FOUNDATION IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PHYSICS II
(PHYS 1064)
TERM 0116

ASSIGNMENT TITLE : SATYENDRA NATH BOSE

LECTURER NAME : MISS KHALILAH ZATILIMAN
HAMDAN

STUDENT NAME : ESHLEEN NISHA KUMAR

I/D NO : GOON/FIS/S/2015/267
I/C NO : 970414-30-5048
YEAR/SEM : 2016/SEM 3

1
CONTENT

TITLE PAGE

FRONT PAGE 1

CONTENT 2

ABSTRACT 3

INTRODUCTION 4–5

CHAPTER 6 - 12

DISCUSSION 13 – 18

CONCLUSION 19

REFERENCES 20

2
ABSTRACT

Physicist Satyendra Nath Bose was born in Calcutta (now known as Kolkata), West
Bengal, India, on January 1, 1894, the eldest and only male of seven children. Bose was a
brainiac early on. He passed the entrance exam to the Hindu School, one of India's oldest
schools, with flying colors and stood fifth in the order of merit. From there, Bose attended
Presidency College, where he took an intermediate science course and studied with renowned
scientists Jagadish Chandra Bose and Prafulla Chandra Ray.

Bose received a Bachelor of Science in mixed mathematics in 1913 from Presidency

College and a Master of Science in the same subject in 1915 from Calcutta University. He
received such high scores on the exams for each degree that not only was he in first standing,
but, for the latter, he even created a new record in the annals of the University of Calcutta,
which has yet to be surpassed. Fellow student Meghnad Saha, who would later work with
Bose, came in second standing.

Between his two degrees, Bose married Usha Devi at age 20. After completing his
master's degree, Bose became a research scholar at the University of Calcutta in 1916 and
began his studies on the theory of relativity. He also set up new departments and laboratories
there to teach undergraduate and graduate courses.

He discovered what became known as bosons and went on to work with Albert
Einstein to define one of two basic classes of subatomic particles. Much of the credit for
discovering the boson, or "God particle," was given to British physicist Peter Higgs, much to
the chagrin of the Indian government and people.

3
INTRODUCTION

Bose was born in Calcutta (now known as Kolkata), the eldest of seven children. He
was the only son, with six sisters after him. His ancestral home was in village Bara Jagulia, in
the district of Nadia, in the state of West Bengal. His schooling began at the age of five, near
his home. When his family moved to Goabagan, he was admitted to the New Indian School.
In the final year of school, he was admitted to the Hindu School. He passed his entrance
examination (matriculation) in 1909 and stood fifth in the order of merit. He next joined the
intermediate science course at the Presidency College, Calcutta, where he was taught by
illustrious teachers such as Jagadish Chandra Bose, Sarada Prasanna Das, and Prafulla
Chandra Ray. Naman Sharma and Meghnad Saha, from Dacca (Dhaka), joined the same
college two years later. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis and Sisir Kumar Mitra were few years
senior to Bose. Satyendra Nath Bose chose mixed (applied) mathematics for his BSc and
passed the examinations standing first in 1913 and again stood first in the MSc mixed
mathematics exam in 1915. It is said that his marks in the MSc examination created a new
record in the annals of the University of Calcutta, which is yet to be surpassed.

After completing his MSc, Bose joined the University of Calcutta as a research
scholar in 1916 and started his studies in the theory of relativity. It was an exciting era in the
history of scientific progress. Quantum theory had just appeared on the horizon and important
results had started pouring in.

His father, Surendranath Bose, worked in the Engineering Department of the East
Indian Railway Company. In 1914, age 20, Satyendra Nath Bose married Ushabati Ghosh,
the 11-year-old daughter of a prominent Calcutta physician. They had nine children, but two
died in early childhood. When he died in 1974, he left behind his wife, two sons, and five
daughters.

As a polyglot, he was well versed in several languages such as Bengali, English,

French, German and Sanskrit as well as the poetry of Lord Tennyson, Rabindranath Tagore
and Kalidasa. He could also play the esraj, a musical instrument similar to a violin. He was
actively involved in running night schools that came to be known as the Working Men's
Institute.

