Decision Making – the process of choosing from among Ethics – a person’s beliefs about what constitutes right

several alternatives and wrong behavior

Problem Solving – finding the answer to a question Prospect Theory – argues that when people make
decisions under a condition of risk they are more
Programmed Decision – a decision that recurs often
motivated to avoid losses than they are to seek gains
enough for a decision rule to be developed
Group polarization – the tendency for a groups average
Decision Rule – a statement that tells a decision maker
post discussion attitudes to be more extreme than its
which alternative to choosed based on the
average pre-discussion attitudes
characteristic of the decision situation
Groupthink – a made of thinking that occurs when
Nonprogrammed Decision – a decision that recurs
members of a group are deeply involved in a cohesive in
infrequently and for which there is no previously
group and the desire for unanimity offsets their
established decision rule
motivation to appraise alternative courses of action
Condition of Certainty – manager knows what the
Brainstorming – a technique used in the idea-generation
outcomes of each alternative of a given action will be
phase of decision making that assist in development of
and has enough information to estimate the
numerous alternative courses of action
probabilities of various outcomes
Nominal Group Technique – group members follow a
generate –discuss vote cycle until they reach a decision
Conditioned of Risk – the decision maker cannot know
Delphi Technique – a method of systematically
with certainty what the outcome of a given action will
gathering judgement of experts for use in developing
be but has enough information to estimate the
forecasts
probabilities of various outcomes
Creativity – a person’s ability to generate new ideas or
Condition of Uncertainty – the decision maker locks
to conceive of new perspectives on existing ideas
enough information to estimate the probability of
possible outcomes Preparation – usually the first stage in the creative
process, includes education and formal training
Rational Decision-Making Approach – a systematic, step
by step process for making decision Incubation – the stage of less intense conscious
concentrations during which a creative person lets the
some meaningful subset of it
knowledge and ideas acquired during preparation
Suboptimizing – knowingly accepting less than the best mature and develop
possible outcome to avoid unintended negative effects
Insight – the stage in the creative process in which all
on other aspect of the organization
the scattered thoughts and ideas that were maturing
Satisficing – examining alternatives only until a solution during incubation come together to produce a
that meet minimal requirements is found breakthrough

Coalition – an informal alliance of individuals or groups
formed to achieve a common goal
Intuition – an innate belief about something without
conscious consideration
Verification – the final stage of the creative process in
which the validity or truthfulness of the insight is
determined

Escalation of Commitment – occurs when a decision ignoring, or distorting information

maker stays with a decision even when it appears to be
Information Overload – the amount of information
wrong
available exceeds a person’s ability to process it
Risk Propensity – the extent to which a decision maker
Low-context Cultures - cultures that rely on words to
is willing to gamble in making a decision
convey meaning
High-context Culture – situational and nonverbal cues Collaborative Software – also called groupware,
are used to convey meaning enhances the collaborative abilities of group or team
members by providing an electronic meeting site. It
Active Listening – becoming actively involved in the
essentially integrates work being done on a single
process of listening to what others are saying and
project simultaneously by several users at different
clarifying message meaning
computers located anywhere in the world
Loss of transmission – occurs when an Internet
connection goes down, phone lines are full of static, or a
videoconference link is dropped

Ambiguity – is another source of noise in

communication

Ambiguity of meaning – occurs when the receiver is not

sure what the sender meant

Ambiguity of Intent – means the receiver is uncertain

about the message’s consequence

Jargon – or technical language, can also create

ambiguity when the receiver does not understand it

Semantics – are another barrier that introduces noise

into communication

Presentation – are common methods for sharing

information in organizations

Voice Mail – is similar to email but instead of writing, a

spoken message is digitized and sent to someone to be
retrieved and listened to later. Like emails, voice mails
can be saved or sent to others to hear. In most systems
today voice mail can also be converted to email

Instant Messaging – enables users to see who is logged

on and to chat with them in real time rather than
emailing and waiting for a response. This allows
employees to get in touch with each other immediately
to get input or ask questions

Telework – is work conducted in a location other than a

central office or production facility with communication
between coworkers and supervisors occurring via
electronic communication systems

Collaboration software – allows team members to easily

share information and work together on projects.
People can easily interface with their team members in
real time using various digital devices

Computer Software - such as Microsoft’s SharePoint

allows members of workgroups and team to share
information to improve their communication, efficiency,
and performance