HERNANDEZ, Grace R.

2A-PH

Assignment no. 2

1. Differentiate solubility and miscibility.

Solubility refers to the ability of a substance to be dissolved in a solvent. Miscibility refers
to the ability of the solute in liquid form to be dissolved in a solvent forming a
homogenous solution.
2. Discuss the principal factor that affects the solubility of a drug.
The principal factor that affects solubility of a drug is the temperature. Temperature is
directly proportional to solubility. In higher temperatures, the molecules’ kinetic energy
also increases which allows the solvent molecules to break the intermolecular forces
present in the solute molecules.

3.. What is the effect of temperature change on the solubility of a drug (solid) if the heat of solution is
a) positive?
In a positive heat solution, the solubility of a drug will increase when the temperature
increases.

b) negative?
In a negative heat solution, the solubility of a drug will decrease when the temperature
increases.

4. How does the chemical structure of a drug influence its solubility in terms of
a) dipole moment?
A substance with a high dipole moment has a higher solubility in polar solvents because
it has charges that are separated permanently.

b) dielectric properties?
Solvents with high dielectric properties like water allow dissociation of solutes. In the
water molecules, electronegative oxygen can pull electrons from the hydrogen molecules
to have a partial negative charge and leaving the hydrogen with partial positive charge.
This activity of molecules reduces the attraction of solute molecules.

c) hydrogen bonding?
Molecules that can hydrogen bond is soluble in polar solvents such as water. Presence of
functional groups like OH, NH, and SH that form hydrogen bond and be attracted to water
will increase the solubility of a drug substance with water.

1. How is the solubility of a drug affected when it is micronized?

Micronization increases solubility of a drug. This happens by breaking down the bonds of
the crystal structure of a solid substance to decrease the energy needed to separate the
molecules of the solute.
 2. State the general solubility rules.
1. Like dissolves like.
2. Polar functional groups increase the ability of the solute to form hydrogen bonds
solute hereby increasing the solubility in water.
3. Solubility in water is inversely proportional to number of carbon atoms in the solute.
4. Organic molecules with high melting point have a low water solubility.
5. cis (z) Isomer has a higher solubility compare to trans (e) isomer.
6. When the unsaturation increases, the solubility in polar solvents also increase.
7. Crystalline are less soluble than anhydrous solutes.

7. Define the solubility product constant.

Solubility product constant (Ksp) is an equilibrium constant used to calculate the solubility
of poorly soluble strong electrolytes in water. This constant is equal to the product of
molar concentration of ions dissolve in a solution each raised to the power of its
coefficient.

8. a) What are weak acids and weak bases?

Weak acids are acid that partially dissociates into its hydrogen ions and weak acid anions
upon the dissolution in water. Weak bases are bases that do not dissociate completely in
an aqueous solution or water.

b) How is the solubility of weak acids and weak bases in water affected by pH change?
If the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, making the pH value higher, the solubility
will increase. With that being said, the pH value is directly proportional to solubility.

9. Give an example of how the solubility of liquids in liquids is influenced by the temperature.
Some liquids are miscible only at a certain temperature. Preparing a solution of 10%
phenol in water is only possible when it is warmed slightly to 37˚C or 98.6˚F. It is
impossible to prepare the solution at 25˚C (77˚F) or room temperature.

10. What solvents can best dissolve the following kind of substances?
a) strong electrolytes
Water is the best solvent that can dissolve strong acids and bases and their salts.

b) weak electrolytes
Solvents such as alcohol, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol or mixed solvent
system is necessary for solubility of weak electrolytes because only small fractions of
them can solubilize in water.

c) non-electrolytes
Non-electrolytes have no to little solubility in water, so organic solvents like alcohol can
dissolve them.
References:

Factors Affecting Solubility. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-

chemistry/chapter/factors-affecting-solubility/

Lu, J.X., Foster, K., & Murray, J. (2020). Biochemistry, Dissolution, and Solubility. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431100/#_NBK431100_pubdet_

Mansoor, A.M., Cook, T.J., & Mobley, W. C. (2016). Applied Physical Pharmacy (2nd ed.). New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill Education.

The Effects of pH on Solubility. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_
Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/UNIT_4%3A_EQUILIBRIUM_IN_CHEMICAL_REACTIONS/16%3A_Solu
bility_and_Precipitation_Equilibria/16.4%3A_The_Effects_of_pH_on_Solubility