Polytechnic University of the Philippines

College of Communication
Department of Communication Research
NDC Campus Anonas Street Sta. Mesa, Manila

A medium that connects the world: Communication Diversity of Telecommunications

Term Paper
on
Telecommunications

Alarcon, Ariza
BACR 1-1 2019-08075-MN-0
alarcon.ariza.m1@gmail.com
Cabonita, Joanne Marie
BACR 1-1 2019-09934-MN-0
cabonita.joannemarie1@gmail.com
Mantilla, Al Francis Deniel
BACR 1-1
mantilla.alfrancisdeniel1@gmail.com
Nolasco, Alexis Louise
BACR 1-1 2019-10851-MN-0
nolasco.alexislouise1@gmail.com
U’ren, Julie Andrew
BACR 1-12019-09322-MN-0
urenjulieandrew1@gmail.com

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

COMM 20023 Introduction to Communication and Media
First Semester AY 2019-2020

September 25, 2019

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A medium that connects the world: Communication Diversity of Telecommunications

1.0 Introduction

With the growth of the technology and innovation in todays society, many argued that the future

is at present and the success of these experiences is all thanks to the invention that changed the

world. From the emergence of scientific revolution that produces the understanding of the world

and the universe, to the cultivation of agriculture in the agricultural revolution that opens

economical growth in the plantation industry and the creation of steam engines that powered the

future in mechanics from the industrial evolution, all of them brought fortune onto days society

with its development, but the most powerful tool that was invented that created lines of

communication to people and merges nations to one another, is the creation of

telecommunications.

In basic terminologies, According to Rouse and Lazar (2015) ​Telecommunications, also known

as telecom, is the exchange of information over significant distances by electronic means and

refers to all types of voice, data and video transmission. This is a broad term that includes a wide

range of information transmitting technologies such as telephones , microwave communications,

fiber optics, satellites, radio and television broadcasting, the internet and telegraphs. It came

from the Greek Prefix ‘tele’, which means Distant, combined with the Latin word Communicare,

which means to share.

But in the aspect of understanding this innovation in the society, Telecommunications connected

people afar from each other, bringing information and datas to an extent convince. With its

invention, one can send their thoughts to one another in just a snap, a simple dial on the phone or
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a simple signal arrangement. In its earlier years, telecommunications was used in military for

surveillance purposes and also for good coordination with one another. It was still used to create

good coordination in today’s society but it also brought us entertainment, news, information and

knowledge that cannot be obtained without the power of telecommunication at a fast rate. It is

an information, innovation and development source super hi-way that connects individuals not

only for communication but for growth and knowledge seeking.

2.0 Origin and History of Telecommunication

2.1.1. Early Era.

Early telecommunications included smoke signals

and drums. Talking drums were used by natives in

Africa, New Guinea and South America, and smoke

signals in North America and China. Contrary to

what one might think, these systems were often

used to do more than merely announce the presence

of a camp.In 1792, a French engineer, Claude Chappe built the first visual telegraphy (or

semaphore) system between Lille and Paris. This was followed by a line from Strasbourg to

Paris. In 1794, a Swedish engineer, Abraham Edelcrantz built a quite different system from

Stockholm to Drottningholm. As opposed to Chappe's system which involved pulleys rotating

beams of wood, Edelcrantz's system relied only upon shutters and was therefore faster. However,

semaphore as a communication system suffered from the need for skilled operators and

expensive towers often at intervals of only ten to thirty kilometers (six to nineteen miles). As a

result, the last commercial line was abandoned in 1880.

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2.1.2. Telegraph System. Telecommunications began with the successful innovation of Samuel

Morse's telegraph system in 1844. For three

years, the U.S. Post Office ran the

pioneering Washington to Baltimore line.

By that time other private telegraph

companies had developed (the first

connected New York and Philadelphia) and were rapidly growing. Telegraph expansion

paralleled and aided the growth of the America’s network of railroads. The latter provided a

prepared right of way, while the former offered vital communication links for the often

single-track networks that moved people and goods. The first coast-to-coast telegraph line was

opened in 1862 (seven years before rail links extended that far) and immediately made money,

demonstrating the value of telecommunications over great distances.

