Algebra Formulas

Geometry Quadratic Equation

Equation of a circle: (x − h )2 + ( y − k )2 = r 2 , ax 2 + bx + c = 0
Center = (h, k ) , Radius = r
Quadratic Function: y = ax 2 + bx + c , Quadratic Formula
⎛ b b2 ⎞ − b ± b 2 − 4ac
Vertex = ⎜⎜ − , c − ⎟⎟ x=
⎝ 2a 4a ⎠ 2a
d = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y 2 − y1 )
2 2
Distance Formula:
y − y1 1
Slope: m = 2 , Parallel lines: m1 = m2 , Perpendicular lines: m1 = −
x2 − x1 m2
Point-Slope Formula: y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
Slope-Intercept Form: y = mx + b , Horizontal Line: y = b, Vertical Line: x = a
(m = 0) (m undefined)
Standard Form: Ax + By = C
⎛ x + x y + y2 ⎞
Midpoint Formula: ⎜ 1 2 , 1 ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠

Factoring
Difference of Squares: Perfect Square Binomials:
a 2 − b 2 = (a − b )(a + b ) (1) (a + b ) = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
2

(2) (a − b )2 = a 2 − 2ab + b 2
Difference of Cubes
a 3 − b 3 = (a − b )(a 2 + ab + b 2 ) Perfect Cube Binomials
Sum of Cubes (1) (a + b )3 = a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 + b 3
a 3 + b 3 = (a + b )(a 2 − ab + b 2 ) (2) (a − b )3 = a 3 − 3a 2b + 3ab 2 − b 3

Exponents/Radicals Imaginary Number Absolute Value

b ⋅ b n = b m+ n
m
b 0 = 1, (b ≠ 0) i = −1 ⎧ x, if x ≥ 0
x =⎨
i = −1 ⎩− x, if x < 0
2

(b )m n
= b mn (ab ) n
= a nb n
i 3 = −i a = a2
n
bm ⎛a⎞ an
i4 = 1
n
= b m−n ⎜ ⎟ = n For a > 0,
b ⎝b⎠ b
b −n = n
1 x = a ⇔ x = − a or x = a
−n n
b ⎛a⎞ ⎛b⎞ x < a ⇔ (x > −a and x < a )
⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟
⎝b⎠ ⎝a⎠
1
= bn ⇔ (− a < x < a )
−n
b x > a ⇔ x < − a or x > a
1
n
ab = n a n b
n
b =b n

a na
b
n
m
= b
m n n = , (b ≠ 0)
b nb
 Area & Perimeter Formulas
Area (A) is the amount of square units of space an object occupies.
Perimeter (P) is the distance around a figure.
1. Square: A quadrilateral (4-sided figure) 2. Triangle: A 3-sided figure
with four 90o (right) angles and four equal sides.
s
1
A = s2 s1 s2 A= B⋅h
2
s s h
P = 4s (height)
P = B + s1 + s2

s B
3. Rectangle: o
A quadrilateral with four 90 (right) angles. 4. Right Triangle: triangle with a 90o (right)
angle

C (Hypotenuse) 1
W A=LxW A A= A⋅ B
(Leg)
2
(width)
P = 2L + 2W P = A +B +C
L (length) B (Leg) Pythagorean Theorem
2 2 2
5. Parallelogram: A quadrilateral with equal opposite sides. A +B =C

s h (height) A=Bxh
P = 2B + 2s

B (base)
6. Trapezoid: A quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides.
B1 (base)

h(B1 + B2 ) and
1
s1 h s2 A=
(height) 2
P = B1 + B2 + s1 + s2

B2 (base)

7. Circle: A set of points a constant distance (radius) from a given point (center).

Radius (r)
A = πr 2
Diameter (d)
(distance from
center to circle)
(distance across the
C = 2πr circle)
Circumference
d (C)
d = 2r or r = (distance around
2
center the circle)