Contribution on scientific development

The internet became a convenient means of scientific communication. It became

the powerful tool in helping scientists in finding answers to the questions that
interest them. Also scientists can share their knowledge to other people enabling
them to send email and transfer files. Also, through scientific journals that are
being posted, it provided a means for scholars to communicate their findings that
was far more efficient than the personal letters previously used.

Here’s a specific example, Scientist are working on Human Genome Project to

identify all of the approximately 100,000 genes that are responsible for
human development. This project is medically important, because many
diseases such as diabetes and some forms of cancer have a large genetic
component. Scientists working on the genome project are producing an
astonishing amount of information. If published in books, descriptions of the
DNA sequences of all the human genes would require more than 200,000
pages. Fortunately, in just the blink of an eye by the use of internet, users can
access this information efficiently and conveniently. Other scientists can use this
information as reference to further understand and improve their research, which
can potentially lead to new medical treatments.

develop

They will be able to share their knowledge with other people

Scientists use the internet to further understand what they are looking for. Since
several scientific journal were posted, in just one click, they can access information
that may help them in order to improve their research.

The World Wide Web is similarly powerful in helping scientists find answers to the
questions that interest them. The full range of representational techniques now
available on the Web can help people find answers that would otherwise be
unavailable. Suppose, for example that you want to understand binary pulsars. A
new electronic astronomy journal will include a video simulation.

One of the most effective scientific users of the Web has been the Human
Genome Project, they are working to identify all of the approximately
100,000 genes that are responsible for human development. This project is
medically important, because many diseases such as diabetes and some
forms of cancer have a large genetic component. The identification of all
human genes should be a substantial aid to finding genes responsible for
diseases, which can potentially lead to new medical treatments.

Scientists working on the genome project are producing an astonishing

amount of information. If published in books, descriptions of the DNA
sequences of all the human genes would require more than 200,000 pages.
However, books would be a poor technology for keeping track of such
information, not just because of its quantity, but also because new genes
are being mapped daily and a printed text would be instantly obsolete
Fortunately, genome scientists have turned to computer databases to store
the rapidly expanding information about gene locations. Through the
internet, many other scientists and interested people can access this
information.

Unlike printed materials, digital data bases can be searched quickly and
thoroughly. The entire Web can be searched for information using numerous
search engines such Yahoo! and AltaVista that have become available in the
past few years. Scientists can use such search engines to find sites that are
presenting information relevant to their own work.

When scientifically information is posted on a Web site such as OMIM or sent

to a preprint archive, it becomes available instantly, in contrast to the
months or even years that publication in books and journals can take.

ELECTRONIC HEALTH JOURNALS

Scientific journals are the most visible form of electronic publication although this same
model can be applied to all sorts of documents. 

Increased visibility of public health journals electronically available 

With the advent of the Internet and the development of new technologies, social
relations have changed and scientific communication flow has been restructured.
Castells2 says the Internet and the web have brought about social changes creating
a society in which information can be produced and stored in different spaces and
accessed by users from a distance, facilitating research development and work
through collaboration networks.

Limited access of journal paper. Inside scoop yo have t be in the list of top A
scientists for you to get an answer

The advent of digital communications increased the speed of data transmission and
created new avenues for delivering data to users,

Revolutions in Scientific Communication

In the 1450s, Johan Gutenberg used his new invention of the printing press to produce hundreds of
copies of the Bible. In the following century, the printing of books had a dramatic influence on the
development of scientific knowledge (Eisenstein 1979, vol. 2). The printing and distribution of
astronomical observationscontributed to the downfall of Ptolemy's theory that the sun revolved around
the earth. Copernicus and othersnoticed discrepancies between the predictions of Ptolemy's theory and
actual observations and constructed analternative theory that placed the sun at the center of planetary
system. Similarly, widespread publication of books on Galen's anatomy brought into question the
accuracy of his descriptions of the human body, leadingVesalius and others to produce and publish more
accurate depictions. The first scientific journals were startedin 1665 and provided a means for scholars
to communicate their findings that was far more efficient than thepersonal letters previously used.In the
1990s, communication underwent another dramatic revolution with the development of the WorldWide
Web and other Internet applications. Conceived in the 1960s as a U.S. military communications
systemcalled the ARPANET, the Internet became in the 1980s a convenient means of scientific
communication,enabling scientists at major research institutions to send email, participate in news
groups, and transfer files.Working at the European particle physics laboratory CERN, Tim Berners-Lee
proposed in 1989 a networkedproject for high-energy physics collaborations, employing hypertext to
provide a flexible means of linkingwords and pictures. By 1991 his group had produced a simple browser
for their "World Wide Web" project,which was superseded in 1993 by a more sophisticated browser,
Mosaic, produced in the U.S. by the NationalCenter for Supercomputer Applications. Mosaic was in turn
quickly supplanted by more sophisticatedbrowsers such as Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer.
The number of hosts on the Internet grew from213 in 1981 to 313,000 in 1990, then to more than 12
million in 1996; and the number of Web sites grew

These tools have inspired thousands of scientists to create Web sites and Internet tools that are
dramaticallychanging how science is done. To show how the Internet is transforming scientific research
practices, I willdescribe how the Web is used at CERN where it was first invented, as well as how
it makes possible rapidand effective communication in the Human Genome Project and other research.
Like the application of theprinting press to scientific publishing, use of the World Wide Web has enabled
scientists to increase thereliability, speed, and efficiency of their work.

 Science on the Web

By the end of 1996, the Internet guide Yahoo! listed more than a thousand Web sites each for
astronomy,biology, earth sciences, and physics, along with many hundreds of sites for other sciences
such as chemistryand psychology (http://www.yahoo.com/Science/

). Although many of these sites are used to provide generalinformation to scientists and the public,
some sites have become integral to research activities. In 1991, aphysicist at the Los Alamos National
Library, Paul Ginsparg, created a database of new physics papers. By1996, this archive served more than
35,000 users from over 70 countries, with 70,000 electronic transactionsper day. Physicists daily use the
World Wide Web to check for newly written and not-yet-published papers intheir research areas. (A
paper by Ginsparg is available athttp://xxx.lanl.gov/blurb/pg96unesco.html. Thephysics preprint site
ishttp://xxx.lanl.gov:80/

).The Web has also become a regular tool used by many scientists in the production of their
research.Especially in fields like high energy physics and genetics, contemporary science is a huge
collaborativeenterprise involving international teams of scientists (Thagard, 1997). It is not unusual for
published articlesin physics to have more than a hundred co-authors, reflecting the diversity of expertise
needed to carry outlarge projects involving complex instruments. Located near Geneva, CERN is a
collaborative project of 19European countries involving several nuclear accelerators and dozens
of experimental research projects. Eachproject involves numerous different researchers from a range
of different institutions in the participatingcounties. Since it began in 1954, CERN has been the source of
many of the most important discoveries inparticle physics, such as the 1983 finding of evidence for
the top quark.The World Wide Web was invented at CERN to improve information sharing among
scientists from diverseinstitutions working on joint projects. It was conceived as a hypermedia project so
that scientists couldexchange pictorial information such as diagrams and data graphs as well as verbal
text.

n the 1960s the U.S. government, businesses, and colleges worked together to make a
system that would let computers across the United States share information. They
created an early form of the Internet called ARPANET in 1969. In 1971 electronic mail,
or e-mail, was invented as a way to send a message from one computer to another.

By the mid-1970s many groups of computers were connected in networks. Machines

called routers were invented to connect…