2.1.3. Early Corporate Alliances. ​Western Union, the first telecommunications monopoly, was

formed as a regional alliance of several smaller firms in 1856 and rapidly expanded, often

following railway lines. Just a year later the six largest telegraph companies developed a cartel,

dividing up the country and business among themselves. The Civil War demonstrated the value

of telegraph links (the Union was far better equipped than the Confederacy) and drove up rates

and company profits. Western Union took over some 15,000 miles of government-built lines at

the end of the war and became by far the largest company in the field.

2.1.4. International Telegraph Systems. ​Telegraph systems initially served only land routes, as

it was presumed impossible to lay lines underwater. After experiments running insulated
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telegraph lines under lakes and across rivers, in 1858 an American-led consortium laid the first

cable connecting Britain and the United States, which eventually failed in few months. After a

failed attempt to lay a cable in 1865, success came in 1866; soon others were added. The Pacific

was not crossed until 1902 because of the great distances involved. Availability of global

telegraphy rapidly changed the face of business and government affairs. The ability to "instantly"

communicate had great positive impact on business and other human aspects of daily life.

2.1.5. Birth of Telephone. Success of telegraph industry and rising electrical manufacturing

businesses formed the context for the telephone. The

electric telephone was invented in the 1870s, based on

earlier work with harmonic (multi-signal) telegraphs. The

first commercial telephone services were set up in 1878 and

1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New

Haven and London. The first telephone switchboard was

placed in service in New Haven, Connecticut, in early

1878, and demonstrated its greater efficiency over individual lines between each customer. The

first use of telephone numbers and directories of telephone users appeared about the same time.

Telephone exchanges (using many switchboards) appeared about two decades later.

Telephone was largely the creation of Alexander Graham Bell, who received his first patent in

March 1876. Early development of the telephone was fraught with technical and financial

problems. Alexander Graham Bell held the master patent for the telephone that was needed for

such services in both countries. The technology grew quickly from this point, with inter-city
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lines being built and telephone exchanges in every major city of the United States by the

mid-1880s.

Restricted by crude technology to providing local service (initial iron wires rarely extended 100

miles), telephone service developed slowly before the Bell patents expired in 1893. Initial Bell

business strategy focused on licensing use of its patents and selling equipment to companies

building systems in cities and towns, largely to serve business and the wealthy.

2.1.6. Mechanically Automated Telephone. A Kansas City undertaker, concerned that

telephone operators were sending business to his competitors, developed the first mechanically

automated telephone switch in 1891. The first automated switches began to appear around the

turn of the century in major cities—and would be used in smaller communities for decades.

Copper telephone lines were placed in use between Boston and New York, extending telephone

service to 300 miles. Around 1893, the country leading the world in telephones per 100 persons

(teledensity) was Sweden with 0.55 in the whole country but 4 in Stockholm (10,000 out of a

total of 27,658 subscribers). This compares with 0.4 in USA for that year. Telephone service in

Sweden developed through a variety of institutional forms: the International Bell Telephone

Company (a U.S. multinational), town and village co-operatives, the General Telephone

Company of Stockholm (a Swedish private company), and the Swedish Telegraph Department

(part of the Swedish government). Since Stockholm consists of islands, telephone service offered

relatively large advantages, but had to use submarine cables extensively. Competition between

Bell Telephone and General Telephone, and later between General Telephone and the Swedish

Telegraph Dept., was intense.

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In 1893, the U.S. was considerably behind Sweden, New Zealand, Switzerland, and Norway in

teledensity. The U.S. rose to world leadership in teledensity with the rise of many independent

telephone companies after the Bell patents expired in 1893 and 1894.

2.1.7. Satellite Communications. ​Development of satellite communication was first hinted at in

a 1945 article by Arthur C. Clarke in which he postulated a

geostationary orbit 22,300 miles high that would keep a

satellite above the same part of Earth. Pushed by the cold

war missile race, the world's first artificial satellite came just

12 years later as the Soviet Union launched Sputnik into a low Earth orbit in October 1957. Early

military satellite communications followed the same low-orbit path until the first commercial

geostationary satellites appeared in the 1970s.

2.1.8. Mobile Phones. The history of mobile phones can be

traced back to two-way radios permanently installed in vehicles

such as taxicabs, police cruisers, railroad trains, and the like.

Later versions such as the so-called transportable or "bag

phones" were equipped with a cigarette lighter plug so that they

could also be carried, and thus could be used as either mobile

two-way radios or as portable phones by being patched into the telephone network.

