Different Models and

Features of Educational
Management
Objective:

•Identify the definition, features, kind of

leadership, and limitations of political
and suggestive model of educational
management.
Political Model of Educational Management :

• Political models embrace those theories that

characterize decision-making as a bargaining
process.
• Analysis focuses on the distribution of power and
influence in organizations between interest groups.
• Conflict is regarded as endemic within
organizations and management is directed towards
the regulation of political behavior.
Features of Political Model:

1. They tend to focus on group activity

rather than the institution as a whole.
2. It is concerned with interests and interest
groups.
3. It stresses the prevalence of conflict in
organizations.
Features of Political Model:

4. It assumes that the goals of organizations are

unstable and contested.
5. The decisions within political arenas emerge
after a complex process of bargaining and
negotiation.
6. Power is the central of the model.
Sources of Power in Education

1. Positional Power.
A major source of power in any
organization is that accruing to individuals
who hold an official position in the
institution.
Sources of Power in Education

2. Authority of Expertise.
In professional organizations there is a
significant reservoir of power available to
those who possess appropriate expertise.
Sources of Power in Education

3. Personal Power.
Individuals who are charismatic or possess
verbal skills or certain other characteristics
may be able to exercise personal power.
Sources of Power in Education

4. Control of Rewards.
Power is likely to be possessed to a
significant degree by individuals who have
control of rewards.
Sources of Power in Education

5. Coercive Power.
The mirror image of the control of rewards
may be coercive power. This implies the
ability to enforce compliance, backed by the
threat of sanctions.
Sources of Power in Education

6. Control of Resources.
Control of the distribution of resources may
be an important source of power in
educational institutions, particularly in self-
managing schools.
Kind of Leadership:

Transactional Leadership
Limitations of Political Model:

1. They immersed so strongly in the language of

power, conflict and manipulation that they
neglect other standard aspects of
organizations.

2. It stress the influence of interest groups on

decision-making.
Limitations of Political Model:

3. There is too much emphasis on conflict and a

neglect of the possibility of professional
collaboration leading to agreed outcomes.
 Subjective Model of
Educational Management
Subjective Model of Educational Management:

Subjective models focus on individuals within

organizations rather than the total institution or its
subunits.
These perspectives suggest that each person has a
subjective and selective perception of the
organization.
Events and situations have different meanings for
the various participants in institutions.
Features of Subjective Model:

1. They focus on the beliefs and perceptions of

individual members of organizations rather
than the institutional level or interest groups.

2. They are concerned with the meanings placed

on events by people within organizations.
Features of Subjective Model:

3. The different meanings placed on situations by

the various participants are products of their
values, background and experience.

4. They treat structure as a product of human

interaction rather than something that is fixed or
predetermined.
Features of Subjective Model:

5. Subjective approaches emphasize the

significance of individual purposes and deny the
existence of organizational goals.
Subjective Models and Qualitative Research

1. They focus on the perceptions of individuals rather

than the whole organization.

2. Interpretive research is concerned with the meanings,

or interpretations, placed on events by participants.

3. Research findings are interpreted using “grounded”

theory.
Kind of Leadership:

It prefers to stress the personal qualities of

individuals rather than their official positions in
the organization.

Post-modern leadership aligns closely with the

model.
Several Key Features of Postmodernism:

• Language does not reflect reality.

• Reality does not exist; there are multiple
realities.
• Any situation is open to multiple
interpretations.
• Situations must be understood at local level
with particular attention to diversity.
Limitation of Subjective Model:

• It is strongly normative in that they reflect the

attitudes and beliefs of their supporters.

• It implies that meanings are so individual that

there may be as many interpretations as people.
Reflection:

“If you realized how powerful your

thoughts are, you would never think a
negative thought.”

- Peace Pilgrim
References:

• https://www.opentextbooks.org.hk/ditatopic/1793
0
• https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1066693.pdf
Thank you for listening! 