Environmental Engineering: By. - Prof. Shradha Arun

Environmental Engineering
By. –
Prof. Shradha Arun
YOGAH KARMASU KOUSHALAM
Treatment of Water
1. Screening
2. Aeration
3. Flocculation
4. Sedimentation
5. Filtration
6. Disinfection
7. Defluordisation
Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Unit treatment Function (removal)

Aeration, chemicals use Colour, Odour, Taste
Screening Floating matter
Chemical methods Iron, Manganese, etc.
Softening Hardness
Sedimentation Suspended matter
Coagulation Suspended matter, a part of colloidal matter and bacteria
Filtration Remaining colloidal dissolved matter, bacteria
Disinfection Pathogenic bacteria, Organic matter and Reducing
substances


SCREENING
Screening is the first unit operation used at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Screening removes objects
such as rags, paper, plastics, and metals to prevent damage and clogging of downstream equipment, piping,
and appurtenances. Some modern wastewater treatment plants use both coarse screens and fine screens.
Removes large floating matters e. polythene CABLE OPERATED BAR
SCREEN
Types of Screening
1. Coarse Screen
Coarse screens remove large solids, rags, and debris from wastewater, and typically
have openings of 6 mm (0.25 in) or larger. Types of coarse screens include
mechanically and manually cleaned bar screens, including trash racks.
2. Fine Screen
Fine screens are typically used to remove material that may create operation and
maintenance problems in downstream processes, particularly in systems that lack
primary treatment. Typical opening sizes for fine screens are 1.5 to 6 mm (0.06 to
0.25 in).
Very fine screens with openings of 0.2 to 1.5 mm (0.01 to 0.06 in) placed after coarse
or fine screens can reduce suspended solids to levels near those achieved by primary Figure depicts a typical bar
clarification. screen (a type of coarse screen).

Coarse Screen

2. Aeration
• Aeration brings water and air in close contact in order to remove dissolved gases (such as carbon dioxide) and
oxidizes dissolved metals such as iron, hydrogen sulfide, and volatile organic chemicals (VOCs). Aeration is
often the first major process at the treatment plant. During aeration, constituents are removed or modified
before they can interfere with the treatment processes.
• Aeration brings water and air in close contact by exposing drops or thin sheets of water to the air or by
introducing small bubbles of air (the smaller the bubble, the better) and letting them rise through the water.
The scrubbing process caused by the turbulence of aeration physically removes dissolved gases from solution
and allows them to escape into the surrounding air.
• Aeration also helps remove dissolved metals through oxidation, the chemical combination of oxygen from the
air with certain undesirable metals in the water. Once oxidized, these chemicals fall out of solution and
become particles in the water and can be removed by filtration or flotation.
• The efficiency of aeration depends on the amount of surface contact between air and water, which is
controlled primarily by the size of the water drop or air bubble.
• Oxygen is added to water through aeration and can increase the palpability of water by removing the flat
taste. The amount of oxygen the water can hold depends primarily on the temperature of the water. (The
colder the water, the more oxygen the water can hold).
• Water that contains excessive amounts of oxygen can become very corrosive. Excessive oxygen can also cause
problems in the treatment plant i.e. air binding of filters.

CHEMICALS REMOVED OR OXIDIZED BY AERATION

Constituents commonly affected by aeration are:
• Volatile organic chemicals, such as benzene (found in gasoline), or trichloroethylene, dichloroethylene, and
perchloroethylene (used in dry-cleaning or industrial processes)
• Ammonia
• Chlorine
• Carbon dioxide
• Hydrogen sulfide
• Methane
• Iron and Manganese

Purpose of Aeration in Water Treatment

Aeration is used for many purposes in Water treatment, the main uses are:
1. Aeration is done basically for ground water, as surface water is already exposed to atmosphere.
2. Increase the dissolved oxygen concentration in water.
3. Decrease Co2,Concentration thereby reduce its corrosiveness.
4. Reduce taste and odor caused by dissolved gases such as Hydrogen Sulphide(H2S) and Methane (CH4) that are
removed during Aeration.
5. Oxidize iron and manganese from their soluble to insoluble states and cause them to precipitate so that they
maybe removed by sedimentation and filtration processes.
6. Remove certain volatile organic compounds.