Bell Labs developed the notion of "cellular" systems allowing for frequency reuse (and thus far

greater capacity) and developed it through the 1970s. On April 3, 1973 Motorola manager Martin

Cooper placed a cellular phone call (in front of reporters) to Dr. Joel S. Engel, head of research
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at AT&T's Bell Labs. This began the era of the handheld cellular mobile phone. Meanwhile the

1956 inauguration of the TAT-1 cable and later international direct dialing were important steps

in knitting together the various continental telephone networks into a global network. The FCC

approved operation of an analog cellular mobile telephone system in 1982, sparking a new

growth sector.

2.1.9. Cable Television Companies. ​Cable television companies began to use their

fast-developing cable networks, with ducting under the streets of the United Kingdom, in the late

1980s, to provide telephony services in association with major telephone companies. One of the

early cable operators in the UK, Cable London, connected its first cable telephone customers in

about 1990.

2.1.10. Digital Technology. Digital technology first appeared in American telecommunications

with AT&T's introduction of its T1 Carrier System in 1962. A T1 line offered far more capacity

and a cleaner (less noisy) signal. Soon digital telephone switches appeared, allowing for a more

flexible network design and operation. But the most sweeping change came with the installation

of fiber-optic cables to carry voice, data, and video signals. The huge carrying capacity of

fiber—constantly rose with further technical improvements— finally placed telecommunication

networks well ahead of projected growth (and planted the seeds for disaster in the early 2000s).

2.1.11. The Internet. ​On September 11, 1940, George

Stibitz was able to transmit problems using teletype to his

Complex Number Calculator in New York and receive the

computed results back at Dartmouth College in New

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Hampshire. This configuration of a centralized computer or mainframe with remote dumb

terminals remained popular throughout the 1950s. However, it was not until the 1960s that

researchers started to investigate packet switching — a technology that would allow chunks of

data to be sent to different computers without first passing through a centralized mainframe. A

four-node network emerged on December 5, 1969 between the University of California, Los

Angeles, the Stanford Research Institute, the University of Utah and the University of California,

Santa Barbara. This network would become ARPANET, which by 1981 would consist of 213

nodes. In June 1973, the first non-US node was added to the network belonging to Norway's

NORSAR project. This was shortly followed by a node in London.

Two popular link protocols for local area networks (LANs) also appeared in the 1970s. Internet

access became widespread late in the century, using the old telephone and television networks.

The Internet, based on government networks dating back to 1969, became a widely used public

network in 1995. Development of the World Wide Web and the graphic user interface making it

possible opened up a wealth of expanding information resources and growing public acceptance.

By the early 2000s, more than half of American households were connected to the Internet, a

slowly growing number of them linked by broadband connections. Projections of Internet growth

sparked bullish plans for the underlying telecommunication services and manufacturing that

made the Web possible. Many of those projections were wide of the reality.

2.1.12. Internet Protocol (IP) Telephony. Internet Protocol (IP) telephony (also known as

'Internet telephony') is a service based on the Voice over IP communication protocol (VoIP), a

disruptive technology that is rapidly gaining ground against traditional telephone network
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technologies. In Japan and South Korea up to 10% of subscribers switched to this type of

telephone service as of January 2005.

IP telephony uses a broadband Internet connection to transmit conversations as data packets. In

addition to replacing the traditional Plain Old Telephone Service POTS system, IP telephony is

also competing with mobile phone networks by offering free or lower cost connections via WiFi

hotspots. VoIP is also used on private wireless networks which may or may not have a

connection to the outside telephone network.

2.2.HISTORY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES

According to Salazar (2007) in her book “​Telecommunications Liberalisation in Malaysia

and the Philippines.​ ” ​that was created to evaluate and compile the history of telecommunication

in Asia: Two private companies offered telecom services namely Eastern Extension Australasia

and China Telegraph Company which is a subsidiary of Britain's Cable and Wireless. The

Spanish authorizes Eastern Extension to construct and operate the first submarine cable linking

the Philippines and Hong Kong.

