ACTIVITY NO.

1 (FINALS)

RESEARCH ON THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. What is surface tension?

Surface tension is properties of a liquid that make it behave like an elastic
It is a phenomenon in which the surface of a liquid, where the liquid is in contact with gas,
acts like a thin elastic sheet

2. Explain the factors which affect surface tension

● Temperature : surface tension decreases with an increase in temperature
● Influence of solute concentration : Addition of solute into solvent may lead to an
increase in surface tension, such as salt in water and water in alcohol, due to
solute depletion at the interface
● Influence of particle size of vapor pressure ; surface tension can make the vapor
pressure for small droplets of liquid in suspension greater than standard vapor
pressure of that same liquid when the interface is flat.

3. What are the methods of measuring surface tension?

Capillary Method and Du Nouy Ring Method

4. What are the applications of surfactants?

As an Emulsifying Agents,Detergents ,Wetting Agents ,Solubilizing Agents, Foaming
Agents, Antifoaming Agents, Antibacterial Agents, Protective Agents

5. How do surfactants increase the wettability of powders?

surfactants lowers the advancing contact angle between the particle surface and the liquid
so wetting of powders can be facilitated

6. Give examples of wetting agents and their applications

detergents : Displacement of dirt and debris by the use of detergents in the washing of
wounds.
foaming agents : Displacement of air from the matrix of cotton pads and bandages so that
medicinal solutions may be absorbed for application to various body areas.
saponifying agent: The application of medicinal lotions and sprays to the surface of the
skin and mucous membrane.
tween 20: Displacement of air from sulfur, charcoal and other powders for the purpose of
dispersing these drugs in liquid vehicles.

7. Explain the factors affecting solubility of drugs. Give examples

a. particle size; increase in particle size=increase in surface area =increase in
solubility
b. Nature of solute and solvent :example: In 100 grams of water at room temperature
only 1 gram of Lead(II)chloride can be dissolved where 200 grams of Zinc
 chloride can be dissolved in same amount of water i.e. 100 grams of water at
same room temperature.
c. temperature
d. pH of solution
e. polarity;phenol is only slightly soluble in water and weakly acidic
f. pH & pKa,
g. Complexation,
h. Solid dispersions (amorphous, crystalline),
i. Chemical modification,
j. Surfactants

8. How does temperature affect the solubility of drug substances exhibiting endothermic and
exothermic process of dissolution?
In endothermic dissolution reactions, the net energy from breaking and forming bonds
results in heat energy being absorbed into the system as the solute dissolves. When the
temperature of the system increases, additional head energy is introduced into the system.

In exothermic reactions, heat energy is released when the solute dissolves in a solution.
Increasing temperature introduces more heat into the system. Following Le Chatelier’s
Principle, the system will adjust to this excess heat energy by inhibiting the dissolution
reaction. Increasing temperature, therefore, decreases the solubility of the solute.

9. What is the common-ion effect? How does it affect the solubility of a slightly soluble
electrolyte?

the repression of the ionization of acetic acid (weak acid HAc) upon addition of common
ion of sodium acetate (conj base Ac-) (B (weak base) is repressed by BH+ (conj
acid)).the suppression of the ionization of a weak acid or a weak base by the presence of
a common ion from a strong electrolyte.

The solubility of a slightly soluble ionic compound is lowered when a second solute that
furnishes a common ion is added to the solution

10. How do surfactants bring about weak acids and bases into solution?

surfactants are agents that lower the surface tension of two immiscible liquids, reducing the
repellent force between the liquids; they bring about weak acids and bases into solutionby
altering the pH of solutions

references:
https://innocentbalti.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/martins-physical-pharmacy-6th-ed-2011-dr-m
urtadha-alshareifi.pdf
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