INTRODUCTION

Hydrocarbon is an organic compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen that has
four classes of hydrocarbon which are Alkane, Alkene, Alkyne and Aromatic. ()
These classes of hydrocarbon can be classified as aliphatic and aromatic compound.
Aliphatic compound contained carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight
chains, branched trains or non-aromatic rings and may be saturated or unsaturated
aliphatic hydrocarbon.() Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that are compounds with
a single bond between the atoms, meanwhile alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated
hydrocarbon which has one or more double bonds or more triple bonds between
carbon atoms.()

This experiment will first begin with preparation of methane, ethene, and ethyne.
First, for the methane preparation, 10g of zink dust added into 50ml round-bottomed
flask in a ring stand then 10ml of ethanol and 10ml of water added. 5ml of chloroform
and 1 ml of 10% copper sulfate solution added to the mixture. In several minute, 6
tubes of methane collected by keeping the bottles inverted over the water. Next, for
m
ethene preparation, the rocksil wool placed at the bottom of test tube and 8-10 drops
of ethanol dropped until rocksil wool soaked with it. 1 g of aluminium oxide placed
halfway along the tube. Then aluminium oxide heated with a gentle flame and 6 tubes
of ethene collected by displacement of water. For ethyne preparation, 2 or 3 small
pieces of calcium dicarbide placed in a test tube. 2 or 3 drops of water were added and
6 tubes of ethyne collected by displacement of water.

The experiment will continue with characterization tests for methane, ethene, and
ethyne. Five sets of tubes prepared and each set consist 3 tubes containing methane,
ethene, and ethyne. 1ml of 4% bromine in carbon tetrachloride added to set 1A and
1B. Set 1A were put in the drawer while set 1B in bright light and after 15 minutes,
the result observed. To set 2A, 2ml of 0.3% pottasium permanganate swirled in test
tube containing methane, ethene and ethyne and observed. In set 2B, the tubes
containing methane, ethene, and ethyne shaken with alkaline potassium permanganate
solution(0.1 g anhydrous sodium carbonate + 1cm³ of 1% potassium permanganate
solution) then the result observed. In set 2C, 1cm³ of acidified potassium
permanganate added (1cm³ sulphuric acid + 0.5 ml of 1% potassium permanganate
solution). The observation recorded.
THEORY

Saturated Aliphatic Hydrocarbon

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbon which contain no double bond or triple bond at
their carbon backbones and commonly separated into linear and branched structures.
(1) Methane is one of alkane member which is a simple alkane and the first member
of the family of hydrocarbon. Methane can be prepared in the laboratory by the
reduction of any of the halogenated derivatives of alkane that involves the
replacement of one or more atoms of halogen.

RX - reduction →HX

Methane almost got no reaction occurs in the dark while bromine colour will
gradually discharge in bright artificial light or in sunlight as the substitution reaction
preceeds and hydrogen bromide(HBr) is evolved. HBr will dissolve in the moisture of
breath and form a cloud of droplets when it gently blown across the mouth of the
reaction.

Unsaturated Aliphatic Hydrocarbon

Alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbon which contain one or more multiple
carbon-carbon bonds per molecule. Ethanol vapour is dehydrated by passing over a
heated catalyst to created ethene gas and is collected over water tested for typical
properties of an unsaturated hydrocarbon.()

Alkene can be carried out by two test which are:

ⅰ. Bromine which dissolved in carbon tetrachloride and rapidly added to alkenes at

room temperature to form dibromides.

-Bromine colour disappear,even in the dark with no evolution of hydrogen bromide.

 H H

3RHC CHR + Br2 R C C R

Br Br

ⅱ.
Baeyer test. Alkenes react with neutral permanganate solution to form glycols.
Alkynes give positive Baeyer Test for unsaturation with aqueous potassium
permanganate. OH OH

2MnO4 + 2 KOH
3 R C C R +

3RHC CHR + 2 KMnO4 + 4H2O H H