2.2.1. The Philippine Islands Telephone and Telegraph

Company is American-owned which started operations in

1905 in Metro Manila. In 1928, merged with Cebu, Panay,

and Negros Telephone and Telegraph companies to form the

Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT). In

1932, the colonial Philippines congress granted PLDT a 50-year franchise to operate a national

telephone system.
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2.2.2. Initially, PLDT was managed by Americans, including the American company General

Telephone and Electric Corporation (GTE) as a major stockholder. However, in March 1967,

GTE disposed of their 28% controlling interest in PLDT. Which is why in November 7, 1967,

the Philippines Telecommunications Investment Corporation (PTIC) was registered to buy

GTE's controlling interest. Ramon Cojuangco, who was part of one of the most influential clans

in Philippine history, was a main incorporator. PTIC formally took control of PLDT on January

1, 1968. This led to the takeover of PLDT by the Filipinos, becoming a dominant player in

telecommunications because of its authorization to operate a national network.

● Eastern Extension, a franchise was transferred to the Eastern Telecommunication

Philippine Incorporated (ETPI) in 1974. Eventually, they restructured its ownership, with

60% now owned by Filipino businessmen.

● Globe Mackay Cable and Radio Corporation (GMCR) was established in 1928 which is

owned by the Ayala family, which is one of the oldest and most established elite families

in the country.

● Capitol Wireless Inc (Capwire), established in 1962, which is owned by the Santiago

family which is also the group which owned Retelco, then-second largest telephone

company.

● Philippine Global Communications (Philcom) was established in 1977. During the term

of Ferdinand Marcos, he gave Philcom exclusive rights to handle calls to Japan,

Australia, Korea, Guam, and Thailand.

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In 1976, the Philippine Association of Private Telephone Companies was organized to protect

the interest of small telephone companies. By 1975, around 60 small telephone companies

provided 11.7% of the total telephone capacity at the time. These small companies were

dependent on PLDT to place inter-provincial and overseas calls, in which PLDT used this

interconnection to their advantage.

2.2.3. Martial Law Development. Marcos' Presidential Decree 217 in 1973 mandated all PLDT

subscribers to invest in PLDT to raise its equity and finance its expansion program. This law,

known as the Subscribers Investment Plan (SIP) required all PLDT subscribers to buy nonvoting

shares in the company. Mandatory investors held about 85 % of the total company equity shares

but had no actual power in controlling the company.

2.2.4.Developments under Aquino. The Aquino government's policy was two-pronged: it was to

increase public spending in underserved or unserved municipalities, and allow entry of new

players. In 1987, the DOTC adopted a series of policies aimed at rationalizing the development

of the industry. This led to the reversal of Marcos' push towards the integration of the

telecommunications system under a monopoly. It also affirmed that development of the national

telcos needs an introduction of competition and regulated entry into the market. During the end

of Cory’s therm however, telecommunications was poor but PLDT prevailed with their tactics in

maintaining their monopoly.

2.2.5. Liberalization Under the Ramos administration, a coalition named the Movement for

Reliable and Efficient Phone System (MORE Phones) was formed with the goal of liberalizing
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the telecommunications industry. Until the mid-1990s, MORE Phones continued to pressure

PLDT to be more transparent and accountable.

2.2.6. In 1994, the NTC and several other industry players devised the Service Area Scheme

(SAS) This scheme was in response to imbalanced demand of telecom companies in urban areas

over rural areas.The SAS attempted to allow companies to earn profits but also ensure that part

of those profits would be channeled to serve less profitable areas. Companies were allocated both

profitable and unprofitable areas to ensure operational viability and the provision of rural

telephony.

2.2.7.New Players

Globe Telecom (Globe) was a joint venture

between Ayala Corporation and Singapore

Telecommunications Limited (SingTel). Globe

was the first foreign company to be granted entry

into the Philippine’s liberalized market. In 1994, Globe launched its digital cellular services,

pioneering the use of Global System for Mobile Communications Technology (GSM). In fact,

Globe popularized the short messaging service (SMS) through adding it for free with their basic

services.

Smart Communications (Smart) was the first company to

enter the liberalized market as specified by Tiglao, R.

2016.. In September 1999, PLDT purchased Smart

Communications absorbing it as a 100percent owned

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subsidiary. Smart was financially supported by First Pacific. This partnership resulted in a rapid

construction of Smart’s network and more importantly, the subsidization of handsets. Smart was

also authorized to offer both international gateway and cellular telephone services. At the end of

2005, Smart became the largest cellular operator in the Philippines with over 15.4 million

subscribers.

3.0 A​udience

● For friends and family to keep in touch

● Businesses to meet a bigger part of their communication and security needs.

● Entry of different technology equipment manufacturers.