4
 He came in contact with teachers such as Jagadish Chandra Bose, Prafulla Chandra
Ray and Naman Sharma who provided inspiration to aim high in life. From 1916 to 1921, he
was a lecturer in the physics department of the University of Calcutta. Along with Saha, Bose
prepared the first book in English based on German and French translations of original papers
on Einstein's special and general relativity in 1919. In 1921, he joined as Reader of the
department of Physics of the recently founded University of Dhaka (in present-day
Bangladesh). Bose set up whole new departments, including laboratories, to teach advanced
courses for MSc and BSc honours and taught thermodynamics as well as James Clerk
Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism.

Satyendra Nath Bose, along with Saha, presented several papers in theoretical physics
and pure mathematics from 1918 onwards. In 1924, while working as a Reader (Professor
without a chair) at the Physics Department of the University of Dhaka, Bose wrote a paper
deriving Planck's quantum radiation law without any reference to classical physics by using a
novel way of counting states with identical particles. This paper was seminal in creating the
very important field of quantum statistics. Though not accepted at once for publication, he
sent the article directly to Albert Einstein in Germany. Einstein, recognising the importance
of the paper, translated it into German himself and submitted it on Bose's behalf to the
prestigious Zeitschrift für Physik. As a result of this recognition, Bose was able to work for
two years in European X-ray and crystallography laboratories, during which he worked with
Louis de Broglie, Marie Curie, and Einstein.

5
CHAPTER

In 1937, Rabindranath Tagore dedicated his only book on science, Visva–Parichay,to

Satyendra Nath Bose. Bose was honoured with title Padma Vibhushan by the Indian
Government in 1954. In 1959, he was appointed as the National Professor, the highest honour
in the country for a scholar, a position he held for 15 years. In 1986, the S.N. Bose National
Centre for Basic Sciences was established by an act of Parliament, Government of India, in
Salt Lake, Calcutta.

Bose became an adviser to then newly formed Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research. He was the President of Indian Physical Society and the National Institute of
Science. He was elected General President of the Indian Science Congress. He was the Vice-
President and then the President of Indian Statistical Institute. In 1958, he became a Fellow of
the Royal Society. He was nominated as member of Rajya Sabha.

Partha Ghose has stated that Bose's work stood at the transition between the 'old
quantum theory' of Planck, Bohr and Einstein and the new quantum mechanics of
Schrodinger, Heisenberg, Born, Dirac and others.

Although several Nobel Prizes were awarded for research related to the concepts of
the boson, Bose–Einstein statistics and Bose–Einstein condensate, Bose himself was not
awarded a Nobel Prize.In his book The Scientific Edge, physicist Jayant Narlikar observed
that SN Bose's work on particle statistics (c. 1922), which clarified the behaviour of photons
(the particles of light in an enclosure) and opened the door to new ideas on statistics of
Microsystems that obey the rules of quantum theory, was one of the top ten achievements of
20th century Indian science and could be considered in the Nobel Prize class.

When Bose himself was once asked that question, he simply replied, “I have got all
the recognition I deserve” probably because in the realms of science to which he belonged,
what is important is not a Nobel, but whether one’s name will live on in scientific discussions
in the decades to come.

After his stay in Europe, Bose returned to Dhaka in 1926. He did not have a doctorate,
and so ordinarily, under the prevailing regulations, he would not be qualified for the post of
Professor he applied for, but Einstein recommended him. He was then made Head of the

6
Department of Physics at Dhaka University. He continued guiding and teaching at Dhaka
University.

Bose designed equipment himself for a X-ray crystallography laboratory. He set up

laboratories and libraries to make the department a center of research in X-ray spectroscopy,
X-ray diffraction, magnetic properties of matter, optical spectroscopy, wireless, and unified
field theories. He also published an equation of state for real gases with Meghnad Saha. He
was also the Dean of the Faculty of Science at Dhaka University until 1945.

