Learning Objectives:
 Define the term Sociology;
 Distinguishing between Society and Culture;
 Describe the levels of analysis in Sociology;
 Appreciate the various views and concepts formulated by
the founding fathers of sociology;
 Identifying the three major theoretical perspectives in
sociology;
 Categorizing the Concepts of Culture;
 Sorting the basic Characteristics of Culture;
 Labeling the Components of Culture.
LESSON 1
Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
- A Frenchman and the first social scientist to use the
term sociology.
- As coined by Comte, the term sociology is a
combination of two words. The first part of the term is
a Latin, “socius” that may variously mean society. The
other word “logos” is of Greek origin. It literally means
study.
- Thus, the etymological, literal definition of sociology is
that it is the study about society.
THOUGHT TO PONDER: Although the term “sociology” was first
used by the French Social Philosopher Auguste Comte, the discipline
was more firmly established by such Sociologists: Emile Durkheim,
Karl Marx and Max Weber.
Society: a group of people who live within some type of bounded
territory and who share a common way of life;
Culture: is common way of life shared by a society or a group.
3 LEVELS OF ANALYSIS IN SOCIOLOGY
1. Micro-sociology - Analyzing small scale social phenomena.
2. Macro-sociology - Analyzing large scale social phenomena.
3. Meso-sociology - Analysis of social phenomena in between
the micro and macro levels.
THE FOUNDERS OR THE PIONEERING
SOCIOLOGISTS
 August Comte, French (1798-1857)
Key Concept: Social Static and Social Dynamic
 Karl Marx, German (1818-1883)
Key Concept: Class Conflict, Alienation, Historical
Materialism, Etc.
 Emile Durkheim, French (1858-1917)
Key Concept: Social Fact
 Max Weber, German (1864-1920)
Key Concepts: Social Action & Subjective Meanings
 Herbert Spencer, British (1820-1903)
Key Concept: Social Darwinism
 Harriet Martineau, British (1802-1876)
Key Concepts: Active Advocate of Abolition of Slavery And
Gender Issues
Learning Objectives:
 Define the term Sociology;
 Distinguishing between Society and Culture;
 Describe the levels of analysis in Sociology;
 Appreciate the various views and concepts formulated by
the founding fathers of sociology;
 Identifying the three major theoretical perspectives in
sociology;
 Categorizing the Concepts of Culture;
 Sorting the basic Characteristics of Culture;
 Labeling the Components of Culture.
LESSON 1
Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
- A Frenchman and the first social scientist to use the
term sociology.
- As coined by Comte, the term sociology is a
combination of two words. The first part of the term is
a Latin, “socius” that may variously mean society. The
other word “logos” is of Greek origin. It literally means
study.
- Thus, the etymological, literal definition of sociology is
that it is the study about society.
THOUGHT TO PONDER: Although the term “sociology” was first
used by the French Social Philosopher Auguste Comte, the discipline
was more firmly established by such Sociologists: Emile Durkheim,
Karl Marx and Max Weber.
Society: a group of people who live within some type of bounded
territory and who share a common way of life;
Culture: is common way of life shared by a society or a group.
3 LEVELS OF ANALYSIS IN SOCIOLOGY
1. Micro-sociology - Analyzing small scale social phenomena.
2. Macro-sociology - Analyzing large scale social phenomena.
3. Meso-sociology - Analysis of social phenomena in between
the micro and macro levels.
THE FOUNDERS OR THE PIONEERING
SOCIOLOGISTS
 August Comte, French (1798-1857)
Key Concept: Social Static and Social Dynamic
 Karl Marx, German (1818-1883)
Key Concept: Class Conflict, Alienation, Historical
Materialism, Etc.
 Emile Durkheim, French (1858-1917)
Key Concept: Social Fact
 Max Weber, German (1864-1920)
Key Concepts: Social Action & Subjective Meanings
 Herbert Spencer, British (1820-1903)
Key Concept: Social Darwinism
 Harriet Martineau, British (1802-1876)
Key Concepts: Active Advocate of Abolition of Slavery And
Gender Issues
LESSON 2 LESSON 2

THREE MAJOR THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES IN THREE MAJOR THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES IN

SOCIOLOGY SOCIOLOGY
1. Structural Functionalism - Sees society as a complex 4. Structural Functionalism - Sees society as a complex
system whose parts work together to promote solidarity system whose parts work together to promote solidarity
and stability; and stability;

2. Social Conflict Theory - Sees society in a framework of 5. Social Conflict Theory - Sees society in a framework of
class conflicts and focuses on the struggle for scarce class conflicts and focuses on the struggle for scarce
resources by different groups in a given society; resources by different groups in a given society;

3. Symbolic Interactionism - Stresses the analysis of how our 6. Symbolic Interactionism - Stresses the analysis of how our
behaviors depend on how we define others and ourselves. behaviors depend on how we define others and ourselves.
It concentrates on process, rather than structure, and It concentrates on process, rather than structure, and
keeps the individual actor at the center. keeps the individual actor at the center.

LESSON 3 LESSON 3

CONCEPTS OF CULTURE CONCEPTS OF CULTURE

 Culture includes much more than refinement, taste,
sophistication, education and appreciation of the fine arts;
 A second commonly used misconception is that which
equates “culture" with things which are colorful, customs,
cloths, foods, dancing and music;
 A third misconception about what culture is it differs from it
in that most people think culture as conceptualized in its
local language and it includes what they dress, their
marriage customs and family life, art, and patterns of work
and religious ceremonies.
 Culture includes much more than refinement, taste,
sophistication, education and appreciation of the fine arts;
 A second commonly used misconception is that which
equates “culture" with things which are colorful, customs,
cloths, foods, dancing and music;
 A third misconception about what culture is it differs from it
in that most people think culture as conceptualized in its
local language and it includes what they dress, their
marriage customs and family life, art, and patterns of work
and religious ceremonies.

7 CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE 7 CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE

• Culture is organic and supraorganic • Culture is organic and supraorganic

• Culture is implicit and explicit • Culture is implicit and explicit
• Culture is stable and changing • Culture is stable and changing
• Culture is overt and covert • Culture is overt and covert
• Culture is learned and shared • Culture is learned and shared
• Culture is symbolic • Culture is symbolic
• Culture is ideal and manifest • Culture is ideal and manifest

9 COMPONENTS OF CULTURE 9 COMPONENTS OF CULTURE

• Values • Values
• Norms • Norms
• Symbols • Symbols
• Language • Language
• Folkways • Folkways
• Mores • Mores
• Customs • Customs
• Fashion • Fashion
• Laws • Laws

Reporters: Reporters:
Roaquin, Jaypee M. Roaquin, Jaypee M.
Paculba, Gerold E. Paculba, Gerold E.
Duran, Rey Q. Duran, Rey Q.
Marabi, Jessica Marabi, Jessica
Dingcong, Ashley Dingcong, Ashley
Sajol, Ryan C. Sajol, Ryan C.
“Success is no accident; it is hard work, perseverance, “Success is no accident; it is hard work, perseverance,
learning, studying, sacrifice and most of all, love of what you learning, studying, sacrifice and most of all, love of what you
are doing. Just focus because life has no control z.” are doing. Just focus because life has no control z.”