Feedback Amplifiers

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Analog IC Design Slide 1

Dr. Vilas
General Structure of Feedback

Comparison Circuit /
Mixer

xo= Axi ; xf = b xo ; xi = xs - xf ;

Af = (xo/xs) = A / (1+Ab).

Also, xf = Abxs / (1+Ab)

i.e., if Ab >>1 => xf = xs under the conditions of Large amount of negative
feedback

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Analog IC Design Slide 2

Dr. Vilas
General Structure of Feedback

➢If feedback is such that it reduces xi then it is called Negative Feedback

➢Here, “Ab” is defined as LOOP GAIN
➢Closed Loop Gain, “Af” is always smaller than open loop gain “A” by
the quantity “(1+Ab)”, which is called the Amount of Feedback / “the De-
sensitivity factor (D)”.

Properties: Gain De-sensitivity

Bandwidth Extension
Reduction in Nonlinear Distortion
Substantial reduction in Frequency Distortion
Reduction in Noise
Improved Terminal Characteristics: Ri & Ro

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Analog IC Design Slide 3

Dr. Vilas
Basic Topology of Negative Feedback Amplifier

voltage-mixing voltage-sampling (series– current-mixing current-sampling (shunt–

shunt) topology series) topology

current-mixing voltage-sampling (shunt–

voltage-mixing current-sampling (series– shunt) topology
series) topology

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Analog IC Design Slide 4

Dr. Vilas
Ideal feedback amplifiers
➢Ideal amplifiers are classified in four different ways as mentioned
below:
❖ Voltage controlled voltage source (Voltage Amplifier)
Zin → ∞ , Zout → 0
❖ Current controlled voltage source (Transrsistance Amplifier)
Zin → 0 , Zout → 0
❖ Voltage controlled current source (Transconductance Amplifier)
Zin → ∞ , Zout → ∞
❖ Current controlled current source (Current Amplifier)
Zin → 0 , Zout → ∞

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Analog IC Design Slide 5

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Negative feedback amplifiers
❖ Voltage Series feedback Amplifier (VCVS)

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Negative feedback amplifiers
Voltage Shunt feedback Amplifier (CCVS)

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Analog IC Design Slide 7

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Negative feedback amplifiers
Current Series feedback Amplifier (VCCS)

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Negative feedback amplifiers
❖ Current Shunt feedback Amplifier (CCCS)

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Examples of the four type of feedback amplifier

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Analog IC Design Slide 10

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Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier (Voltage amplifier)

Vo A
Af = =
Vs 1 + Ab

ideal structure equivalent circuit.

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Analog IC Design Slide 11

Dr. Vilas
Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier (Voltage amplifier)

Vx V − AVi
Rof = , I= x
I R0
Since Vs = 0 ,
Vi = −V f = − bV0 = − bVx ,
Vx + AbVx
I=
R0
R0
Rof =
1 + Ab

V A ideal structure equivalent circuit.

Af = o =
Vs 1 + Ab

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Analog IC Design Slide 12

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Shunt-Series Feedback Amplifier (Current amplifier)

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Analog IC Design Slide 13

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Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier (Voltage amplifier)

Assuming OPAMP has infinite input resistance and zero

output Resistance.
a) Find an expression for the feedback factor β.
b) If A=104, find R2/R1 to obtain an Af of 10.
c) Compute the the amount of feedback in dB.
d) If Vs=1V, find Vo, Vf and Vi.

ANSWERS :
R1
a)b =
R1 + R2
R2
b) = 9.01
R1
c) Feedback = 60 dB
d) Vo = 10V; Vf = 0.999V and Vi = 0.001V

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Analog IC Design Slide 14

Dr. Vilas
Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier (Voltage amplifier)

Use the method of feedback and analyze and obtain expressions for A, b, Af ,
Rin and Rout. the OPAMP having an finite open loop gain µ; finite Rid and non-
zero ro. Also compute them if: µ=104; Rid=100KW; RL=2KW; R1=1KW;
R2=1MW and Rs=10KW.

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Analog IC Design Slide 15

Dr. Vilas
Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier (Voltage amplifier)

A = 6000 V/V
b = 10-3 V/V
Vo [ RL / /( R1 + R2 )] Rid Af = 857 V/V
A = Rin = 739 KW
Vi [ RL / /( R1 + R2 )] + ro Rid + Rs + ( R1 / / R2 )
Rout = 100 W
Vf R1
b =
V0 R1 + R2
Vo A
Af  =
Vs 1 + Ab
Ro
Rif = Ri ( 1 + Ab ); Rof =
1 + Ab
Ri = Rs + Rid + (R1 / / R2 ) , R0 = r0 RL (R1 + R2 )
R in = Rif − Rs
Rof = Rout / / RL

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Analog IC Design Slide 16

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 Examples

▪A negative feedback amplifier has a closed loop gain Af = 100 and open loop
gain A =105 . What is the feedback factor b. If a manufacturing error results in
a reduction of A to 103 what closed loop gain results? What is the percentage
change in Af corresponding to this factor of 100 reduction in A?

▪A series shunt amplifier employs a basic amplifier with input and output
resistance of 1KW and gain A = 2000 V/V. The feedback factor is 0.1. find
the feedback gain, input resistance and output resistance of closed loop
amplifier.

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Analog IC Design Slide 17

Dr. Vilas
 Examples

▪For a particular amplifier connected in feedback loop in which the output

voltage is sampled, measurement of the output resistance before and after the
loop is connected shows a change by factor of 80. Is the resistance with
feedback higher or lower? What is the value of loop gain Aβ? If Rof is
100KW what is R0 without feedback.

▪A newly connected Feedback amplifier undergoes a performance test with

the following results:
With the feedback connection removed, a source signal of 2mV is required to
provide a 10-V output to the load; with the feedback connected , a 10-V
output requires a 200-mV source signal. For this amplifier identify value of A,
β, A β,the closed loop gain and amount of feedback in dB.
A = 5000, beta=0.0198, abeta = 99, amount of fB in DB 406:30 pm

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Analog IC Design Slide 18

Dr. Vilas
Shunt-Series Feedback Amplifier (Current amplifier)

The feedback current If that flows

through RF is subtracted from Is
at the source node
Ii = Iin - If

Laser Increase in Iin causes Ii to increase

and the drain voltage of Q1 will
also increase.

I in  VD1 , I out  VP , I F  VD1 , I out 

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Analog IC Design Slide 19
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Sense and Return Mechanism

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Sense and Return Mechanism

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Voltage (Series-Shunt)feedback Amplifier

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Series-Series feedback Amplifier

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Shunt-Shunt feedback Amplifier

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Analog IC Design Slide 24

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Shunt-Series feedback Amplifier

A current-current FB circuit is used for current amplifiers

– input resistance should be low and output resistance be high
• A circuit example is shown
– RS and RF constitute the FB circuit
• RS should be small and RF large
– The same steps can be taken to solve for
A, Aβ, Af, Rif, and Rof
• Remember that both A and β circuits are
current controlled current sources

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus Analog IC Design Slide 25

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