NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY

Integrated Basic Education Department

Senior High School
Lagao, General Santos City

Earth Science

Quarter: Midterm Date: 2020.09.07 – 2020.09.11

Week No.: 3 21st Century Skills:
Damean’s Beat: Simplicity  Critical Thinking
NDDU’s 4Cs: ☐ Christian Leaders ☐ Computing/ICT Literacy
 Competent Professionals ☐ Communication
 Community-Oriented Citizens  Creativity
☐ Culture-Sensitive Individuals ☐ Collaboration
Teacher/s: Mark Harold G. Estandarte ☐ Cross Cultural Understanding
Christian John M. Candig ☐ Career and Learning Self
Reliance Click or tap here to enter text.
Click or tap here to enter text.

Module No.: 3
I. Topic: Mineral Resources
II. Learning Targets:
At the end of the lesson, I can:
1. describe how ore minerals are found, mined, and processed for human use
2. define terms related to mineral resources
3. appreciate the minerals present in daily living
4. write the advantages and disadvantages of mining

2020.09.05 12:09:33 PM
III. Introduction/Review/Content:

Mineral resources are the quantity of natural concentrations of solid, liquid, and gaseous
material in or on the Earth’s crust. Mineral resources are classified into two mineral deposits, the
metallic and non-metallic minerals.

What is the difference of metallic and non-metallic minerals?

Metallic Minerals Non-metallic Minerals

1. Metallic minerals contain metal in the
raw form
2. These metals are generally associated
with igneous rocks
3. They are usually hard and have a shine
on their own
4. Minerals like iron, copper, bauxite, and
tin are examples
1. Non-metallic minerals do not contain
metals
2. These metals are generally associated
with sedimentary rocks
3. They are not usually hard and have no
shine of their own
4. Minerals like salt, coal, mica, and clay
are examples

Minerals
Characteristics Importance
Minerals are inorganic, solid, Minerals are basic and essential raw materials in
possesses orderly internal structure, our daily lives, and are vital for economic, social and
has definite chemical composition and technological development. Minerals are important
it occurs naturally. in different areas such as agriculture, food, energy,
transport, and technology.
 Ore Minerals
Ore is a natural occurrence of rock or sediment which contains enough minerals with
economically important elements, typically metals, that can be extracted from the deposit
economically. It is extracted by mining for a profit from the earth; they are then refined (often by
smelting) in order to extract the valuable elements.

It is a special type of rock that contains a large enough amount of a particular mineral (usually a
metal) to make it economically practical to extract that mineral from the surrounding rock. Not
all minerals are found in a large enough amount in one location to make it worth it to remove
the ore from the rock through a process known as mining.

Principal Ore Minerals and their Uses

Minerals Uses
Due to the high tensile
strength of aluminum and low
density it is used in the
Aluminum
production of lightweight
machinery and sports
equipment, power cables and
food packaging
Chromium’s ability shiny
nonreactive finish is used in
Chromium electroplating and production
of stainless steel.

Copper is a good conductor

of electricity and is used in
Copper electrical wiring; also used for
pipes. Brass and bronze are
alloys of copper.
 Minerals Uses
Gold’s malleability and low
reactivity makes it suitable for
Gold gold leaf and jewelry. Also
used in electronic circuits.

Iron ore is abundant and is

relatively cheap to extract. It
Iron is easily molded. Mostly used
for production of stainless
steel.
Are used to store charge in
lead acid batteries; used in
Lead paints, machine bearings and
as additive in petrol.

Compounds of manganese
are present in dry batteries
Manganese and paints; it is a vital alloy in
steel-making.

Electroplating (stainless), dry

batteries, electronic batteries;
Nickel an alloy in steel-making

Used in chemical containers,

jewelry, surgical instruments,
Platinum electronics.

Used for coinage, jewelry,

dentistry, photographic films
Silver and papers.

Used as plate on steel cans

to prevent corrosion, in solder
Tin (with lead), bronze,
toothpaste, roofing.

Titanium dioxide in paint,

paper, tools; used as alloy in
Titanium aircraft.
 Minerals Uses
Tungsten is extremely strong
and is added to steel to
increase the strength of steel.
Tungsten
Also used for heating
filaments in electronic
equipment
In alloys (brass, with copper),
batteries, paints,
electroplating, cosmetics,
Zinc

General Classification of Mineral Resources

The U.S. Geological Survey classifies mineral resources into four major categories which
includes identified, undiscovered, reserves, and other.

