Semana 2

Week 2
Fundaments of Diego A. Torres G.

Oscillations, Waves datorresg@unal.edu.co
(+57) 311 254 1047
and Optics - 1000020
Some Mathematical Tools 
Taylor’ Series
Any arbitrary function f(x) around a point x=x0 can be represented by a power series:
f 0 (x0 ) f 00 (x0 ) 2
f (x) = f (x0 ) + · (x x0 ) + · (x x0 ) + . . .
1! 2!
With:
1! = 1;
2! = 2 · 1;
3! = 1 · 2 · 3; ...
n! = 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · · · · n
2
0 df 00 d f dn f
f (x0 ) = f (x0 ) = f (n) =
dx x=x0 dx2 x=x0 dxn x=x0
Taylor’ Series
An example works better, for example sin(x) around x=90o
f 0 (x0 ) f 00 (x0 ) 2
f (x) = f (x0 ) + · (x x0 ) + · (x x0 ) + . . .
1! 2!
Zero order
sin(x)|x⇠⇡/2 ⇡ sin(⇡/2)
Taylor’ Series
f 0 (x0 ) f 00 (x0 ) 2
f (x) = f (x0 ) + · (x x0 ) + · (x x0 ) + . . .
1! 2!
First order
cos(⇡/2)
sin(x)|x⇠⇡/2 ⇡ sin(⇡/2) + (x ⇡/2)
1!
Taylor’ Series
f 0 (x0 ) f 00 (x0 ) 2
f (x) = f (x0 ) + · (x x0 ) + · (x x0 ) + . . .
1! 2!
Second order
cos(⇡/2) sin(⇡/2) 2
sin(x)|x⇠⇡/2 ⇡ sin(⇡/2) + (x ⇡/2) + (x ⇡/2)
1! 2!
Taylor’ Series
f 0 (x0 ) f 00 (x0 ) 2
f (x) = f (x0 ) + · (x x0 ) + · (x x0 ) + . . .
1! 2!
Second order
cos(⇡/2) sin(⇡/2) 2
sin(x)|x⇠⇡/2 ⇡ sin(⇡/2) + (x ⇡/2) + (x ⇡/2)
1! 2!
Explicitly until fourth order
1 12 4
sin(x)|x⇠⇡/2 ⇡ 1 (x ⇡/2) + (x ⇡/2) + · · ·
2! 24
Taylor’ Series
sin(x)|x⇠⇡/2 ⇡ 1
Taylor’ Series
1 2
sin(x)|x⇠⇡/2 ⇡ 1 (x ⇡/2)
2!
Taylor’ Series
1 12 4
sin(x)|x⇠⇡/2 ⇡ 1 (x ⇡/2) + (x ⇡/2) + · · ·
2! 24
Taylor’ Series
X1
n 1
sin(x)|x⇠⇡/2 = ( 1) (x ⇡/2)2n
n=0
(2n)!
Complex Variable
A complex number z can be written as
x; is called the real part. 

y; is called the imaginary part.
Complex Variable

Two sum two complex numbers you add real to real,

imaginary to imaginary:
Complex Variable

The complex conjugate of z is z*
The magnitude of z is |z|

Complex Variable

Every complex number can be written as
Complex Variable
These are polar coordinates but in a complex

plane!!!
Complex Variable
Is it worth all this complication?
Hell yes!!!, let’s have a look to the derivative a a complex

function:
Complex Variable
Is it worth all this complication?
And now the real part only

Complex Variable to solve the harmonic oscillator
The Harmonic Oscillator equation in complex form and

assume the solutions:
k
z̈ + z = 0
m
The Harmonic Oscillator equation in complex form and

assume the solutions:
k
z̈ + z = 0
m
We have:
⇣p ⌘ ⇣ p ⌘
z(t) = A1 exp i k/m · t + A2 exp i k/m · t
⇣p ⌘ ⇣ p ⌘
z(t) = A1 exp i k/m · t + A2 exp i k/m · t
The Damped Oscillator
We will assume the solution:

We will assume the solution:

Case 1: Light damping
Case 2: Heavy damping
Case 2: Critical damping

The Damped Oscillator: light damping
The Damped Oscillator: light damping
The Damped Oscillator: heavy damping
The Damped Oscillator: critical damping
Energy in a Damped Oscillator
Etotal = E(0) + Wf riction
Where
1 1
E(0) = m · ẋ + k · x2
2
2 2
Etotal = E(0) + Wf riction
Where Z x(t)
Wf riction = ( bẋ) dx
x0
Z t
= ( bẋ) ẋ dt
t0
Z t
2
= bẋ dt < 0
t0
E(t) decreases with time because because the friction force is dissipative.
h i
x(t) = A exp t cos(!1 t + )
2
r
2
!1 = !2
4
h ih i
ẋ(t) = A exp t !1 sin(!1 t + ) + cos(!1 t + )
2 2
For the case of light damping
!
r
2
!1 = !2
4
h i
ẋ(t) = !1 A exp t sin(!1 t + )
2
For the case of light damping
!
r
2
!1 = !2
4
The kinetic energy
1 2 2 2
K(t) = m!1 A exp [ t] sin (!1 t + )
2
The potential energy

1 2
U (t) = kA exp [ t] cos2 (!1 t + )
2
2 k
With ! we may assume !1 ⇡ ! ! =
m
1 2
Etotal (t) = kA exp [ t] The total energy
2
The decay time:
1 m
⌧= =
b
Damping time
Time constant
Characteristic time
The Q Factor in an Oscillator
Energy Stored in the Oscillator