Satyendra Nath Bose is best known for giving the concepts of ‘Boson’, which refers
to one of the two classes of particles. His work in quantum physics was further developed by
Albert Einstein which laid the foundation for Bose-Einstein statistics and the theory of the
Bose-Einstein condensate.

7
Satyendra Nath Bose with other scientist in Calcutta University

Satyendra Nath Bose in 1949

8
Bust of Satyendra Nath Bose which is placed in the garden of Birla Industrial &
Technological Museum.

9
Biography of Satyendra Nath Bose

10
Velocity-distribution data (3 views) for a gas of rubidium atoms, confirming the discovery of
a new phase of matter, the Bose–Einstein condensate. Left: just before the appearance of a
Bose–Einstein condensate. Center: just after the appearance of the condensate. Right after
further evaporation, leaving a sample of nearly pure condensate

11
This transition to BEC occurs below a critical temperature, which for a uniform three-
dimensional gas consisting of non-interacting particles with no apparent internal degrees of
freedom is given by:

where:

 is  the critical temperature,

 is  the particle density,

 is  the mass per boson,

 is  the reduced Planck constant,

 is  the Boltzmann constant, and

 is  the Riemann zeta function;

Interactions shift the value and the corrections can be calculated by mean-field theory.

12
DISCUSSION

Bose was the son of Surendranath Bose, an accountant in the executive engineering
department of the East India Railways, who later was a founder of the Indian Chemical and
Pharmaceutical Works. His mother was Amodini Raichaudhuri. The family were members of
the Kayastha caste. Bose began his primary education in the local English-language schools.
The upsurge of Bengali nationalism that followed Lord Curzon’s decision to divide the
province of Bengal into two administrative units, however, convinced his father to send him
to a Bengali-language secondary school in 1907. Two years later Bose enrolled as an
undergraduate in Presidency College, Calcutta, where his teachers included Jagadischandra
Bose in physics and mathematics, and Prafullachandra Ray in chemistry. Meghnad Saha,
Jranchandra Ghosh, and Jnanendranath Mukherjee were among his classmates. He received
the M.Sc. in mathematics in 1915, ranking first in his class.

Sir Asutosh Mookerjee, vice-chancellor of Calcutta University, had inaugurated the

University College of Science in 1914. This institution, funded largely through the
endowments of Sir Taraknath Palit and Dr. Rashbehari Ghose, was the first college in India
to offer advanced studies in science. In 1915 Bose and Saha, among others, suggested that
Mookerjee build upon the existing postgraduate chemistry curriculum at the college by
instituting courses in mathematics and physics. Mookerjee agreed to their request and also
obtained for them stipendiary scholarships and funds for procuring scientific journals and
laboratory apparatus. When the physics department was organized in 1917. they were
appointed lecturers. A year later Chandrasekhara V. Raman. then a civil servant in the Indian
Finance Department, joined the department as Palit Professor of Physics.

Bose left Calcutta in 1921 to become Reader in Physics at the newly established
University of Dacca in East Bengal. In July 1924 he sent a short manuscript entitled “Plancks
Gesetz und Lichtquantenhypothese” to Albert Einstein for criticism and possible publication.
Einstein himself translated the paper into German and had it published in the Zeitschrift für
Physik later that year. He added a note that stated: “In my opinion Boses derivation of the
Planck formula signifies an important advance. The method used also yields the quantum
theory of the ideal gas as I will work out in detail elsewhere.”

Einstein’s enthusiastic endorsement of his work enabled Bose to obtain a two-year

paid study leave from Dacca University. which he spent in France and Germany. During his