Identified Undiscovered
Known location, quantity, and
quality or existence known based Potential supplies that
on direct evidence and are assumed to exist.
measurements.

Reserves Other

Identified resources that can be Undiscovered or identified

extracted profitably. resources not classified as
reserves.

Mining

Mining is a process of accessing and getting valuable material that is buried in the earth. It
includes the removal of soil and rocks covering the valuable material or digging tunnels
underground to get to the valuable material. This valuable material can be oil, coal, soil that
contains iron, or rocks that contain gold and copper.

Mine is a place where rocks and

minerals of value are extracted
 Stages of Mining Process

Prospecting and
Exploration

Development

Extraction

Closure/Reclamation

Prospecting and Exploration

(“Finding and defining it”)

This is the first phase of mining. In this process, experts are undergoing searching, sampling,
mapping, drilling and other work involved in locating new, mineable ore deposits. It was called
prospecting in the past where the area was examined visually.
This method involves locating new mineral resources, locating substantial mineral deposits by
the use of satellites, airplanes or helicopters, and drilling.
Both mineral resource and ore reserves can be found during this phase.
 Fun Fact!

Did you know?

Geologists is a scientist who studies the origin, history, structure and composition of the Earth
and its processes. Geologists explore and survey land and rock formations in search of mineral
deposits.

Did you know?

The Father of Mineralogy is Georgius

Agricola (1494-1555 AD)

Did you know?

There are many geologists

who discovered their very
firsts minerals.

Development

(“Planning and building it”)

This is the next phase of mining. In this process, extensive pre-development planning and
paperwork must be achieved, budget and financial reports are prepared, and permits are
requested.
This method of mining assessed the plans regarding on the:
1) the mining process/technology that will be used,
2) building of access roads for transportation
3) identification of resources such as power and water sources and
4) construction of ore processing facilities and disposal areas for waste.

At this point, tens of millions to hundreds of millions of dollars may have been invested in the
project, but it may fail to open if the pre-development requirements are not met, including
acceptance by the community. At this stage, just enough development of the mine site is
performed to ensure that it will be able to be productive for the life of the mine, without later
interruption.
 Extraction

(“Mining
it”)

This is the mining proper of the process. In the extraction

stage the mineral is removed from the earth in large
quantities as the mine begins producing. This stage is
typically what we envision when we think of mining.
Some exploration and development may continue at this
stage, as well. The extraction stage can take from 5-30
years to complete, although many mines have been open
for more than 100 years, and may cost anywhere from a
few million dollars to hundreds of millions of dollars a year
depending on the size of the mine and its location.

Closure and Reclamation

(“Cleaning it
up”)
The mining organization begins planning for mine closure and reclamation early on; even before
a mine is allowed to open, a reclamation plan must be set in place for its closure.
In these reclamation plans the mining operator describes the processes it will use to attempt to
restore or redevelop the land that has been mined to a more natural or economically usable
state.
This can include removing buildings and roads as well as covering up and re-vegetating rock
piles. Federal and state regulations require mining companies to post funding for closure before
the mining project begins. This is to ensure that reclamation is completed at the end of the
mining closure (Arms, 2004).
Once the mine has been depleted or is no longer economically feasible to continue mining, the
mining operators must contact local and state agencies to close the mine, and must comply with
their respective regulations.
Modern mines reclaim and rehabilitate the land during and after mining is completed, returning
Geologic maps are Fun Fact!
created.

Did you know?

A geologic map is a map upon which geologic information is

plotted. The distribution of the formations is shown by means of
symbols, patterns, or colors. Deposits at or near the Earth’s surface
may or may not be mapped separately. Folds, faults, mineral
deposits, etc., are indicated by appropriate symbols.

How will a mine affect the environment?

Mining inevitably disturbs land. Mining can harm the environment in several ways like air
pollution, water pollution, damage to land and loss of biodiversity.

