SOLUTIONS

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING

1. If the solvent is a solid then the solution is called a
________________and if it is a gas it is _______________
2. Amalgam ia an example of a solution having solute in
________state and solvent in _________ state
3. Polar solutes dissolve in ______________ an example is
____________
4. Certain non polar solutes like acetic acid dissolve in polar
solvent like water due to ________________
5. Concentration of trace impurities like particulate matter
in air is expressed in _________
METHODS TO EXPRESS
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS
PARTS PER MILLION (PPM)

MOLE FRACTION
MOLE FRACTION: IT IS THE RATIO OF MOLES OF ONE COMPONENT
TO THE TOTAL NUMBER OF MOLES PRESENT IN THE SOLUTION. IT
IS EX­PRESSED BY X, FOR EXAMPLE, FOR A BINARY SOLUT ION
TWO COMPONENT A AND B.
 MOLARITY
• MOLARITY IS THE NUMBER OF MOLES OF A
SOLUTE PRESENT IN 1 LITRE OF A SOLUTION
• MOLARITY = NO : OF MOLES OF SOLUTE
VOLUME OF SOLUTION IN LITRES

MOLARITY = W/ M x 1000/ V
W- GIVEN MASS, M- MOLAR MASS v – VOL OF
SOLUTION IN ml
MOLALITY

• MOLALITY IS THE NUMBER OF MOLES OF

A SOLUTE PRESENT IN 1 KG OF A
SOLVENT
• MOLALITY = NO : OF MOLES OF SOLUTE
MASS OF SOLVENT IN Kg
SOLUBILTY
IT IS THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF SOLUTE THAT CAN BE
DISSOLVED IN 100 GM OF A SOLVENT AT A GIVEN TEMP.
IT DEPENDS ON
1. NATURE OF SOLUTE AND SOLVENT – POLAR SOLUTES
DISSOLVE IN POLAR SOLVENTS WHILE NON POLAR SOLUTES
DISSOLVE IN NON POLAR SOLVENTS .
QN: STATE THE EXCEPTIONS TO THE ABOVE RULE .
2. TEMPERATURE
IF DISSOLUTION IS EXOTHERMIC , SOLUBILITY DECREASES WITH
INCREASE IN TEMP . IF THE PROCESS IS ENDOTHERMIC,
SOLUBILITY INCREASES WITH INCREASE IN TEMP.
3. PRESSURE : SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN A LIQUID
INCREASES WITH PRESSURE.
QN: HOW DOES PRESSURE AFFECT SOLUBILITY OF
SOLIDS IN A LIQUID ?
SOLVE THE FOLLOWING
PROPORTIONAL TO SOLUBILITY AT A GIVEN TEMP. (KH IS CALLED
HENRY S CONSTANT. )
QN : GAS A HAS A LOWER KH VALUE THAN GAS B . WHICH IS MORE
SOLUBLE ?
QN: WHY ARE AQUATIC ANIMALS MORE COMFORTABLE IN COLD
WATER THAN WARM WATER?
ANS: KH OF BOTH OXYGEN AND NITROGEN INCREASE WITH TEMP , SO THEIR
SOLUBILITY DECREASES IN AS TEMP OF WATER RISES .
IF MOLE FRACTION IS TAKEN AS MEASURE OF SOLUBILITY , THEN
PRESSURE IS DIRECTLY
 DRAWBACKS OF HENRY ‘S LAW

1.THE PRESSURE OF THE GAS MUST NOT BE TOO HIGH OR LOW

2.THE GAS MUST NOT UNDERGO ANY CHEMICAL CHANGE
3.THE GAS MUST NOT UNDERGO ASSOCIATION OR DISSOCIATION
2.9 WATER WAS CONTAMINATED BY 15 PPM OF
CHLOROFORM . EXPRESS THIS VALUE IN MASS % AND
FIND MOLALITY OF CHLOROFORM IN WATER.
QN: WHY DO MOUNTAIN CLIMBERS FEEL SICK AT HIGH
ALTITUDE?
QN: WHY IS IT ADVISED TO STORE CARBONATED DRINKS IN A
FRIDGE AFTER OPENING ?

VAPOUR PRESSURE :
THE PRESSURE EXERTED BY VAPOURS ON A LIQUID SURFACE
WHEN THE LIQUID AND VAPOUR ARE IN EQULIBRIUM .

QN : WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT V.P OF A LIQUID ?