Types of Aerators used in Water treatment

CASCADE AERATOR
A cascade aerator (one of the oldest and most common aerators) consists of a series of steps that the water flows over
(similar to a flowing stream). In all cascade aerators, aeration is accomplished in the splash zones. Splash zones are
created by placing blocks across the incline. (They are the oldest and most common type of aerators.) Cascade aerators
can be used to oxidize iron and to partially reduce dissolved gases.
1.Cheap, Economical
2.Steps of Cascade aerator is made of RCC.
3. No maintenance is required.
Efficiency of Carbon Dioxide removal is 20 -45%.

And Hydorgen Sulphide is 35%.

CASCADE AERATOR

SPRAY NOZZLE AERATOR

Spray aerators have one or more spray nozzles connected to a pipe manifold. Water moves through the pipe
under pressure, and leaves each nozzle in a fine spray and falls through the surrounding air, creating a fountain
affect. Spray aeration is successful in oxidizing iron and manganese and increases the dissolved oxygen in the
water.
• Efficiency of Carbon Dioxide removal is 90%.And

Hydrogen Sulphide gas is 90%.
Very costly so we hardly use this.


DIFFUSED AIR AERATOR

• Air is introduced into liquid being aerated in the form of bubbles which typically rise through the liquid.
• Common device for;
Transferring oxygen in aerobic biological treatment systems
Air stripping of volatile organics.
• The size of the bubbles varies from coarse to fine
.
Fine Bubble Coarse Bubble

DIFFUSED AIR AERATOR

• In diffused aeration, submerged devices release air or oxygen into the wastewater. As bubbles rise through the
wastewater, (1) oxygen is transferred from a gaseous state to a liquid state – thus adding dissolved oxygen (DO) to the
water and (2) they keep the microorganisms suspended, so they do not settle out. The longer these particles are
suspended and maintain contact with the DO, the more waste solids they can consume and break down.
• To achieve proper oxygen transfer efficiency (OTE), different devices can be added to wastewater treatment processing
systems that will facilitate and control aeration. There are three types of diffused aeration systems; these are typically
classified by the physical characteristics of the equipment. Please note that wastewater treatment systems may use one
or more different types of aeration devices.
• Surface Aerators
Brush type
Propeller type
• Diffused Aerators
Fine Bubble Diffusers*
Coarse Bubble Diffusers*
Holey Pipes
• Hybrid Devices
Jet Aerators
Turbines
• * Bubble diffusers can come in various shapes and sizes, such as discs, tubes, domes, and plates.

• Mechanical Aerators
• Mechanical aerator can either be submerged or surface designs, depending on whether certain systems
require pure oxygen to be introduced from the aeration tank bottom.
• Vertical Axis Aerators – induce updraft wastewater flow or reverse downdraft flow
• Horizontal Axis Aerators – spray water across wastewater surface to agitate water and to entrain air into the
water




Microstrainer
Components like algae,plankton in water. If this water is taken in filtration chambers it hinders the process.
The stored water is passed through the microstrainer where these particles gets trapped and this process
increases the efficiency of filtration.

Sedimentation
Sedimentation is the gravitational accumulation of solids at the bottom of a fluid(Air or water).
Sedimentation, or clarification, is the processes of letting suspended material settle by gravity. Suspended material may
be particles, such as clay or silts, originally present in the source water. Suspended material or floc is typically created
from materials in the water and chemicals used in coagulation or, in other treatment processes, such as lime softening
(see Lime Softening chapter). Sedimentation is accomplished by decreasing the velocity of the water to a point which the
particles will no longer remain in suspension. When the velocity no longer supports the particles, gravity will remove
them from the water flow.
Types of Sedimentation
1. Plain Sedimentation
2. Sedimentation with Coagulation
Plain Sedimentation
When impurities are separated from suspending fluid by action of naturl force alone, without aid of any
coagulant, is called plain sedimentation

Advantages of Plain Sedimentation

It lightens load on subsequent processes.
The operation of subsequent process can be controlled in a better way.
The cost of cleaning the chemical coagulation basin is reduced.
Less quantity of chemicals are required.