● Service providers into the industry.

● Sub-sectors including network security providers,

● Network operators

● Telecom infrastructure

● Billing companies

● Enterprise communication, and

● Telecom software. - Sub-sectors like handset manufacturers,

● Telecom equipment manufacturers, and

● Value Added Service providers.

4.0 ​Current Developments ​in Telecommunication

Recently, there are many changes occurring in the telecom industry which can easily be

attributed to the advancement in technology. High rates of growth are being forecasted for this
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fastest growing market. Telecom companies and virtually all businesses that access telecom

networks will feel both the immediate as well as far-reaching impacts because of these major

trends that are currently being circulated in the telecom sector.

According to Chawla (2018), Telecommunication will continue to prosper due to the

advancement of the society are experiencing in the emergence of technology. She especified 5

things that the innovation of telecommunications will develop for the next few years,

Platform-based devices, emergence of new content providers, 5G technology, cloud computing,

advancements in security and growth of data centers for sufficient telcom service.

The Internet of Things

The Internet of Things or IoT is the

collection of smart devices that talk to

each other (and to us) through wireless

technology. IoT is going to be our future

ecosystem which will connect everything

we have from our home to work to our car to even the heart monitors.

Since IoT is a new territory for telecommunication companies and mobile operators, it can prove

to be a challenge as well as an opportunity for customers who depend heavily on

telecommunication companies for reliable and high-speed internet connection.

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Apart from providing services and investing on valuable user data from IoT devices, telecom

companies will invest more in building infrastructure committed to providing 5G and secure

carrier-grade WIFI networks along with transferring a large amount of data securely.

Platform-based Services

Another big trend of this year which got everybody into talking is the rise of platform-based

services. Since one of the challenges, today faced by the telecom industry is that of stagnating

revenues, more and more operators are shifting from connectivity providers to platform

providers in order to generate greater value.

5G Wireless

Due to the ever-growing demand for faster internet, every

major telecommunication company is competing hard

among themselves to win the race for dominance over the

5G network which is probably one of the hottest telecom

trends of this year.

5G is not only important because of its lead role in next-generation IoT and M2M applications

such as augmented/virtual reality and autonomous vehicles but also because it is essential to

meet the ever-increasing demand for higher data rates and capacity.
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We will also witness a significant increase in the number of research connected to 5G networks

along with lots of advancements from other industries such as agribusiness, energy, and

transportation etc. in the development of 5G networks.

Content is (always) King

Internet TV is another hot trend of this year which is made possible due to the rise of content

along with streaming services such as Netflix, Amazon Prime, and Google YouTube premium.

Because of this, telecom operators are on the lookout for new business models that are based on

content along with heavy investments in software and platform development and merging with

content providers.

Cloud Computing

Clouds are basically remote servers that host data

storage and applications, Cloud Computing saves the

expenditure on IT assets as these files can be

accessed by users on a pay-as-you-go basis from

literally anywhere across the globe.

Telecommunication sector is keenly interested (and

therefore have heavily invested) in this technology due to its efficiency, convenience and

pay-per-use models from geographically independent third-party suppliers.

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Cloud services have enabled telecom industry that offer call center services to deliver cloud

capabilities, manage connectivity and leverage network assets in order to enhance computing

capacity, cloud offerings, and deliver-on-demand applications.

Network Security

Last year was full of news about data breaches in some high-end companies which have

prompted network providers to come up with more robust protection techniques rather than data

being simply transported through traditional means.

Focus on network security this year will be more important for telecom industry than ever

before, which will be processed through the shift in encrypted data from a niche play to more

pervasive technology.

Data Centers

Till now, the telecom sector has used data centers to

organise, process, store and disseminate large amounts

of data, application, and services in a facility composed

of networked computers and storage. As the telecom

industry will continue to integrate cloud computing into its IT operations, besides managing

increased data, more and more focus will shift toward improving the current underlying

infrastructure,
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The demand for smart data center solutions will continue to grow in the upcoming years and as a

result, telecom operators providing BPO services India and other such developing countries will

be pressurized to deliver faster data along with more flexibility than ever before.

In today’s increasingly connected ecosystem of digital products and services, mobile phones

remain the central point and telecommunications, the keystone sector of connected networks

such as IoT, personal connectivity, smart cities etc. and traditional telecommunication values and

related assets, this year, will give rise to rapidly changing technologies, customer preferences and

proposed regulations.