13
year in France he was guided in his studies by Paul Langevin and was in close contact with
Maurice and Louis de Brogue. Late in 1925 he had a brief but reportedly cordial meeting in
Berlin with Einstein, and in the early summer of 1926 he heard Max Born’s lectures at
Göttingen on the new matrix mechanics of Werner Heisenberg. Later that summer Bose
returned to Dacca as professor and head of the physics department. He held these posts until
1945, when he returned to Calcutta University as Khaira professor of physics and. from 1952
to 1956. as dean of the Faculty of Sciences. Following his retirement from Calcutta, he served
for three years as vice-chancellor of Visva-Bharati University, an institution in West Bengal
that had been established by Rabindranath Tagore. He relinquished that position in 1959 upon
his appointment as a national professor by the government of India. Bose was president of the
National Institute of Sciences of India in 1949- 1950, and from 1952 to 1958 served in the
upper house of the Indian parliament. He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan by the
government of India in 9154 and was elected fellow of the Royal Society in 1958. Bose
married Ushabala Ghosh in 1914. and was the father of two sons and five daughters.

Bose’s twenty-six original scientific papers. published between 1918 and 1956,
include contributions to statistical mechanics, the electromagnetic properties of the
ionosphere, the theories of X-ray crystallography and thermoluminescence, and unified field
theory. Two of his first four papers were investigations of the equation of state for gases.
written with Saha. In 1919 the Calcutta University Press published a two-volume editions of
Einstein’s collected papers on the special and on the general theories of relativity, translated
into English by Saha and Bose, respectively. Bose’s first paper on quantum theory (1920)
demonstrated that the empirical formulas for the line spectra of’ the alkali atoms are derivable
from the Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rules, and included the assumption that the effective
potential in which the valence electrons of these atoms move can be expressed as the
superposition of potentials due to a point charge and an electric dipole.

Bose is known outside India primarily for his first paper in the Zeitschrift für Pkysik
(1924) in which he succeeded in deriving the Planck blackbody radiation law without
reference to classical electrodynamics. Einstein’s generalization of Bose’s method led to the
first of two systems of quantum statistical mechanics, known as the Bose-Einstein statistics.
Paul Dirac later coined the term “boson” for particles that obey these statistics.

Planck’s radiation law, derived in 1900, relates the electromagnetic energy density in
equilibrium with a blackbody. or ideal radiator, at an absolute temperature. T, to the radiation
14
frequency, v. Using modern notation: where V is the volume of the radiator. c the speed of
light, k the Boltzmann constant, and Ii Planck’s constant. Planck based his derivation on a
model in which the radiation emitted and absorbed by the blackbody is in equilibrium with a
set of charged oscillators. He took the laws of classical electrodynamics as valid but assumed
in addition that each oscillator could emit and absorb only in quanta proportional to its
frequency of oscillation. That is, E = nhv, where n is any integer.

Planck regarded his quantum hypothesis as an ad hoc assumption to be grafted onto

the inviolable body of classical electrodynamics. In contrast, Einstein. in his “photoelectric
effect” paper of 1905, used general thermodynamic arguments to show that electromagnetic
radiation could be regarded as having an atomic or quantum structure. Thus, he argued in
effect that electromagnetic radiation in equilibrium with matter could be regarded as a gas
similar in some respects to an ordinary gas the quanta of which are atoms or molecules. The
zero-rest-mass quanta of the electromagnetic field are now called photons, a term introduced
in 1926.

Bose’s 1924 paper showed that the Planck law was completely consistent with
Einstein’s quantum gas model. His derivation followed a general procedure introduced by
Boltzmann for determining the equilibrium energy distribution of the microscopic entities
that constitute a macrosystem. The procedure begins by enumerating all the possible,
distinguishable microstates of the entities, where each such state is defined by a set of
coordinates and momenta. That is, each possible state of a single entity is specified by a point
in six-dimensional phase space the axes of which correspond to the three spatial coordinates
and the three components of momentum. Each possible state of the system is specified by a
distribution of such phase points. Bose’s innovation was to assume that two or more such
distributions that differ only in the permutation of phase points within a subregion of phase
space of volume h3 (where h is Planck’s constant) are to be regarded as identical. Thus, in
effect he asserted that two truly identical photons cannot be distinguished even in principle.
This method of counting has the effect of enhancing the populations of lower-energy photon
states at the expense of those of higher energy, and leads to the correct Planck distribution
law.