Sedimentation with coagulation
a) Sedimentation is done for fine suspended solids or colloidal solids

b) Certain chemicals(Coagulants) are added so that fine suspended particles gets settled. The
process of addition of chemicals in water is known as Coagulation.
Basic Aim of Coagulation

• Destabilization of colloidal particles or fine suspended solids (negatively charged)
• Agglomeration of the colloidal particles
Mechanism of Coagulation
a) Ionic layer compression-Vanderwalls force
b) Adsorption & charge neutralisation-Aquametallic cation
c) Sweep Coagulation-Alum(Sticky Gelatinous ppt.)
d) Interparticle Bridging-Al7(OH)17 4+ complex compounds

Coagulation and Flocculation

Groundwater and surface water contain both dissolved and suspended particles. Coagulation and flocculation are used to
separate the suspended solids portion from the water.
Suspended particles vary in source, charge, particle size, shape, and density. Suspended solids in water have a negative
charge and since they have the same type of surface charge, they repel each other when they come close together.
Therefore, suspended solids will remain in suspension and will not clump together and settle out of the water, unless proper
coagulation and flocculation is used. Coagulation and flocculation occurs in successive steps, allowing particle collision and
growth of floc. This is then followed by sedimentation . If coagulation is incomplete, flocculation step will be unsuccessful,
and if flocculation is incomplete, sedimentation will be unsuccessful.

COAGULATION
Coagulant chemicals with charges opposite those of the suspended solids are added to the water to neutralize the negative
charges on non-settlable solids (such as clay and color-producing organic substances).
Once the charge is neutralized, the small suspended particles are capable of sticking together. These slightly larger particles
are called microflocs, and are not visible to the naked eye. Water surrounding the newly formed microflocs should be clear. If
not, coagulation and some of the particles charge have not been neutralized. More coagulant chemicals may need to be
added.
A high-energy, rapid-mix to properly disperse coagulant and promote particle collisions is needed to achieve good coagulation.
Over-mixing does not affect coagulation, but insufficient mixing will leave this step incomplete. Contact time in the rapid-mix
chamber is typically 1 to 3 minutes.

COAGULANT SELECTION
The choice of coagulant chemical depends upon the type of suspended solid to be removed, raw water conditions, facility
design, and cost of chemical. Final selection of coagulant (or coagulants) should be made with jar testing and plant scale
evaluation. Consideration must be given to required effluent quality, effect upon down stream treatment process
performance, cost, method and cost of sludge handling and disposal, and cost of the dose required for effective treatment.
Inorganic Coagulants
Inorganic coagulants such as aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used. When added to water, these highly
charged ions to neutralize the suspended particles. The inorganic hydroxides that are formed produce short polymer chains
which enhance microfloc formation.
Inorganic coagulants usually offer the lowest price per pound, are widely available, and, when properly applied, are
effective in removing most suspended solids. They are also capable of removing a portion of the organic precursors which
may combine with chlorine to form disinfection by-products.
Inorganic coagulants produce large volumes of floc which can also entrap bacteria as they settle. Inorganic coagulants may
alter the pH of the water since they consume alkalinity. When applied in a lime soda ash softening process, alum and iron
salts generate demand for lime and soda ash. They also require corrosion-resistant storage and feed equipment. It is
important to note that large volumes of settled floc must be disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner.
Alum, ferric sulfate, and ferric chloride, lower the alkalinity, and pH reactions for each follow:


Polymers
Polymers (long-chained, high-molecular-weight, organic chemicals) are becoming more widely used. These can be used
as coagulant aids along with the regular inorganic coagulants. Anionic (negatively charged) polymers are often used with
metal coagulants. Low-to-medium weight cationic (positively charged) polymers may be used alone, or in combination
with alumor ferric coagulants to attract suspended solids and neutralize their surface charge. Manufacturers can
produce a wide range of polymers that meet a variety of source-water conditions by controlling the amount and type of
charge and the polymers molecular weight.
Polymers are effective over a wider pH range than inorganic coagulants. They can be applied at lower doses, and do not
consume alkalinity. They produce smaller volumes of more concentrated, rapidly settling floc. Floc formed from use of a
properly selected polymer will be more resistant to shear, resulting in less carryover and a cleaner effluent. Polymers are
generally several times more expensive in price per pound than inorganic coagulants. Selection of the proper polymer
requires considerable jar testing under simulated plant conditions, followed by pilot or plant-scale trials. All polymers
must also be approved for potable water use by regulatory agencies.

