall

Peri/ton(e)/o: Peritoneum
Mes/enter(i)/o: Mesentery

Splanchn/o: Viscera
Viscer/o: Viscera

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Es/o/phag/o: Esophagus

Gastr/o: Stomach
Stomach/o: Stomach

Cardi/o: Cardiac part of the stomach

Oment/o: Omentum
Epi/pl/o: Omentum
Epi/plo: Omentum

Pyl/or/o: Pylorus
Du/o/den/o: Duodenum
Chol/e/cyst/o: Gall bladder
Chol/e/doch/o: Common bile duct
Chol/angi/o: Bile duct
Hepat/o: Liver
Pan/cre(at)/o: Pancreas
Enter/o: intestine
Jejun/o: Jejunum
ile/o: ileum

Col/o: Colon
Col/on/o: Colon

Cec/o: Cecum
Typhl/o: Cecum

Ap/pend(ic)/o: Appendix
Sigm/oid/o: Sigmoid fold

Proct/o: Rectum/Anus
Rect/o: Recum
An/o: Anus

Sphincter/o: (anal) Sphinchter

Sial/o: Saliva
Ptyal/o: Saliva

Chym/o: Chyme
Chyl/o: Chyle

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Chol/e: Bile
Chol/o: Bile
Bil/i-: Bile

Copr/o: Feces
Fec-: Feces
Sterc(or)/o: Feces

Scat/o: Excrement
-doch/o: Duct

X-o/stom/a: An opening made in X

Chapter 10: Uro-Genital Systems

GENERAL COMBINING FORMS:

Lumb/o: Loin
Inguin/o: Groin
Peri/ne/o: Perineum
Gen/it/o: Genitals

URINARY:
Ur/o: Urine OR Urinary tract
Ur/on/o: Urine OR Urinary tract

X-ur/ia: The abnormal presence of X in the urine

X-ur/es/is: The passage of X in the urine

Ur/at/o: Urate

Ur/e/a-: Urea
Ur/e/o: Urea

Ur/o/bil/in/o: Urobilin

Nephr/o: Kidney
Ren/o: Kidney

Pyel/o: Renal pelvis

Pelv(i)/o: Renal pelvis
Pelv/i: Renal pelvis

Ureter/o: Ureter

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Cyst/o: Bladder OR Cyst

Cystid/o: Bladder OR Cyst
Vesic/o: Bladder OR Cyst

Urethr/o: Urethra

GENITAL; MALE:
Sperm(at)/o: Semen OR Spermatozoon

Semin/o: Semen
Semen/o: Semen

Osche/o: Scrotum
Scrot/o: Scrotum

Orchi/o: Testis
Orchid/o: Testis
Test/o: Testis
Test/i/cul/o: Testis

Epi/didym/o: Epididymis
Vas/o: Vas deferens

Vesic/ul/o: Seminal Vesicle

Gon/e/cyst/o: Seminal Vesicle
Spermat/o/cyst/o: Seminal Vesicle

Pro/stat/o: Prostate

Phall/o: Penis
Pen/o: Penis

Balan/o: Glans penis

GENITAL; FEMALE:
O/o: Egg OR Ovum
Ov/o: Egg OR Ovum

Men/o: Menses OR Menstruation

Em/men(i)/o: Menses OR Menstruation

X-o-men/ia: Vicarious menstruation from X

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O/o/phor/o: Ovary
Ov/ar/i/o: Ovary

Salping/o: Uterine tube

tub/o: Uterine tube

Hyster/o: Uterus
Metr/o: Uterus
Uter/o: Uterus

Cervic/o: Cervix
Trachel/o: Cervix

Colp/o: Vagina
Vagin/o: Vagina

Clitor(id)/o: Clitoris
Clitor/i: Clitoris

Vulv/o: Vulva
Epis(i)/o: Vulva

Nymph/o: Nymphae
Hymen/o: Hymen

Chapter 11: Psychological Terms (NOT ON EXAM; MAYBE ON MIDTERM 2)

COMBINING FORMS:
Psych/o: Mind
Phren/o: Mind

Ide/o: Idea
Neur/o: Emotions
Er(ot)/o: Sexual desire
Nyct/o: Night
Hypn/o: Sleep OR Hypnotism
Oneir/o: Dream
Narc/o: Stupor
Pharmac/o: Drug
Esth/es(i)/o: Perception
An/esth/es(i)/o: Loss of perception
Hallucin/o: Hallucination
Nos/o: Disease
Hyster/o: Hysteria

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Epi/lept/o: Epilepsy
Pseud/o: Fasle OR Falsely

TERMINATIONS:
X-o-phob/ia: A morbid dread of X
X-o-phob/e: One with a morbid dread of X

X-o-phil/ia: A morbid fondness for X

X-o-man/ia: A morbid fondness for X

X-o-phil/ic: Pertaining to a morbid fondness for X (PSYCHOLOGY)

: Having an affinity for X (PHYSIOLOGY)

