7.3.

CENTRAL (THROTTLE-BODY) FUEL INJECTION

Central or throttle-body fuel-injection systems, where one or two electronically controlled injectors meter the fuel into the
airflow directly above the throttle body, can be used: see Fig. 7.2. They provide straightforward electronic control of fuel
metering at lower cost than multipoint port injection systems. However, the problems associated with slower transport of fuel
than the air from upstream of the throttle plate to the cylinder must now be overcome. Figure 7.7 shows a drawing of one
such system: the Bosch Mono-Jetronic low-pressure single-point injection system for four-cylinder engines. An injector,
placed above the throttle plate, meters the fuel in response to calibrations of airflow, measured or based on intake manifold
pressure, air temperature, engine speed, and other signals. The fuel spray directs the fuel toward the crescent shaped opening
between the throttle plate and its housing. The airflow provides effective atomization of the liquid fuel, minimizing liquid fuel
deposition on the manifold walls. The high air velocity created by the pressure drop across the throttle opening shears and
atomizes the liquid sheet on the throttle plate. Vigorous mixing of fuel and air then occurs, especially at part throttle, and
provides good mixture uniformity and distribution between cylinders. Injector fuel delivery is synchronized with the ignition
pulses. The injection duration is controlled with an exhaust gas oxygen sensor (see Sec. 7.8) to provide a stoichiometric
mixture to each cylinder. The injection duration is extended to provide additional fuel during cold starts and engine warm-up,
and provide injection enrichment during accelerations. The throttle valve potentiometer recognizes changes in throttle valve
position. During accelerations, additional fuel beyond the steady-state requirement is injected to offset delays in fuel reaching
each open intake valve to maintain the desired in-cylinder stoichiometry. As WOT is approached, mixture enrichment can be
provided to control knock and maximize torque. The injector operates with a fuel supply pressure of about 2 bar (absolute).2

Figure 7.7 Schematic of central fuel injection system, upstream of the throttle: (1) Pressure
regulator; (2) Injector; (3) Air temperature sensor; (4) Fuel inlet; (5) Fuel return; (6) Insulator plate; (7)
Throttle. Bosch Mono-Jetronic unit (Courtesy Robert Bosch GmbH and SAE).2

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