SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERINGR A sewer is a pipe or conduit, generally closed, but
normally not flowing full, w/c carries sewage.
Need For a Sewage System A common sewer serves all abutting properties: It is the primary duty of any gov’t to preserve A sanitary sewage carries sanitary sewage and is health, to improve the standard of living to enhance the designed to exclude storm sewage and infiltration. mental and physical capabilities, to elevate the socio- Industrial wastes may be carried in sanitary sewers economic standards of its citizen. depending upon its characteristics. A storm sewer carries storm sewerage and any other waste w/c may Health and living standards of the People are be discharge into the streets or onto the ground connected w/ the ff. surface. A Combined Sewer/Combined System carries both domestic and storm sewage. While one w/c a. Availability of potable and palatable water segregates the storm water is called a separate system. b. The removal, treatment and disposal of all the waste that are produced House Sewer- pipe conveying waste eater from c. Improved sanitation of overall env’t an individual structure to a common sewer or other point of disposal. Important terms Lateral Sewer- a common sewer w/ no tributary flow except from house sewer. 1. Sewage- liquid waste containing suspended, Submain Sewer- collects flow from one or more colloidal and dissolved solids. laterals as well as house sewer. 2. Domestic- Sewage – liquid waste coming from Main or Trunk sewers- collects flow from latrines and urinal. several submains as well as house sewers. 3. Sewer- a pipe or conduit w/c carries sewage. Force Main- air pressurized sewer lines w/ 4. Sewerage- network of sewers or pipes used for conveys sewage from a pumping station to the purpose of transporting sewage. another main or to a point of treatment 5. Raw water- untreated waste w/c is in the fresh disposal. state. Intercepting sewers- intersects otherwise to 6. Sullage- liquid waste flowing from kitchen and separate the dry weather flow from storm- bathrooms. water flow w/c they may carry. Relief sewer- sewer w/c has been built to carry Sewerage refers to the collection, treatment and a portion of the flow in the system w/ disposal of liquid waste. Sewerage works or sewage otherwise inadequate capacity. works include all the physical structures req’d for that Outfall sewer- sewer w/c carries the collected collection, treatment and disposal. waste to a point of treatment or disposal. Sewage is the liquid waste conveyed by sewer and SEWAGE PROJECT may include: Points of Consideration: 1. Domestic or sanitary sewage- originates in the 1. Population of the city to be served sanitary convenience of dwellings, commercial 2. Available funds for the purpose or industrial facilities and institutions. 3. Quality of sewage to be handled 2. Industrial Waste- include the liquid discharge 4. Rainfall in the locality from industrial processes such as manufacturing 5. Rate of sewage to be expected and food processing. 6. Source of sewage 3. Storm sewage- flow derived from rainfall 7. Present arrangement of disposal events and deliberately introduced into sewers 8. Topographical features of the area intended for its conveyance. 9. Treatment methods 4. Infiltration- w/c enters the sewers from the 10. Trend of town development ground through leaks. Project Drawing The DWF depends on: 1. Population 1. Contour plan 2. Type of area 2. Detailed drawing of the project 3. Rate of water Supply 3. Site plan and location 4. Ground Water Infiltration 4. Topographical 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 5 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 5 = 1 & = 1 5. Flow diagram 𝑄𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑝6 𝑝6 6. Existing arrangement 7. Nature of sewage SEWER APPURTENANCE 8. Detailed design Various accessories on the sewerage system and 9. Outline of specs of construction work are necessary for the efficient operation of the system. 10. Future population 11. Quality of sewage mode of disposal IMPOTANT APPURTENANCES
Collection and Conveyance of sewerage
