Recent Advances

and Concrete in the Future

Progress in Concrete Technology
Normal concrete made with portland cement
and conventional natural aggregate suffers
from several deficiencies.
Attempts to overcome these deficiencies have
resulted in the development of special concretes,
which represent advances in the concrete
technology
Compared to steel, the low strength/weight ratio
for concrete presents an economic problem in the
construction to tall buildings, long-span bridges, and
floating structures. To improve the strength/weight ratio,
two approaches suggest them selves: either the density of
the material should be lowered, or the strength should
be increased.

The first approach has been practiced successfully

for the last 70 years. Structural lightweight aggregates
are commonly used throughout the world to produce
lightweight concretes with about 100 lb/ft3 (1600
kg/m3) unit weight and 4000 to 6000 psi (25 to 40 MPa)
compressive strength.
The second approach, during the 1970s, normal-
weight 150 lb/ft3 (2400 kg/m3) high strength
concretes with 900 to 12,000 psi (60 to 80 MPa)
compressive strengths have been produced
industrially by using normal or superplasticizing
water-reducing admixtures and pozzolans. However,
it appears that the limiting strength/weight ratio for
concrete has not yet been reached.
Developments are under way to produce
stronger lightweight aggregates so that light weight
and high strength may be achieved in concrete
simultaneously.
Superplasticized concrete now fulfills this need for high-
workability or flowing-concrete mixtures, without a high
water/cement ratio and segregation. These concretes with
high workability, even under hot-weather conditions, do
not require mechanical consolidation. They have extended
the use of concrete to new frontiers.
Shrinkage of concrete on drying frequently leads to
cracking; this is recognized in concrete design and
construction practice, especially in regard to pavements,
floors, and relatively thin structural members. To
counteract this problem shrinkage-compensating
concrete containing expansive cements or expansive
admixtures has been employed successfully for the last 20
years.
Compared to other building materials the
toughness of concrete is very low and therefore
the impact resistance is poor. This characteristic
has been substantially improved by using the
concept of microlevel reinforcement.

Fiber-reinforced concrete containing steel,

glass, or polypropylene fibers has been employed
successfully in situations where resistance to impact
is important.
Three types of concrete containing polymers have
been developed which show very low permeability and
excellent chemical resistance. Overlays composed of
these concretes are suitable for the protection of
reinforcing steel from corrosion in industrial floors and
bridge decks; the concretes are also useful for
rehabilitation of deteriorated pavements.

Heavyweight concrete made with high-density

minerals is about 50 percent heavier than normal
concrete containing conventional aggregate; this type of
concrete is used for radiation shielding in nuclear power
plants when limitations of usable space require a
reduction in the thickness of the shield.
Mass concrete for dams and other large structures
has been around for some time, but methods selected to
control the temperature rise have had a considerable
influence on the construction technology during the last
30 years. Precooling of concrete materials has virtually
eliminated the need for expensive post-cooling operations
and has made faster construction schedules possible.
Dams that are less than 100 m high can be built with
roller compacted concrete, using ordinary earth-moving
equipment, at speeds and costs that were unimaginable
only 10 years ago.
STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
Structural lightweight concrete is structural concrete
in every respect except that for reasons of overall cost
economy, the concrete is made with lightweight cellular
aggregates so that its unit weight is approximately two
thirds of the unit weight of concrete made with typical
natural aggregates. Since light weight, and not strength,
is the primary objective, the specifications limit the
maximum permissible unit weight of concrete. Also,
since highly porous aggregates tend to reduce concrete
strength greatly, the specifications require a minimum
28-day compressive strength to ensure that the concrete
is of structural quality.
HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE
Fox mixtures made with normal-weight aggregates,
high-strength concretes are considered to be those
which have compressive strengths in excess of
6000 psi (40 MPa).
Compared to normal-strength concrete, high strength
concrete behaves more like a homogeneous material.
For high-strength concretes, the stress strain curves are
steeper and more linear to a higher stress-strength
ratio than in normal-strength concretes, because of a
decrease in the amount and extent of micro cracking in the
transition zone. Thus the high-strength concrete shows a
more brittle mode of fracture and less volumetric dilation.
The study indicated that these concretes can be
loaded to a higher stress-strength ratio without initiating
a self-propagating mechanism leading to disruptive
failure; that is, the sustained-load strength is
higher percentage of the short-term strength.
The amount of micro cracking is high-strength concrete
associated with shrinkage, short-term loading,
and sustained loading is significantly less than
in normal-strength concrete. The substantial time
dependent increase found in the latter is far less than
in the former, explaining in part the much reduced creep
in high-strength concretes.

