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Biological Community
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY & SPECIES
INTERACTION • assemblage of populations at a particular time
• properties
▫ Scale – size of the community; lacks precise
boundaries
ZGE 4301- Environmental Sciences ▫ Structure: Spatial and Temporal
Dept of Biological Sciences
UE - Manila
Species interaction
• shows how one population influence individuals of
the other interacting population
• influence species niche
Ecological Niche
• the functional role of the species in a community
Species Richness
• Species richness
• Species abundance
• Species diversity
1
03/09/2020
Species Interaction
Neutralism
Type of Interaction Species 1 & 2 Nature of interaction • the shag
(Phalacrocovax
Neither population
Neutralism 0,0 affects the other aristotelis) and
Direct or indirect
cormorant
Competition -- , -- inhibition of each (P. carbo)
species by the other
One population is
Amensalism -- , 0 inhibited, the other is
not affected
One population is
Commensalism +,0 benefited, the other is
not affected
Competition Competition
2
03/09/2020
Chthamalus in
upper intertidal zone
Balanus in lower
intertidal zone
The interaction is
Parasitism +,- beneficial to one and
detrimental to another
The interaction is
Predation +,- beneficial to one and
detrimental to another
Interaction is favorable
Protocooperation +,+ to both but not
obligatory
Both populations
Mutualism +,+ benefit from the
interaction; obligatory
Parasitism
Parasitism
can control the
behavior of one
or more hosts
affects
reproduction
and survival
3
03/09/2020
Mutualism (Protocooperation)
• crabs and coelenterates
• ants and aphids
• ants and acacia tree
4
03/09/2020
Mutualism (Symbiosis)
• Flowering plants and pollinators
• Termites and endosymbiotic protozoa (obligate)
• Lichens – association of algae and fungi
• Endophytes
5
03/09/2020
Trophic Structure
Community Structure
• Species Diversity
▫ species richness and abundance
• Trophic structure
▫ feeding relationships within organisms
6
03/09/2020
Secondary Succession