Natural Capital Degradation

Extracting, Processing, and Using Nonrenewable

Steps Environmental effects

Mining Disturbed land; mining
accidents; health
Exploration, hazards, mine waste
extraction dumping, oil spills and
blowouts; noise;
Processing ugliness; heat

Transportation, Solid wastes;

radioactive material; air,
purification, water, and soil pollution;
manufacturing noise; safety and health
hazards; ugliness; heat
Use
Transportation or Noise; ugliness; thermal
transmission to water pollution;
pollution of air, water,
individual user, and soil; solid and
eventual use, and radioactive wastes;
discarding safety and health
hazards; heat
 2 Basic Types of Mining

There are two types of mining namely the surface mining and the underground mining.

Surface Mining

Surface Mining is a form of mining in which the soil

and the rock covering the mineral deposits are
removed.
Surface mining is preferred to extract the minerals
from the surface area.

Kinds of Surface Mining

Open Pit Mining

This type of mining involves the extraction of rock or
minerals from the earth by forming an open pit. This
process differs from the other method which requires
digging into the earth. This method of mining is
carried out where useful minerals or rocks are found
near the surface.

Strip Mining
This process involves the method of extracting the
mineral by removing soil and rock which are
deposited on the surface. Coal and Lignite are the
two principle minerals that are extracted through
this method. This kind of mining can be done when
the mineral to be extracted almost near to the
surface.
 Mountain Top Removal
This category aims at mining the summit or the long
and narrow edge of the mountain. The main mineral
extracted by this method is coal. Coal is mined by
removing the land above the seams.

Dredging
This is a method by which underwater
minerals are extracted. It is usually used
to make waterways for boats and
navigation canals for the passage of
container ships to save time.

Underground Mining

Underground Mining is carried out when the rocks,

minerals, or precious stones are located at a distance
far beneath the ground to be extracted with surface
mining. To facilitate the minerals to be taken out of the
mine, the miners construct underground rooms to work
in.
The mining company selects the best feasible way to
get the minerals extracted out.

Kinds of Underground Mining

Soft Rock Mining

The method of extracting coal, oil shale, potash and
other minerals from soft or sedimentary rocks.
 Hard rock mining
Blasting occurs in order to unearth the waste
rock, separating it from the mineral deposit.
Ventilation is a priority in order to dissipate
any toxic fumes from blasting and other
machinery. Also, since the process occurs
underground, it is important that there is both
local and area support to maintain the
stability of the mine walls and openings.
Once void of mineral, the mines are either left
to collapse on their own or are filled with
backfill and then sealed.

Extraction

Extraction is the process of removing mineral resources

from the Earth’s crust. Obtaining minerals by the use of
haul trucks and drilling of the site.
Minerals are different so many different types of processing
are needed to remove them from the rock. Following are
just a few processes.

Methods of Mineral Removal

Milling

Milling is the process of separating the desired mineral from the unwanted rock (called
gangue). Milling, sometimes also known as fine grinding, pulverizing or comminution, is the
process of reducing materials to a powder of fine or very fine size. It is distinct from crushing or
granulation, which involves size reduction to a rock, pebble or grain size
For example: A rock contains gold.
 Concentration and Flotation
Some minerals are separated by washing, flotation or magnetic separation. Here a combination
of water, chemicals, air and agitation make desired mineral particles float to the top of the
bubbles.

Smelting
Smelting uses high heat and chemicals to remove base metals
and impurities from concentrates. Smelting furnaces can reach
temperatures above 1064°Celcius.

What would that number be in

Fahrenheit? 1064°Celsius = 1947.2°
Fahrenheit.

Smelting is one of the processes used in metal mining. Some

metals can only be purified and separated from the rock
through a pyrometallurgical process called smelting.

Leaching
Leaching is a chemical process in
mining for extracting valuable minerals
from ore. Leaching also takes place in
nature, where the rocks are dissolved
by water. Post leaching, the rocks are
left with a smaller proportion of
minerals than they originally
contained. The leaching process in
mining is carried out either as heap
leaching or in situ leaching.

Electrowinnning

Electrowinning is most often used to recover gold

and silver from eluates produced by the elution of
activated carbon.