The assumption that the region h3 sets a limit on the distinguishability of two photons
appears to have been completely ad hoc and was arrived at, according to Bose’s later
recollection, in the course of preparing a lecture on the Planck law for a postgraduate physics
15
class at Dacca. It can easily he shown to be consistent with the uncertainty principle of
Werner Heisenberg, announced in 1927, and. more fundamentally, with either the matrix
mechanics of Heisenberg (1925) or the wave mechanics of Schrodinger. In July 1924
Einstein had already generalized Bose’s results to particles of nonzero rest mass the total
number of which is conserved: and in January 1925 he showed that such a gas would, under
conditions of extreme temperature and pressure, exhibit marked deviations in behavior from
that of a classical ideal Maxwell-Boltzmann gas. The latter paper also showed that Bose’s
assumption is consistent with the relationship between the wavelength and momentum of a
particle, λ h/p, which Louis de Broglie had hypothesized in 1923. Thus, by generalizing
Bose’s theory, Einstein completed the formulation of the first of two types of quantum
statistics. In 1926 Enrico Fermi derived a second System of quantum statistics, now called the
Fermi-Dirac statistics, in which it is assumed that each subvolume h3 in phase space can be
occupied by no more than one point, consistent with the exclusion principle enunciated by
Wolfgang Pauli in 1925.

Bose’s first paper in Zeitschrift für Physik was followed by another that was also
translated by Einstein and published during 1924. In it Bose provided a general statistical
treatment of emission and absorption processes for electromagnetic radiation in equilibrium
with matter. This paper was accompanied by a note by Einstein expressing serious doubts
about the method. In January 1925 Bose wrote to Einstein from Paris that he was working on
a paper he felt would remove these doubts. But it seems never to have been completed.

Bose’s next published scientific contribution consisted of two papers on mathematical

statistics (1936). Two works on the electromagnetic properties of the ionosphere were
published in 1937 and 1938, respectively. A paper on the mathematical properties of the
Lorentz group appeared in 1939. Two more mathematical works, one on the inhomogeneous
Klein-Gordon equation and one on an integral equation for the hydrogen atom. were
published in 1941. Most of his published theoretical work between 1943 and 1950 was on X-
ray crystallography and thermoluminescence, both areas in which experimental groups were
active at Dacca. Bose’s last six scientific papers, published between 1953 and 1955, were on
unified field theory, a topic on which he and Einstein exchanged at least one letter in 1953.

Bose is reputed to have been a devoted and inspiring teacher. His ability to deliver
polished lectures without notes was legendary and considered phenomenal even in India,
where professors take considerable pride in that accomplishment. This skill was aided by a
16
remarkable memory which he developed as a schoolboy, partly because of his exceedingly
weak vision.

Born and educated in an era when Rabindranath Tagore was presiding over the
Bengali cultural renaissance, Bose remained devoted to that movement throughout his life. In
1948 he founded the Bangiya Bijnam Parishad, or Science Association of Bengali, as a means
of popularizing science in his native language. Like Tagore, he loved poetry. which he read
and quoted not only in Bengali and Sanskrit, but also in English and French, both of which he
spoke fluently.

The word ‘boson’ was named for S.N. Bose not because he discovered bosons. It was
named so by Paul Dirac, a Nobel Prize winning physicist, to honour Bose’s contribution to
the Bose-Einstein statistics, work he did with Albert Einstein on defining the general
properties of all bosons.

There are two kinds of particles in nature. Matter particles are the proverbial building
blocks. They are the quarks and leptons, together called fermions. Force particles guide the
matter particles around and help them interact with each others. They are the photons, W and
Z bosons, gluons and the Higgs bosons.

In 1924, Bose and Einstein developed a theory to explain how a group of identical but
non-interacting particles may occupy different energy states. They drew up a set of statistical
rules and the particles that followed these rules did not obey Pauli’s exclusion principle. All
such particles came to be called bosons.

Similarly, in 1926, Enrico Fermi and Paul Dirac came up with a set of rules for
particles that did obey Pauli’s exclusion principle. While they worked on this theory
independently, Fermi’s results were published first, leading to Dirac calling these particles
fermions in the Italian giant's honour.