From the above it is obvious that high-strength concretes

(with f’c from 6000 to about 9000 psi) behave
in fundamentally different ways from normal strength
concrete.
HIGH-WORKABILITY CONCRETE
High-workability concrete may be considered as the
concrete of a lowing consistency (180 to 230 mm
slump), which can be placed and compacted with
little or no effort and which is, at the same time,
cohesive enough to be handled without
segregation and bleeding.
SHRINKAGE-COMPENSATING CONCRETE
According to ACI Committee 223, shrinkage
compensating concrete is an expansive cement
concrete which, when propertly restrained by
reinforcement of other means, will expand an
amount equal to or slightly greater than the
anticipated drying shrinkage. Because of the
restraint, compressive stresses will be induced in the
concrete during expansion.
Subsequent drying shrinkage will reduce these
stresses. Ideally, a residual compression will remain
in the concrete, eliminating the risk of shrinkage
cracking.
FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE
Concrete containing a hydraulic cement, water, fine
or fine and coarse aggregate, and discontinuous
discrete fibers is called fiber-reinforced concrete.
It may also contain pozzolans and other admixtures
commonly used with conventional concrete. Fibers
of various shapes and sizes produced from
steel, plastic, glass, and natural materials are
being used; however, for most structural and
nonstructural purposes, steel fiber is the most
commonly used of all the fibers.
CONCRETES CONTAINING POLYMERS
Concretes containing polymers can be classified into
three categories: polymer concrete (PC) is formed by
polymerizing a mixture of a monomer and aggregate –
there is no other bonding material present; latex-modified
concrete (LMC), which is also known as polymer
portland cement concrete (PPCC), is a conventional
portland cement concrete which is usually made by
replacing a part of the mixing water with a latex (polymer
emulsion); and polymer-impregnated concrete (PIC) is
produced by impregnating or infiltrating a hardened
portland cement concrete with a monomer and
subsequently polymerizing the monomer in situ.
Polymer Concrete
What is referred to as polymer concrete (PC) is a
mixture of aggregates with a polymer as the sole
binder. To minimize the amount of the expensive
binder, it is very important to achieve the maximum
possible dry-packed density of the aggregate.

Latex-Modified Concrete
The materials and the production technology for
concrete in LMC are the same as those used in
normal portland cement concrete except that latex,
which is a colloidal suspension of polymer in
water, is used as an admixture.
Polymer-Impregnated Concrete
The concept underlying PIC is simply that if voids are
responsible for low strength as well as poor durability
of concrete in severe environments, then eliminating
them by filling with a polymer should improve the
characteristics of the material. In hardened
concrete, the void system, consisting of capillary
pores and micro cracks, is very tortuous.
HEAVYWEIGHT CONCRETE FOR RADIATION
SHIELDING
Concrete is commonly used for biological
shielding in nuclear power plants, medical units,
and atomic research and testing facilities. Other
materials can be employed for this purpose, but
concrete is usually the most economical and has
several other advantages.
Heavyweight concretes are produced generally by using natural
heavyweight aggregates. The concrete unit weights are in the
range 210 to 240 lb/ft3 (3360 to 3840 kg/m3), which is about 50
percent higher than the unit weight of concrete containing
normal-weight aggregates.
MASS CONCRETE
ACI Committee 116 has defined mass concrete as
concrete in a massive structure, e.g., a beam,
columns, pier, lock, or dam where its volume is of
such magnitude as to require special means of
coping with the generation of heat and
subsequent volume change.
Roller-Compacted Concrete
Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) presents a
relatively recent development in the construction
technology of dams and locks. It is based on the
concept that a no-slump concrete mixture
transported, placed, and compacted with the same
construction equipment that is used for earth and
rockfill dams can meet the design specifications for
conventional mass concrete.
From the Japanese experience of construction with
RCC, Hirose and Yanagida list several advantages:

• Cement consumption is lower because much leaner

concrete can be used.
• Formwork costs are lower because of the layer placement
method.
• Pipe cooling is unnecessary because of the low
temperature rise.
• Cost of transporting concrete is lower than with the cable
crane method because concrete can be hauled by end dump
trucks; it is spread by bulldozers and compacted by vibratory
rollers.
• Rates of equipment and labor utilization are high because of
the higher speed of concrete placement.
• The construction period can be shortened considerably.
PENGECORAN DAN
PEMADATAN BETON

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Pengecoran Beton

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BEBERAPA METODA PENGECORAN BETON YANG
UMUM DIPAKAI :

1. GEROBAK COR/SKOP/EMBER
 Cocok untuk proyek kecil/rumah.

• membutuhkan tenaga kerja yang banyak.

• pengecoran lambat (butuh waktu lama).
• maksimum jarak , 50 m.
• dibutuhkan jalan yang baik.

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2. TALANG
 Jika pekerjaan beton dibawah truk mixer.
 Untuk pek. jalan beton, dll.

• pengecoran langsung dari truk.

• penuangan beton dari truk, jangan lebih 2 m
tanpa alat bantu

3. CRANE
Cocok untuk pengecoran beton dengan
volume yang besar (mass concrete).
• terbatas/tergantung ukuran bucket/kapasitas
crane

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4. Pompa dan Pipa
Fleksibel, dapat didistribusikan ke arah
vertikal dan horizontal.
• membutuhkan ruang pengecoran yang luas.
• output/kecepatan pengecoran tinggi.
• membutuhkan tenaga kerja yang lebih sedikit.
• distribusi kontinu.

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BEBERAPA HAL YANG DIPERLUKAN AGAR TIGAK
TERJADI SEGREGASI.

• Beton di-cor secara vertikal dan sedekat

mungkin dengan posisi pengecoran.
• Beton jangan di-alir-kan menuju posisi
pengecoran, tetapi beton harus dipindahkan.

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Penuangan beton dari mixer/molen
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Penuangan beton dari hopper/bucket
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Penuangan beton ke bucket

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Penuangan beton pada ujung talang

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Penuangan beton dari gerobak

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Penuangan beton pada kolom/dinding

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Penuangan beton bidang miring

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Pengecoran bawah air

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 Proses mengeluarkan udara yang terjebak di dalam
beton.

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Beton Segar (Fresh Concrete)mengandung
5% – 20% udara terjebak.

Proses Pemadatan :
1. Mengkonsolidasikan partikel aggregat sampai rata
pada permukaan (3 – 5 detik)
2. Mengeluarkan udara terjebak ( 7 – 15 detik)

Cara yang benar Cara yang salah

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 • menyirami/menggenangi permukaan beton
dengan air.
• menggunakan goni/terpal basah.
• memakai curing compound.
 Agar proses penguapan uap air tidak terjadi dalam
waktu cepat yang dapat menimbulkan retak-retak
pada permukaan beton.

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