Electrowinning is an electrochemical process used

to reduce the metal cations to the cathode surface
of an aqueous solution derived from the chemical
leaching process. Electrowinning or often referred
to as electroextraction is the electrodeposition of
metals from ore minerals that have dissolved into
the liquid and will be processed using
Electrorefining to remove impurities from the metal.
IV. Check your Understanding:

General Instructions: Read and analyze each item carefully. Answer the given items by providing
the necessary information asked for. Use black ball point pen only. Avoid ERASURES.
Activity 1. Choose the correct answer from the list of choices below. Write the letter of your choice
on the space provided before the number

_1. What is the process of separating the desired mineral from the unwanted rock?
A. Electrowinning C. Milling
B. Leaching D. Smelting

_2. What is the chemical process in mining for extracting valuable minerals from ore?
A. Electrowinning C. Milling
B. Leaching D. Smelting

_3. This is a fast cooling of magma/lava which produces small crystals.

A. Extrusive Cooling C. Hot water
B. Evaporation D. Intrusive Cooling

_4. It is a special type of rock that contains a large enough amount of a particular mineral
A. Igneous Rock C. Nickel
B. Minerals D. Ore

_5. It is a place where rocks and minerals of value are extracted.

A. Grocery Store C. Pawnshop

B. Mine D. Pit

Activity 2.

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of mining in the environment?

MINING
Advantages Disadvantages
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.

2. Write important minerals and give their function or usage in daily living.
Minerals Usage/Function
Ex. Feldspar For glassmaking and ceramics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
V. Enrichment:

1. In your own words, what do you think about mining? How can it affect to the environment
and to humans? Is it good or bad? Explain.

2. If you will be given a chance to found some minerals like diamond, would you like to
surrender or turn it over to the mining corporation? To the government? Or would you like to
keep it for yourself? Explain your answer. Be honest.

3. Detrimental effects of the environment are very common in mining especially in the forests.
What do you think you are able to do to solve this kind issue?

VI. References/Materials:

Mosteiro, Arnaldo P., Earth and Life Science: Text-Workbook Senior High School, pp. 1-16, 2016
Duyanen, Joselito P., Ortiz-Andaya, Mylene., Earth and Life Sciences: Enhanced Teacher’s Manual,
pp. 22-74, 2017
Tarbuck, Edward J., Lutgens, Frederick K., Earth Science 14 th Edition, p. 378
https://www.miningglobal.com/operations/gifs-5-stages-mining-life-cycle
https://www.superfund.arizona.edu/learning-modules/tribal-modules/copper/mine-life-
cycle#:~:text=The%20stages%20in%20the%20life,and%204)%20Closure%2FReclamation.
https://www.nps.gov/subjects/geology/rocks-and-minerals.htm
https://thehappyscientist.com/content/metallic-minerals
https://www.toppr.com/content/story/amp/non-metallic-minerals-and-hazards-of-mining-91347/
http://geologylearn.blogspot.com/2015/03/iron-ore.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium
https://images-of-elements.com/chromium.php
https://www.livescience.com/29377-copper.html
https://www.amharicpro.com/index.php?dr=&searchkey=gold
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore
https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/571125/element-lead-facts
https://periodic-table.com/manganese/
https://science4fun.info/nickel/
https://umaizi.com/tharisa-expands-into-zimbabwes-platinum-mines/
https://www.britannica.com/science/silver
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/305822630940286275/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten
https://www.thoughtco.com/zinc-facts-606621
https://afry.com/en/insight/hoisting-systems-poor-investment-or-future-mining
https://depositphotos.com/vector-images/underground.html
https://droneapps.co/price-wars-the-cost-of-drones-planes-and-satellites/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Agricola
http://www.geojeff.org/lab-2-minerals-i.html
https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/topics/waste-resources/resource-conservation-in-the-
manufacturing/ecofriendly-abiotic-resource-extraction
https://imgbin.com/png/Vxmfycym/gold-mining-cartoon-png
https://www.usgs.gov/products/maps/geologic-maps
https://www.convergencetraining.com/blog/what-is-surface-mining
https://www.911metallurgist.com/blog/open-pit-mining-safety
https://greentumble.com/strip-mining-a-destructive-way-of-coal-extraction/
https://science.time.com/2011/12/14/how-mountaintop-removal-mining-can-damage-
streams/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dredging
https://www.srk.com/en/services/underground-mine-design-planning-and-engineering
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_mining_(soft_rock)
https://mainmark.com/business-solutions/mining-and-resources/underground-hardrock-mines/
https://www.911metallurgist.com/blog/tavener-process-smelting-gold-lead-flux
https://www.911metallurgist.com/blog/heap-leaching
http://goldprocessing.blogspot.com/2011/11/elektrowining-for-gold-mining.html
 NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY
Integrated Basic Education Department
Senior High School
Lagao, General Santos City