1. Manholes - Openings of either circular or rectangular in System of sanitation shape, constructed on the alignment of a sewer 1. Conservancy system line to enable a person to enter for inspection, 2. Water carriage system and flushing. System of sewage - Permit inspection, cleaning and maintenance of 1. Separate system of sewage sewer line and flushed material collected and 2. Combined system removed from a manhole. 3. Partially Combined or Partially Separate - Allows joining of sewer, or changing of direction System or both. Serves as ventilation of sewers, facilitate the laying of sewers in convenient Pattern of Sewerage Layout length. 1. Perpendicular Pattern- shortest path Location 2. Interceptor Pattern - Backflow - All junction of two or more sewer 3. Zone Pattern- Elevation Dependent - Whenever diameter of sewer changes 4. Fan pattern- Outward-inward - Whenever direction of sewer line changes 5. Radial Pattern- inside out - When sewer of diff. Elev. Join together Manhole Details QUANTIFYING - Cover and frame : 50 – 55 cm φ - Access shaft Dry Weather Flow (DWF) - Steps and ladder : 30 cm interval - Working Chamber : 1.2 m φ min , 0.9x1.2 m min - The flow only sanitary sewage in the absence of - Bottom shaft : 15 – 30 cm thick storm in dry Season Classification of Manhole 𝐷𝑊𝐹 = 𝑃𝑜𝑝′ 𝑛 𝑥 𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑔𝑒 Shallow Manhole 𝑫𝑾𝑭 - Depth of 0.75m to 0.9m w/ tight cover = (𝑃𝑜𝑝′ 𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦)(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎) 𝑥 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 Normal Manhole If population data is not available the following - Depth of 1.5m w/ heavy cover at top densities can be used for different sizes of town Deep Manhole - Depth greater than 1.5m w/ heavy cover Residential Areas, Special Manholes 100 – 250 persons/ha Detached Houses Junction Chamber Multi Story Apartment 500- 1000 persons/ha Drop Manholes Mercantile Area 30-70 persons/ha Flushing manholes Industrial Ares 15-30 persons/ha 2. Lamp Hole intervals to clean the sewers of chocking - Opening constructed on the straight sewer and obstruction. lines bet. Manholes w\c are far apart and 8. Inverted siphons permit the intersection of lamp into the - Sometimes called or depressed sewers. sewer to find out obstruction if any inside - A sewer that runs full under gravity flow at the sewers from the next manhole. a pressure above atmosphere. 3. Clean outs - Used to pass sewer lines under obstacles - It is a pipe like lamp holes the only such ass buried pipes, subways and stream difference being that clean out pipe is not bed. vertical but inclined. 9. Storm water Regulators & weirs - One end is of the inclined pipe is - Used to divert a part of the flow of sewage connected to the sewer while other end is from a combined sewer. This is req’d to brought up to the ground level. prevent the overcharging of the sewer - Generally provided at the upper end of mainly to allow only that much sewage to lateral sewer and is used for flushing. flow to sewage treatment. 4. Catch basins Commonly used Regulator - Used to interrupt the velocity of storm 1. Leaping Weir water before it enters the sewer 2. Over-flow or side weir - Cause retention of suspended grit, sullage, 3. siphon spillway and floating rubbish from rain water w/c Ventilation of sewers otherwise might have entered the sewer a. laying sewer lines at proper gradient and close it. b. running sewer at 2/3 full - They are small settling chamber s of c. providing manholes w/ gratings diameter 60-90cm and 60-75cm deep. d. proper house drainage 5. Inlets/street inlets e. Providing ventilation columns or shaft. - Openings through w/c surface runoff is admitted and conveyed to the storm sewer WASTEWATER ENGINEERIN or combines sewer. - Branch of Environmental Engineering in which - The inlets are located by the side of the the basic principles of science and engineering pavement and has a maximum 30m are applied to the problems of water – pollution spacing. control, and issues associated with the Based on position treatment and reuse of wastewater (Metcalf & Curb inlets – vertical opening in the road Eddy). curb, w/ grating at the top and curb side Wastewater through w/c storm water flows into the sewer and they are preferred where heavy - The spent or used water of a community or traffic is anticipated. industry containing dissolved and suspended Gutter inlets – these are horizontal matters. openings in the gutter w/c are lifted w/ - Any liquid wastes collected in sewer system and gratings or bars through w/c flow passes. conveyed to a treatment plant for processing. 6. Oil & Grease Trap - Also termed as sewage. - Device w/c is provided on the sewer lines coming from kitchen, hotel etc. to intercept oil and grease from sewage before it enters the main sewer line. 7. Flushing tanks - Provided to flush the sewers. They are not always req’d they are provided to suitable