Q=
Energy Dissipated per Radian
E(t)
=
E( t = T /2⇡ = 1/!1 )
It is a measured of how damped the oscillator is:
•A heavy damped has a low Q.
•A lightly damped has Q >> 1.
•An undamped oscillator has infinite Q.
The Q Factor in an Oscillator
E(t)
Q=
E( t = 1/!1 )
1 2
E(t) = kA exp [ t] q
2 2
!1 !02 4
Q= =
dE
E⇡ t
dt
1 2 1
= kA exp[ t]
2 !1
The Undamped Forced Harmonic Oscillator
mẍ = k · x + F0 cos(!t)
k F0
z̈ + · z = exp(i!t)
m m
z(t) =A exp(i!t)
2
z̈(t) = A! exp(i!t)
k F0
z̈ + · z = exp(i!t)
m m
z(t) =A exp(i!t)
2
z̈(t) = A! exp(i!t)

k 2 F0 F0 1
A exp(i!t) ! = exp(i!t) ! A= k
m m m m !2
k
ẍ + x = F0 cos(!t)
m
F0 1
x(t) = 2 2
cos(!t) + B cos(! 0 t + )
m !0 !
Steady solution k
ẍ + x = 0
m
Resonance
F0 1
x(t) = 2 2
cos(!t)
m !0 !
! < !0 ! > !0
A cos(!t) A cos(!t) = A cos(!t + ⇡)
F0
m!02
Power for the Undamped Forced Harmonic Oscillator
P = F~ · ~ẋ
Fext =F0 cos(!t)

F0 /m
x(t) = 2 cos(!t)
!0 ! 2
F0 /m
ẋ(t) = ! 2 sin(!t)
!0 ! 2
P = F~ · ~ẋ
2
! F0
P (t) = 2 sin(!t) cos(!t)
m (!0 !2 ) | {z }
sin(2!t)
Position
Power
The Damped Forced Harmonic Oscillator
mẍ = kx bẋ + F0 cos(!t)

2 F0 b 2 k
ẍ + ẋ + !0 x = cos(!t) ! = and !0 =
m m m
We will work in the complex plane, thus
F0
z̈ + ż + !02 z = exp(i!t)
m
2 F0 b 2 k
ẍ + ẋ + !0 x = cos(!t) ! = and !0 =
m m m
We will work in the complex plane, thus
F0
z̈ + ż + !02 z = exp(i!t)
m
And we will assume a solution with the form:
z(t) =A exp [i(!t )]

ż(t) = i!A exp [i(!t )]
2
z̈(t) = ! A exp [i(!t )]
⇥ ⇤ F0
A !02 2
! + i! exp( i ) =
m
⇥ 2 2
⇤ F0
A !0 ! + i! = [cos( ) + i sin( )]
m
⇥ ⇤ F0
A !02 2
! + i! exp( i ) =
m
⇥ 2 2
⇤ F0
A !0 ! + i! = [cos( ) + i sin( )]
m
⇥ 2 2
⇤ F0 F0
A !0 ! + i! A = cos( ) + i sin( )
| {z } | {z } |m {z } | m {z }
real imaginary
real imaginary
2 2 F0 F0
[!0 ! ]A + i! A = cos( ) + i sin( )
| {z } | {z } m m
| {z } | {z }
real imaginary
real imaginary
✓ ◆
F0 1 !
A(!) = 2 p 2 and tan( ) = 2
m (!0 ! 2 )2 + !2 2 !0 !2
F0 1
A(!) = 2 p 2
m (!0 ! 2 )2 + ! 2 2
✓ ◆
!
(!) = arctan
!02 !2
Resonance example 1:  
Spring-Mass system with a driving force
F0 b k
ẍ + ẋ + !02 x = cos(!t) ! = 2
and !0 =
m m m
x(t) = A cos(!t )
✓ ◆
F0 1 !
A(!) = 2 p 2 (!) = arctan
m (!0 ! 2 )2 + !2 2 !02 !2
Electrical RLC circuit
dq
I =
dt
q
Vc =
C
VR =IR
dI
VL =L
dt
dq
I =
dt
q
Vc =
C
VR =IR
dI
VL =L
dt
d2 q dq 1
L 2 + R + q = V0 cos(!t)
dt dt C
R 1 V0
q̈ + q̇ + q= cos(!t)
L LC L
L ; Inertial term.
R
= ; Damping constant.
L
2 1
! = ; Oscillating frequency.
Lc

Semana 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Semana 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Week 2

Fundaments of Diego A. Torres G.

Explicitly until fourth order

x; is called the real part.

x; is called the real part.

Two sum two complex numbers you add real to real,

x; is called the real part.

The magnitude of z is |z|

x; is called the real part.

These are polar coordinates but in a complex

Hell yes!!!, let’s have a look to the derivative a a complex

And now the real part only

The Harmonic Oscillator equation in complex form and

The Harmonic Oscillator equation in complex form and

We will assume the solution:

We will assume the solution:

Case 1: Light damping

Case 2: Heavy damping

Case 2: Critical damping

For the case of light damping

For the case of light damping

The potential energy

The decay time:

Energy Stored in the Oscillator

Fext =F0 cos(!t)

mẍ = kx bẋ + F0 cos(!t)

We will work in the complex plane, thus

We will work in the complex plane, thus

z(t) =A exp [i(!t )]

You might also like

x; is called the real part. 

x; is called the real part. 

x; is called the real part. 

x; is called the real part. 