1.Hydrated Aluminium sulphate (Alum)

i) Alum reacts with bicarbonate alkalinity present in water to form the sticky gelatinous precipitate of Aluminium
hydroxide which attracts the finer suspended particles present in water thus grow in size and is finally removed in
the following sedimentation tank
ii)This process also adds permanent hardness(CaSo4) in water and also increasing the acidity of water(due to Co2)
thus making it corrosive.
iii) If alkalinity is not present in water external alkaline agent like lime and soda ash is added to induce the alkalinity
artificially in the water.
Staking
CaCo3 Cao
(Limestone) (Quick Lime[ purity 95-96%])
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 + Heat
Calcination Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCo3 (Hydrated lime or slaked lime)
Thus we added solid form of lime i.e. quick lime in the water
When lime is added acidity is not induced (Co2) but hardness is induced in water.
Al2 (So4)3.18H2O + Na2CO 2Al(OH)3 + 3Na2So4+Co2+H2 O
When Soda Ash is added acidity is induced but not hardness.

• The dose of Alum depends upon turbidity and colour of raw water which is determined with the help of Jar Test.
• The Normal dose of alum varies between 10-30 mg/l.
• Alum forms stable flocs and is capable of removing colour test and odour form the water.
• It works in the pH range of 6.5-8.5.
• One mole of alum added in water gives two moles of of Al(OH )3.
Molecular wt of Alum = Al2 (So4)3.18H2O =(27*2)+3(32+16*4)+18(2*1+16)=666 gm
Molecular wt of Ca(HCo3)2 = (40+2(1+12+16*3))*3 = 486 gm
Molecular wt. of Al(OH)3 = (27+3(16+1))*2=156 gm
Al2 (So4)3.18H2O + Ca(HCo3)2 2Al(OH)3 +3 CaSo4 + 18H2O + 6 Co2
666 gm of alum react with 486 gm Ca(HCo3)2 =156 gm of Al(OH)3
486 /666 =0.73 gm = 156/666 = 0.234 gm OR 666gm of alum reacts with 300 gm alkalinity = 156 gm of Al(OH)3

2.Copperas (Fe2 So4.7H2O)- Hydrated Ferrous Sulphate

i. Copperas is effective coagulant when used in conjugation with lime.It also reacts with bi-carbonate alkalinity
present in water to form the sticky ppt of Ferric hydroxide.
Fe2 So4.7H2O + Ca(HCo3)2 Fe(HCo3)2 + CaSo4 + H2O
O2
Fe(HCo3)2 Fe(OH)3
O2
Fe2 So4.7H2O + Ca(HCo3)2 Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3
ii. This process also adds hardness in the water
iii. Copperas is never used for the treatment of coloured water.
iv. The dose of copperas is same as that of alum 10-30 mg/l but it is cheaper than alum.
v. It works in the Ph range of 8.5 and above.
Chlorinated Copperas (Fe(So4 ) 3 +

Sodium Aluminate Copperas (Na2 Al2 O4)

• Sodium Aluminate reacts with Ca & Mg present in water to form sticky ppt. of calcium Magnesium aluminate.
Co3 --
–
Na2 Al2 O4 + Ca/Mg HCo3 Ca/Mg Al2 O4 + Na Co3 --
So3 –
HCo3 –
No3 –
So3 –
CL –
No3 –
CL –
• This process removes both temporary and permanent hardness in water hence generally used fir boiler feed
water treatment.
• Sodium aluminate is costlier than alum.
• This process does not require the pressure of alkalinity in water.
• It works in pH range of 6 to 8.5.

Note :
• Iron Flocs are much heavier than aluminium floc. Thus time required for formation of Iron Flocs is less in comparison to
Aluminum flocs.
• Iron salts works in wide pH range.
• Iron salts are cheaper than aluminium salts.
• Alum is generally used for the treatment of raw water whereas Iron salts are used for treating sewage.
• Iron salts leads to the growth of iron bacteria in water which cause pitting and tuberculation.
• Strict supervision is required in the handling of Iron salts and its quality gets degraded with increase in storage time.
• The disadvantage of Iron coagulant due to iron bacteria overcome in sewage treatment as concrete pipes are used in Sewer
constructions.

Chlorinated Copperas (Fe2 (So4)3 + Fe Cl 3)

• It is formed by the addition of chlorine in copperas.
Fe2 So4.7H2O + Cl 2 Fe2 (So4)3 + Fe Cl 3 [Redox Reaction]
Fe2 (So4)3 + Ca(HCo3)2 2Fe(OH)3 + CaSo4
Fe2 Cl3 + Ca(HCo3)2 Fe(OH)3 + CaCl 2
• Chlorinated copperas is an effective coagulant as it can work in wide pH Range.