X-o-phil/e: One with a morbid fondness for X

: One with a propensity to (do the action of) X

X-o-phil: Something with an affinity for X

X-o-phil/i/ac: = X-o-phil/ic OR = X-o-phil/e

X-o-man/ic: Pertaining to a morbid fondness for X

X-o-man/i/ac: = X-o-phil/i/ac
X-esth/es/ia: The perception of X
X-an/esth/es/ia: The loss of perception of X
X-o-leps/y: A seizure of/involving X
X-o-lagn/ia: Sexual gratification involving X

Chapter 12: Substances

COMBINING FORMS

Hydr/o: Water OR fluid

Hygr/o: Moisture
Aer/o: Air OR gas
Phys/o: Gas
Sarc/o: Flesh

Hist/o: Tissue
Hist/i: Tissue

Syn/ov(i)/o: Synovia
Epi/thel/i/o: Epithelium

Kary/o: Nucleus
Nucle/o: Nucleus

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Fibr/o: Fiber
In/o: Fiber
In/os/o: Fiber

Elast/o: Elastic tissue

Elast/ic/o: Elastic tissue

Muc/o: Mucus
Muc/i: Mucus
Muc/os/o: Mucus
Myx/o: Mucus
Blenn/o: Mucus

Ser/o: Serum
Ser/os/o: Serum

Lip(ar)/o: Fat OR Lipids

Adip/o: Fat
Adip/os/o: Fat
Steat/o: Fat
Pimel/o: Fat

Seb/o: Sebum
Cer(umin)/o: Wax
Chol/e/ster(ol)/o: Cholesterol
(h)idr/o: Sweat
Py/o: Pus
Lith/o: Caclulus
Kerat/o: Horn
Alcohol/o: Alcohol

Alkal/o: Alkali
Alkal/i: Alkali

Purin/o: Purine
Amyl/o: Starch

Acid/o: Acid
Acet/o: Acid
Acet/i: Acid

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Ket(on)/o: Ketone bodies

Galact/o: Milk
Lact/o: Milk

Ole/o: Oil

Glyc/o: Sugar
Sacchar/o: Sugar

Opson(in)/o: Opsonin
Opsin/o: Opsonin

Myel/in/o: Myelin
Porph(yr)(in)/o: Porphyrin
Eos/in/o: Eosin

Gel(at)/o: Jelly
Gelat/I: Jelly

Zym/o: Enzyme
En/zym/o: Enzyme

Peps/in/o: Pepsin
Pept/in/o: Pepsin

Prot/e(in)/o: Protein
Album(in)/o: Albumin
Pept(on)/o: Peptone
Colla/gen/o: Collagen
Fibr/in/o: Fibrin

Tox/o: Poison
Tox/ic/o: Poison

Arsen/o: Arsenic
Arsen/ic/o: Arsenic

Metall/o: Metal
Crystall/o: Crystal

Hyal/o: Glass
Vitr(e)/o: Glass

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Calci/o: Calcium
Calc/i: Calcium

Anthrac/o: Carbon
Cupr/i: copper

Sider/o: Iron
Ferr/o: Iron

Stann/o: Tin
Thi/o: Sulfur
Kali/o OR Kal/i: Potassium

iod/o: iodine
iod/in/o: iodine
iod/i: iodine

A/zot/o: Nitrogen

Phos/ph(at)/o: Phosphate OR Phosphorus

Phos/phor/o: Phosphate OR Phosphorus

Hal/o: Salt
Oxy- OR Ox/i: Oxygen
Coni/o: Dust

Onc/o: Tumor
X-oma: A tumor involving X
X-om(at)/o: A tumor involving X
X-onc/us: A tumor involving X

lactoferrin: A substance of iron, found in milk

Chapter 13: Prepositional Prefixes

COMBINING FORMS:
Hyper- : Excessive; OR Above
Epi- : Upon; OR Excessive
Supra- : Above
Hypo- : Insufficient; OR Below

Sub- : Below
Infra- : Below

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Peri- : Surrounding
Circum- : Around
Para- : Beside

Extra- : Outside
Ex- : Outside
Exo- : Outside
Ecto- : Outside

Endo- : Inside
En- : Inside
Intra- : Inside
Ento- : Inside

Pre- : Before
Pro- : Before

Retro- : Behind
Post- : Behind; After

Trans- : Through
Inter- : Between; OR Among
Syn- : Together; OR With
Anti- : Against

PREFIXES COMON IN TECHNICAL ENGLISH:

Ab- : (away) from; OR Off
Ad- : To; Towards; OR At
Com- : Together; OR With
De- : Away; OR (Down) from; OR About; OR Concerning
Dis- : Apart; OR Away
Ex- : Outside; OR Out of
In- : In(to); OR on(to)
Ob- : Against; OR Near
Per- : Through; OR Over

Pre- : Before
Pro- : Before; OR For

Re- : Back; OR Again

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Se- : Away
Sub- : Below; OR Under; OR Beneath
Trans- : Through; OR Across

LESS COMMON PREFIXES:

Ana- : On; OR up(on)
Ant/e- : Before
Apo- : Off; OR From
Cata-: Down
Contra- : Against
Dia- : Through
Super- : Above
Ultra- : Beyond

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