So there. S.N. Bose good man, great contribution but he has nothing to do with the
Higgs boson in particular except that this particle is a boson. What’s being celebrated about
the Higgs is not being done in denial of Bose’s contributions because there is nothing to
deny. The physics behind what's going on now has more to do with how the hunt for one

17
particular boson is shaping modern particle physics. Face it, the world of science has moved
on.

If anything, I liked this Outlook article (except the last line) published a day after the
momentous CERN announcements on July 4 last year. It brought S.N. Bose back into the
limelight at a time when few of us in the country had (or have) the scientific temperament to
acknowledge such contributions from history and, simply, recognise and preserve it for what
it is: homage.

Indeed, some Indians seem to harbour a maleficient sense of entitlement that extends
to calls demanding the 'B' in 'bosons' be capitalised. Rolf Dieter-Heuer, Director General of
CERN, responded to this while at a meeting in Kolkata in September 2012: "I was asked
yesterday why the boson was not capped. In Bose’s own city today, we have capped the
Boson. I, in fact, always cap the Boson. But today, we changed all our CERN slides to cap
Bosons."

Another example of misguided entitlement was some Indian physicists saying that
'naming the Higgs particle after Bose is an honour bigger than the Nobel Prize itself'. If
you're looking for honour of Indian origin in the Nobel Prize for physics in 2013, look to
Indian scientists who worked on the collider.

Look to contributions from the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and the
Institute of Mathematical Sciences. Look to the superconducting magnets technology that
India provided. Look to people like Rohini Godbole, Kajari Mazumdar (see slide 4), and
Ashoke Sen.

But if all you want to do is cling to the vestiges of a legacy you helped fade, then
you're also doomed, benumbed to the sting of being denied the Nobel Prizes only because
you're not producing and retaining Nobel-class thinkers anymore.

18
CONCLUSION

He served as a lecturer in the physics department of the University of Calcutta from

1916 to 1921. Along with a former classmate, the future astrophysicist Meghnad Saha, he
published the English translations of Albert Einstein’s original papers on special and general
relativity in 1919.In 1921, he was offered the post of a Reader in the department of physics at
the University of Dhaka. There he helped to set up new laboratories to teach advanced
courses in science. He had been working along with Saha on quantum physics and relativity
theory for some years now. In 1924, he wrote a paper on deriving Planck's quantum radiation
law that offered a solution that had never been thought of before.
He sent this paper to Albert Einstein who recognized the significance of Bose’s
studies and translated the Paper into German. This paper, though just four pages in length
was of seminal importance to the new discoveries in the field of physics.
Bose and Einstein first came up with the prediction of a state of matter of a dilute gas of
bosons and its complex interactions in what came to be known as the Bose-Einstein
condensate in 1924-25.
Bose achieved international recognition when his findings were promoted by Einstein
and he got an opportunity to work for two years in European X-Ray and crystallography
laboratories. During this time Bose also became acquainted with Louis de Broglie and Marie
Curie.
He returned to Dhaka in 1926 and applied for the post of a Professor at the University.
Since he did not possess a doctorate, he was not qualified enough for the post. But he was
made the Head of the Department of Physics on Einstein’s recommendation.
Continuing his work in research, Bose designed the equipment for an X-ray crystallography
laboratory. He served as the Dean of the Faculty of Science at Dhaka University until 1945.
At the time of partition he returned to Calcutta where he held the Khaira Chair. He taught at
the University of Calcutta till 1956 where he encouraged the students to design their own
equipment.
Even after his retirement he continued with his research in nuclear physics. Along
with physics, he also researched on organic chemistry, geology, engineering and other
sciences.

19
REFERENCES

1. http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/satyendra-nath-bose-5279.php

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose

3. http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/S.N._Bose.aspx

4.https://www.google.com/search?q=satyendra+nath+bose&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&
ved=0ahUKEwimtouu3u_KAhWHA4

20