• When ferric chloride(FeCl3) is used independently. It works in the pH range of 3.5 to 6.5 and above 8.5.
• When Ferric sulphate Fe2 (So4)3 is used independently It works in pH range 4 to 7 and above 9

FLOCCULATION
Flocculation, a gentle mixing stage, increases the particle size from submicroscopic microfloc to visible suspended particles.
Microfloc particles collide, causing them to bond to produce larger, visible flocs called pinflocs. Floc size continues to build with
additional collisions and interaction with added inorganic polymers (coagulant) or organic polymers. Macroflocs are formed and
high molecular weight polymers, called coagulant aids, may be added to help bridge, bind, and strengthen the floc, add weight,
and increase settling rate. Once floc has reached it optimum size and strength, water is ready for sedimentation. Design contact
times for flocculation range from 15 or 20 minutes to an hour or more, and flocculation requires careful attention to the mixing
velocity and amount of mix energy. To prevent floc from tearing apart or shearing, the mixing velocity and energy are usually
tapered off as the size of floc increases. Once flocs are torn apart, it is difficult to get them to reform to their optimum size and
strength. The amount of operator control available in flocculation is highly dependent upon the type and design of the
equipment.

Sedimentation Tank
Sedimentation tank, also called settling tank or clarifier, component of a modern system of water
supply or wastewater treatment. A sedimentation tank allows suspended particles to settle out of water or wastewater
as it flows slowly through the tank, thereby providing some degree of purification. A layer of accumulated solids,
called sludge , forms at the bottom of the tank and is periodically removed. In drinking-water treatment, coagulants
are added to the water prior to sedimentation in order to facilitate the settling process, which is followed by filtration
and other treatment steps. In modern sewage treatment, primary sedimentation must be followed by secondary
treatment (e.g., trickling filter or activated sludge) to increase purification efficiencies. Sedimentation is usually
preceded by treatment using bar screens and grit chambers to remove large objects and coarse solids.
1. Quescent type-
Water is collected and kept in a tank. Detention time 24-36 hrs. Period of Cleaning 8-12 hrs. Minimum 3
tanks are required( 2 operational and 1 standby)
2. Continuous type- Types of Continuous Flow type: a) Horizontal Flow Type (eg.- Rectangular
sedimentation Tank). B) Vertical Flow Type(eg.Circular Sedimentation tank)
• We increased the length if the flow of water.

• The time taken by the particles to float or to reach the final point to the outlet should be equal or
greater than the time take for settling of particle

Horizontal Flow Tank

i) In this type of tank water
continuously flows in the horizontal
direction.
Assumptions
1. A Particle is said to be removed if it
reaches the bottom of the settling Zone
in the sedimentation tank.
2. Concentration at every point in the
vertical cross section of sedimentation
tank is assumed to be same as that of
inlet end.
V0=Surface Overflow rate/Overflow velocity/Superficial

velocity/Fictitious velocity
V0 = Q/BL

VS=Settling velocity (Calculated by Strokes Law) How to Calculate VS and VH
VH =Horizontal Velocty VH/Vs = L/H
(Q/BH’)/Vs = L/H’ (VH ) =Q/BH
❖ If any particle in water has velocity is more than VS = Q/BL

Vs or equal then it gets removed

Design Criteria
Aim : Maximum removal of particles takes place
Time taken by water to move from one end to another end should be greater than or
equal to the time taken for settling of Particle.
Conditions:
L/ VH > H/ VS 1. VS = V0 ,
η = 100 %
L/(Q/BH) > H/ VS
LBH/Q>H/VS 2. V0 should be less so that
η increases
VS > Vs/V0 *100
η = Vs/V0 *100
η = Efficiency of Sedimentation Tank

Plain Sedimentation Tank

Dt (Detention Time) = 4 to 8 hrs V0 (Overflow Rate)= 500 to 750 l/hr/m2
V ( Volume = L*B*H) = Q * Dt
H1 = H + free Board
Steps for Designing of Sedimentation Tank
Step 1: Q (Discharge) , V (Flow Velocity) is given

Q= AV
Q/V = Surface Area
Step 2: B*L = Surface Area

L/B ratio 3 to 5 (Assume a ratio (4:1) between this range)
L & B can be found out
Step 3: Volume (L*B*H)= Q* Dt

Height can be found out
Step 4: H1 = H + FB (free Board)

Design Data For Sedimentation Tank:

1. Overflow rate is in the range of 1200-1800 l/m2/day
for plain sedimentation (12-18 m3/m2/day
It is in the range of 2400-3000 l/m2/day for coagulation aided sedimentation (24-30 m3/m2/day)
Plan Area of Tank = design discharge/ Overflow Rate
2. Detention Time(Dt )
It is in the range of 4-8 hours for plain sedimentation and 2-4 hours for coagulation aided sedimentation (C+F+ S).
Volume of Tank= design discharge * detention time
Depth of Tank= Volume of Tank/ Plan Area.
3. Velocity of Flow (V0 )

It is in the range of 0.15 to 0.9 m/sec. Normally it is taken to be 0.3 m/mm.
Length of the tank = velocity * detention time
4. Width of tank is generally in range of 10-12 m to width ratio is kept to be 4: 1 i.e. L/B = 4:1
5. Horizontal sedimentation tanks are designed for maximum daily demand equal to 1.8 times of avg. daily demand
Qd = Qmax. daily = 1.8 Qavg. daily = 1.8 (population *Avg per capita)
6. If cleaning of sludge is done manually then additional volume for accumulation of sludge is provided by adding a depth over
design depth.



Circular Sedimentation Tank

Dt (Detention Time) = 4 to 8 hrs
Horizontal Flow velocity is decreases as the distance from centre is
increasing because of which the circular sedimentation tank follows a a Re = Inertia force/ Viscous force
parabolic path.
Volume of Circular Sedimentation Tank Laminar Re <_ 1 , d<_ 0.1mm

V= D2 (0.785 H )+ 0.011 D
D= Dia. Of Circular Sedimentation Tank Transitional d > 0. 1mm & d < 1mm
V = Volume of Circular Sedimentation Tank Vs = [418(Gs - 1) d * ( 3T +70)]/ 100
V= Q *Dt Turbulent Re > 1000 , d> 1mm

Q=A*V Vs = 1.8 √ gd (Gs - 1)
Vs (Settling Velocity) = d2/ 18 ν *( Gs - 1) g

ν = Kinematic Viscosity For any specific temperature
Re = Reynolds Number Vs = [418(Gs - 1) d2 * ( 3T +70)]/ 100
Gs = Specific Gravity
g= acceleration due to Gravity
d= diameter of particle


Terminologies
1. Baffle Wall
Water coming from source it crosses from Baffle wall and increases the flow area and also avoids short
circuiting, So we use Baffle Walls.
2. Displacement efficiency
= (Flow through time/ Detention Time)*100

NUMERICALS
1. A rectangular sedimentation tank is treating 18 MLD of raw water with detention time period of 4 hrs. a)Volume of
tank required is ____m3 b) If allowable surface rate is 500 l/hr/m2 l/b=4, then the length & width of the tank required
is.
Volume of the tank (V) = Q*Dt = 1.8 * 106 l/day *4 hrs = 1.8 * 10 6 l /24 hr *4 hrs *10 -3 m3 =300 m3
L/B= 4 ; L= 4 B
V0 = Q/BL
=500l/hr- m2 = 1.8*10 6 L / day(24 hrs) *BL
= BL = (1.8*10 6 )/24*500
=B(4B)= 6.123 m
L= 24.492 m = 25 m

NUMERICALS
2. An ideal horizontal flow settling basin is 3 m deep having surface are of 900 m2. Water flows at the rate of 8000
m3/day at a temperature of 20o C ( µ= 10 -3 kg/m-sec, density = 1000kg/m3.Assuming strokes law to be valid the
proportion of spherical sand particle (%) which are of 0.01 mm in diameter and specific gravity 265 that will be
removed is ___ [efficiency]
%age removal [efficiency] η = Vs/V0 *100

(µ)= [(0.01 * 10 -3 )2 * (2.65 -1) *9.81]/ 18 * 10 -6 = 8.99* 10 -5 m/s
µ= 10-3/10 3 = 10 6 m3/
V0 = Q/LB= 8000 m3 /day/900 m2 = 8000 m3/ 24 *60*60*900 m2 = 1.02 * 10-4

Dt
η =( 8.99 * 10 -6) * 100/ (1.02 *10 -4 )= 87.47 %

NUMERICALS
3. If 70 mg/l is the concentration of solid present in the turbid water treating 2 MLD of water, the amount of dry solid
deposited in the tank per day with 70% efficiency of the tank is __________ kg/day
( 1kg = 10 6 mg)
Discharge (Q) = 2*10 6 L/day

