Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals
metal that is widely used for items
 Ferrous metals are classification of
metals that are primarily composed of
iron.
Examples of Ferrous Metals
 Steel – A combination of iron and
carbon in which the carbon content
ranges up to 2 percent.
steel is a composition of different
materials like Chromium, Aluminum,
Manganese, Iron, Phosphorus, Sulfur,
Copper, Nickel, etc
Processes of making Steel
a. Smelting
b. Steelmaking
c. Casting or Forming
d. Heat Treatment
e. Surface Treatment
f. Finishing
 Stainless Steel - an alloy steel made
with the addition of chromium to steel,
which provides resistance against rust.
Types of Stainless Steel
• Austenitic stainless steel
• Ferritic stainless steel
• Duplex stainless steel
• Martensitic stainless steel
Grades of Stainless Steel
i. 200 series - This series is used for
austenitic grades that contain
manganese.
ii. 300 series - This series is used to name
austenitic stainless steels with carbon,
nickel, and molybdenum as alloying
elements.
iii. 400 series - These grades are available
for heat treating and providing a good
combination of strength and high wear
resistance.
 Carbon Steel - contains a high carbon
content that is added to iron to create an
exceptionally hard metal that is used for
tools.
Types of carbon steel
• Low-carbon steel (or mild-carbon steel)
• Medium-carbon steel
• High-carbon steel.
 Cast Iron - a hard and wear resistant
including cookware, machine tools,
engines, manhole covers, pipes,
machinery, automotive industry parts.
 Wrought Iron - able to resist corrosion
and oxidation. It is typically used for
fences, railings and gates.
Properties of Ferrous Metals
• High strength and durability
• Excellent magnetic properties
• Low corrosion resistance
• Good electrical conductivity
• Recyclable
 Non-Ferrous Metals or alloys are
defined as materials that are not iron
based like their ferrous counterparts.
Common non-ferrous metals include
copper, aluminum, and lead.
Examples of Non-Ferrous Metals
 ALUMINUM - tends to be light in
color although it can be polished to a
mirror like appearance.
 COPPER - It is a ductile and malleable
metal. It is often red/brown in color.
 ZINC - It is very resistant to corrosion
from moisture.
 TIN - It is a very ductile and very
malleable metal.
 LEAD - It is soft, malleable metal. It
is also counted as one of the heavy
metals.
 SILVER - A soft, white, lustrous
transition metal, it has the highest
electrical conductivity of any
element and the highest thermal
conductivity of any metal.
 GOLD - Gold is a dense, soft, shiny,
malleable, and ductile metal.
 MAGNESIUM - a strong, silvery-
white, light weight metal (one third
lighter than aluminum) that slightly
tarnishes when exposed to air.
Material Selection Considerations:
• Strength and Durability
• Corrosion Resistance
• Cost and Availability
CERAMIC Classification of advanced ceramics based on
chemical composition:
-are inorganic, non-metallic materials and
things made for them. • Nitride Ceramics
-are normally achieve heat treatment process • Silicate Ceramic
called firing.
• Carbide Ceramics
Classification of Ceramics
• Oxide Ceramics
PHYSICAL PROPERTY
Classification of advanced ceramics based on
1. Density application:
the strength of ceramics increased the density
become heavy and vice versa.
2. Porosity
Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the
void or empty space in material.
3. Mechanical Property
 Elastic Behavior
 Strength of Ceramics
 Mechanism of Brittle fracture
 Hardness
 Toughness
4. Thermal Property Classification of advanced ceramics based on
 Thermal Conductivity application:
 Thermal Expansion Coefficient
5. Magnetic Property
Magnetic ceramics are prepared by sintering
technology from iron oxide and
barium/strontium carbonate with small amounts
of other metal oxides. These are called
Ferrites.

6. Electrical Property
 Superconductivity Biomaterials, defined as synthetic or natural
 Electric Conductivity materials used in contact with biological
 Piezoelectric Property systems.
 Dielectric Property
Microelectromechanical System, mechanical
CHEMICAL PROPERTY parts and electronic circuits combined to form
Ceramics generally have good chemical miniature devices.
resistance to weak acids and weak bases. Amorphous, Atoms exhibit only short-range
Traditional and Advanced ceramics order.
Materials Crystalline, Atoms are arranged in a regularly
repeating pattern in 3-dimension.