Earth Science

Student’s Name: _ Date Submitted: _

Grade & Section:

Quarter: Midterm Week No.: 3

Teacher/s:

Check your Understanding:

General Instructions: Read and analyze each item carefully. Answer the given items by providing
the necessary information asked for. Use black ball point pen only. Avoid ERASURES.
Activity 1. Choose the correct answer from the list of choices below. Write the letter of your choice
on the space provided before the number

_1. What is the process of separating the desired mineral from the unwanted rock?
A. Electrowinning C. Milling
B. Leaching D. Smelting

_2. What is the chemical process in mining for extracting valuable minerals from ore?
A. Electrowinning C. Milling
B. Leaching D. Smelting

_3. This is a fast cooling of magma/lava which produces small crystals.

A. Extrusive Cooling C. Hot water
B. Evaporation D. Intrusive Cooling

_4. It is a special type of rock that contains a large enough amount of a particular mineral
A. Igneous Rock C. Nickel
B. Minerals D. Ore

_5. It is a place where rocks and minerals of value are extracted.

A. Grocery Store C. Pawnshop

B. Mine D. Pit
Activity 2.
 1 What are the advantages and disadvantages of mining in the environment?
MINING
Advantages Disadvantages
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.

2. Write important minerals and give their function or usage in daily living.
Minerals Usage/Function
Ex. Feldspar For glassmaking and ceramics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Enrichment
1. In your own words, what do you think about mining? How can it affect to the environment and
to humans? Is it good or bad? Explain.

2. If you will be given a chance to found some minerals like diamond, would you like to surrender
or turn it over to the mining corporation? To the government? Or would you like to keep it for
yourself? Explain your answer. Be honest

3. Detrimental effects of the environment are very common in mining especially in the forests.
What do you think you are able to do to solve this kind issue?

Parent’s/Guardian’s Name & Signature

Answers Key:
Activity 1:
1. Milling
2. Leaching
3. Intrusive Cooling
4. Ore
5. Mine

Activity 2:
1. Advantages
a. Provides huge economic benefit
b. Produces a lot of mineral and rocks in our daily needs
c. Can be a source of local employment especially indigenous
people Disadvantages
a. Environmental deterioration and degradation
b. Displaced communities
c. Can put the community at risks

2. Principal Ore Minerals and their Uses

Aluminum Due to the high tensile strength of aluminum
and low density it is used in the production
of lightweight machinery and sports
equipment,
power cables and food packaging,
Chromium Chromium’s ability shiny nonreactive finish
is used in electroplating and production of
stainless steel.
Copper Copper is a good conductor of electricity
and is used in electrical wiring; also used for
pipes. Brass and bronze are alloys of
copper.
Gold Gold’s malleability and low reactivity makes
it suitable for gold leaf and jewelry. Also
used in electronic circuits.
Iron Iron ore is abundant and is relatively cheap
to extract. It is easily molded. Mostly used
for production of stainless steel.
Lead Are used to store charge in lead acid
batteries; used in paints, machine bearings
and as additive in petrol.
Manganese Compounds of manganese are present in
dry batteries and paints; it is a vital alloy in
steel- making.
Nickel Electroplating (stainless), dry batteries,
electronic batteries; an alloy in steel-making
Platinum Used in chemical containers, jewelry,
surgical instruments, electronics.
Silver Used for coinage, jewelry, dentistry,
photographic films and papers.
Tin Used as plate on steel cans to prevent
corrosion, in solder (with lead), bronze,
toothpaste, roofing.
Titanium Titanium dioxide in paint, paper, tools; used
as alloy in aircraft.
Tungsten Tungsten is extremely strong and is added
to steel to increase the strength of steel.
Also used for heating filaments in electronic
equipment
Zinc In alloys (brass, with copper), batteries,
paints, electroplating, cosmetics,