Landscaping for reduce heat

Leaves and branches reduce the amount of solar radiation that reaches the surface thus reducing surface
temperatures. This in turn reduces the heat transmitted into buildings and the atmosphere. Shaded
surfaces, for example, may be 20–45°F (11–25°C) cooler than the peak temperatures of un -shaded
surfaces. In the summer, generally 10 to 30 percent of the sun’s energy reaches the surface below a tree,
with the remainder being absorbed by leaves and used for photosynthesis, and some being reflected back
into the atmosphere. In winter, generally 10 to 80 percent of sunlight is transmitted through a tree.
Evergreen trees transmit less where as deciduous trees transmit more because they lose their leaves in
winter.

Trees and vegetation absorb water through their roots and emit it through their leaves; this is called
“transpiration.” A large oak tree, for example, can transpire 40,000 gallons of water per year.
Evaporation, the conversion of water from a liquid to a gas, also occurs from the soil around vegetation
and from trees and vegetation as they intercept rainfall on leaves and other surfaces. Together, these
processes are referred to as evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration cools the air by using heat from the air
to evaporate water.
Trees
Air curtain.

"In its simplest application, an air curtain is a continuous broad stream of air circulated across a doorway
of a conditioned space. It reduces penetration of insects and unconditioned air into a conditioned space
by forcing an air stream over the entire entrance. The air stream layer moves with a velocity and angle
such that any air that tries to penetrate the curtain is entrained. Air curtain effectiveness in penetrating
infiltration through an entrance generally ranges from 60 to 80%

Power saving

Reduction of the loading of fresh air, The use of leftover cool air(swith off early), The use of Ice Storage Technology
on energy saving

Selection air cooled / water cooled

Circumstances favoring Air-cooled Systems

Air cooled chillers are favored over the water cooled systems under following
circumstances:
Smaller system capacity requirement typically below 200 TR
Where water is scarce or quality water is not available
Where the system is not required to operate 24 hours.
Where the system is not to be located in or around noise restricted areas
Where there is adequate and accessible roof top or ground space for the system
equipment
Where sitting of cooling tower is restricted due to Legionella risk minimization
constraints.
There may be statutory requirements for health and safety that may not permit
use of cooling towers in certain areas.
A high humidity climatic condition in the tropical areas where the effectiveness of
the cooling towers is significantly reduced.

CircumstancesCircumstances favoring Water-cooled Systems

Water-cooled chillers are generally favorable over the air-cooled systems under the
following circumstances:
Larger system capacity requirement typically above 200 TR.
Where the system is required to operate 24 hours.
Where there is limited roof top or ground space for the system equipment
Where noise minimization and aesthetics are of relative importance

Chilled water plant

Chilled water is a commodity often used to cool a building's air and equipment, especially in situations
where many individual rooms must be controlled separately, such as a hotel. The chilled water can be
supplied by a vendors, such as a public utility or created at the location of the building that will use it,
which has been the norm.

IIIa

Cavity wall

Shades

Wall cladding

Wall painting

Orientation – windows in north-west dir

Thickness of wall

Roof

False ceiling

Ventilation tower

Sloping roof

Roof tile

Green roof

Indium oxide coated glass window

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Fire alarm

Extinguishers

Fire exit

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