NATURE OF LIQUID – LIQUIDS WITH LOW INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES HAVE HIGHER V.P.
TEMP – V.P INCREASES AS TEMP INCREASES AS K.E OF
MOLECULES IN LIQUID INCREASES
STATE RAOULT’S LAW
FOR A SOLUTION HAVING TWO VOLATILE COMPONENTS A AND B,
THE PARTIAL V.P OF EACH COMPONENT IS DIRECTLY
PROPORTIONAL TO ITS MOLE FRACTION
STATE RAOULT’S LAW
FOR A SOLUTION CONTAINING A NON VOLATILE SOLUTE IN A VOLATILE SOLVENT , THE VAPOUR PRESSURE IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO MOLE FRACTION OF THE SOLVENT (IF A IS THE
SOLVENT AND B IS THE SOLUTE ).
RELATIVE LOWERING OF VAPOUR PRESSURE
WHEN A NON VOLATILE SOLUTE (B) IS ADDED TO A
VOLATILE SOLVENT (A), THE V.P OF THE RESULTING
SOLUTION DECREASES.THIS IS CALLED RELATIVE
LOWERING OF VAPOUR PRESSURE AND EQUALS TO
MOLE FRACTION OF SOLUTE.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLUTIONS
I. IDEAL SOLUTIONS
VAPOUR PRESSURE GRAPH OF IDEAL SOLUTION
Xa – MOLE FRACTION OF SOLVENT , XB- MOLE FRACTION OF SOLUTE
FOR AN IDEAL SOLUTION THE VAPOUR PRESSURE ALWAYS LIES BETWEEN THE VAPOUR PRESSURE OF THE PURE
COMPONENTS.
NON IDEAL SOLUTIONS
V.P GRAPH OF SOLUTIONS SHOWING NEGATIVE
DEVIATION FROM IDEAL BEHAVIOUR.
Xa – MOLE FRACTION OF SOLVENT
Xb- MOLE FRACTION OF SolUTE
V.P GRAPH OF SOLUTIONS SHOWING POSITIVE DEVIATION FROM IDEAL BEHAVIOUR
Xa – MOLE FRACTION OF SOLVENT
Xb- MOLE FRACTION OF SOLUTE
AZEOTROPES
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES THAT DEPEND ONLY ON THE NUMBER OF SOLUTE PARTICLES IN A SOLUTION AND NOT ON THE NATURE OF THE SOLUTE.
APPLICATION – USED TO FIND MOLAR MASS OF SOLUTE IN VERY DILUTE SOLUTIONS
EXAMPLES
1. RELATIVE LOWERING OF VAPOUR PRESSURE
2. ELEVATION IN BOILING POINT
3,DEPRESSION IN FREEZING POINT
4.OSMOTIC PRESSURE
RELATIVE LOWERING OF V.P
WHEN A NON VOLATILE SOLUTE IS ADDED TO A VOLATILE SOLVENT ( EG ; SALT IN WATER), THE VAPOUR PRESSURE OF THE RESULTING SOLUTION IS LOWERED .
ELEVATION IN BOILING POINT
DEPRESSION IN FREEZING POINT
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
 ADVANTAGES OF USING OSMOTIC PRESSURE TO FIND MOLAR MASS OF
SOLUTE IN DILUTE SOLUTIIONS

REVERSE OSMOSIS
THE DIRECTION OF OSMOSIS IS REVERSED IF A PRESSURE GREATER THAN THE
OSMOTIC PRESSURE IS APPLIED ON THE SOLUTION SIDE. SO THE PURE SOLVENT
FLOWS OUT OF THE SOLUTION THROUGH THE SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE. IT
IS USED IN DESALINATION OF SEA WATER.
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS BASED ON OSMOTIC
PRESSURE
ABNORMAL MOLAR MASS
DISSOCIATION OF SOLUTES- Electrolytes like acids,bases salts dissociate in
aqueous media to form ions.So the number of solute particles increases and
hence colligative properties will be higher.Since colligative property is inversely
proportional to molar mass ,the molar mass of such substances will be lower
than the theortical (normal) value.
ACCOUNT FOR THE FOLOWING
1. WHY IS ETHYLENE GLYCOL ADDED TO CAR RADIATORS IN COLD COUNTRIES?
2. WHY IS COMMON SALT ADDED FOR REMOVAL OF ICE FROM ROADS IN EXTREME WINTERS ?
3.WHY DO PEOPLE TAKING EXCESSIVE SALTY FOOD SUFFER FROM EDEMA ?
VANT HOFF FACTOR - - THIS FACTOR WAS INTRODUCED BY
VAN’T HOFF TO ACCOUNT FOR THE EXTENT OF ASSOCIATION OR
DISSOCIATION WHEN A SOLUTE IS ADDED TO A SOLVENT
RELATION BETWEEN DEGREE OF DISSOCIATION AND VANT HOFF
FACTOR
 CHOOSE THE MOST APPROPRIATE ANSWER

1.Considering the formation, breaking and strength of hydrogen bond, predict which of the
following mixtures will show a positive deviation from Raoult’s law?
(i) Methanol and acetone. (ii) Chloroform and acetone.
(iii) HCl and water. (iv) Phenol and aniline

2. Which of the following aqueous solutions should have the highest boiling point?
(i) 1.0 M NaOH (ii) 1.0 M Na2SO4
(iii) 1.0 M NH4NO3 (iv) 1.0 M KNO3

3.In comparison to a 0.01 M solution of glucose, the depression in freezing point of a 0.01 M
MgCl2 solution is
(i) the same (ii) about twice (iii) about three times (iv) about six times

4.The values of Van’t Hoff factors for KCl, NaCl and K2SO4 , respectively, are
(ii) 2, 2 and 2 (ii) 2, 2 and 3 (iii) 1, 1 and 2 (iv) 1, 1 and 1

5. The value of Henry’s constant KH is

(iii)greater for gases with higher solubility. (ii) greater for gases with lower solubility.
(iii) constant for all gases. (iv) not related to the solubility of gases.
SOLVE THE FOLLOWING
.When 1.5 gm of a solute was added to 90gm of benzene , the boiling point of benzene rose
from 353.23 to 353.93. Find the molar mass of the solute. Kb of benzene is 2.56 K Kg /mol
When 2.56g of sulphur was dissolved in 100gm of CS2 ,the freezing point was lowered
b0.383K.find the formula of sulphur ( Sy) . Kf of CS2 is 3.83 K Kg /mol and atomic mass of
sulphur is 32gm/mol.
. A. Molar mass of proteins is usually found using osmotic
.
pressure method.
b. When HgI2 is added to KI ,the freezing point is raised.
SOLVE THE FOLLOWING
Qn - 2 gm of benzoic acid is dissolved in 25gm of benzene and shows
depression in f.p =1.62K. Cryoscopic constant for benzene is 4.9 K kg /mol.
What is the % of association of the acid if it dimerises in solution. Normal
molar mass of benzoic acid = 122gm/mol