Suspended solids = 70 mg/L
For entire water the total quantity of suspended solids = 70 mg/l * 2*10 6 l/day = 140 kg/day
Since the tank is not working with 100 % efficiency hence the total removal of the suspended solids is 70 % =( 70*140)
/100 = 98 kg

NUMERICALS
4. Following data is given for a sedimentation chamber of length 75 m

a) Flow through velocity (Vh)= 0.3 m/s
b) Depth of water = 0.9 m
c) Gs = 2.65; d) g= 9.8 m/sec ; e) µ( dynamic viscosity)= 1.002*10-2 N-s/m2 at 20 o C f) density= 1000kg/m3
Assuming stroke’s law is valid the diameter of the particle that would be removed with 100% efficiency
is ___________
For 100 % efficiency

L/Vh > H/Vs
7.5/0.3>0.9/Vs
Vs= 0.036 m/sec
Kinematic viscosity = 1.002* 10-3 / 1000 = 1.002 * 10-6
Vs = [d2 /18 * density ] *[Gs – 1] *g
0.036 = [d2 * (2.65 -1) * 9.8]/ 1.002 * 10-6
d = 0.21 mm

NUMERICALS
5. A horizontal flow primary clarifier treats the water in which 10 %, 60 %, 30 % of particles are having settling velocities
of 0.1 mm/s, 0.2 mm/s, 1 mm/s respectively. What would be the total % of particle removed if clarifier operates at a
surface overflow rate of 43.2 m3/day
V0 = 5 * 10 -4 m/s , V0 = 43.2 m/day

V0 = 43.2 m/ 24*60*60
Average efficiency = (η1 + η2+ η3)/3
η1 = (Vs/V0)*100 =(0.1* 10-3) /(5* 10-4) *100 = 20%
η2= (0.2 * 10-3) * (5* 10-4) *100 = 40%
η3= (1 * 10-3) * (5* 10-4) *100 = 200% =100%
η = [(10 * η1) +(60* η2) +(30* η3) ] / 3
η = [(10 * 20) +(60* 40) +(60* 100) ] / 100 = 56%

Environmental Engineering: By. - Prof. Shradha Arun

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Environmental Engineering

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Unit treatment Function (removal)

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

CHEMICALS REMOVED OR OXIDIZED BY AERATION

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Purpose of Aeration in Water Treatment

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Types of Aerators used in Water treatment

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Efficiency of Carbon Dioxide removal is 20 -45%.

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

SPRAY NOZZLE AERATOR

• Efficiency of Carbon Dioxide removal is 90%.And

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

DIFFUSED AIR AERATOR

Fine Bubble Coarse Bubble

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

DIFFUSED AIR AERATOR

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Advantages of Plain Sedimentation

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Sedimentation with coagulation

a) Sedimentation is done for fine suspended solids or colloidal solids

Basic Aim of Coagulation

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Coagulation and Flocculation

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

1.Hydrated Aluminium sulphate (Alum)

Al2 (So4)3.18H2O + Na2CO 2Al(OH)3 + 3Na2So4+Co2+H2 O

When Soda Ash is added acidity is induced but not hardness.

Al2 (So4)3.18H2O + Ca(HCo3)2 2Al(OH)3 +3 CaSo4 + 18H2O + 6 Co2

666 gm of alum react with 486 gm Ca(HCo3)2 =156 gm of Al(OH)3

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

2.Copperas (Fe2 So4.7H2O)- Hydrated Ferrous Sulphate

Fe2 So4.7H2O + Ca(HCo3)2 Fe(HCo3)2 + CaSo4 + H2O

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Sodium Aluminate Copperas (Na2 Al2 O4)

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Chlorinated Copperas (Fe2 (So4)3 + Fe Cl 3)

Fe2 So4.7H2O + Cl 2 Fe2 (So4)3 + Fe Cl 3 [Redox Reaction]

Fe2 (So4)3 + Ca(HCo3)2 2Fe(OH)3 + CaSo4

Fe2 Cl3 + Ca(HCo3)2 Fe(OH)3 + CaCl 2

• Chlorinated copperas is an effective coagulant as it can work in wide pH Range.

Prof. Shradha Arun, (shradha6042@gmail.com)

Step 3: Volume (LBH)= Q* Dt

V0 = Q/LB= 8000 m3 /day/900 m2 = 8000 m3/ 24 6060900 m2 = 1.02 10-4