Current Developments of Telecommunications

On the book Telecommunications Essentials: The Complete Global Source for Communications

Fundamentals, Data Networking and the Internet, and Next-Generation Networks of Lilian

Golenski (2001) she elaborated the emerging growth of innovation with the booming

telecommunication industry these are:

1. Incorporating Human Senses in Telecommunications

a. Computers are now capable of hearing and speaking

b. The capability to produce three-dimensional sound through digital mastery

c. Virtual touch, or haptics, enables a user to reach in and physically interact with simulated

computer content.

d. The seduction of smell is also beginning to find its way

into computers.
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e. The visual information stream provides the most rapid infusion of information, and a

large portion of the human brain is devoted to processing visual information.

2. The Emergence of Wearables

Portable computing devices have changed our notion of

what and where a workplace is and emphasized our desire

for mobility and wireless communication.

3. Moving Toward Pervasive Computing

Devices are becoming smaller and more powerful all the time, and they're getting physically

closer to our bodies, as well. The growing amount of intelligence distributed throughout the

network is causing changes in user profiles.

4. Moving Toward Machine-to-Machine Communications

We are moving away from human-to-human communications to an era of machine-to-machine

communications. Today, there are just over 6 billion human beings on the planet, yet the number

of microprocessors is reported to be more than 15 billion. Devices have become increasingly

intelligent, and one characteristic of an intelligent system is that it can communicate.

5. Adapting to New Traffic Patterns

Sharing of information can occur in a number of ways—via smoke signals, by letters sent

through the postal service, or as transmissions through electrical or optical media, for example.

(Voice, Data, Image, Video)

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6. Handling New Types of Applications

The new traffic patterns imply that the network will also be host to a new set of

applications—not just simple voice or text-based data, but to new genres of applications that

combine the various media types.

7. Responding to Political and Regulatory Forces

New developments always bring with them politics. A prominent characteristic of the

telecommunications sector is the extent to which it is influenced by government policy and

regulation. The forces these exert on the sector are inextricably tied to technological and market

forces.

5. Prospects of the Medium

According to an excerpt of Brown, E. : “Ever since it emerged, the telecommunication trends

have been proved to be growing and it will continue to grow further in the future.”. On his

meeting on the Malacanang Palace in 2017 according to Ranada, Pia (2017) on her report in

Rappler: President Duterte highlighted the need for better telecom services in 2016 and

mentioned that he would like a third telecom carrier to operate in the country. The president

blamed the duopoly for the country’s poor telecom services, and slow internet speed.

Globe has announced US$ 1.2 billion Capital Expenditure in 2019, while PLDT will invest US$

1.5 billiom. MISLATEL is expected to invest US$800 million in the next five years as part of its

commitment as the new major telecommunications player.

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Apart from MISLATEL, companies like

coverage ICT services, NOW corporation and

PT and T are investing in telecom

infrastructure. Converge ICT has announced a US$ 1.5 Billion, five-year expansion of its fixed

broadband capabilities. Converge has committed to lay its own Fiber Optic network and

domestic sub-sea cable. PT and T plans to upgrade its core network, expands its fiber footprint,

and build cyber security, IOT and Smart City opportunities.

PLDT and Globe have announced 5G partnerships; Globe with Huawei and PLDT with Nokia

for 5G in Universities, and with CHISCO “helps transform its fiber transport network into a fully

automated, software-defined 5G ready IP transport network over the next three years.”
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References

Chawla, A. (2018). MYSTORY: “Latest Trends in Telecommunication Industry” Retrieved from

https://yourstory.com/mystory/d9f0150ca5-latest-trends-in-the-t?fbclid=IwAR34QPABAE4ac8
DnZwYfanjJ6nhEVIUGtrqR6jXh__Za7cYqTIqsFJxFnww

CNN Philippines (2019). “PH takes top spot as heaviest internet users worldwide — report”
Retrieved from
https://cnnphilippines.com/lifestyle/2019/02/01/2019-digital-hootsuite-we-are-social-internet-phi
lippines-facebook.html

Golenski, L. (2001) ​Telecommunications Essentials: The Complete Global Source for

Communications Fundamentals, Data Networking and the Internet, and Next-Generation
Networks

Lazar, I. (2019). “telecommunications (telecom)” Retrieved from

https://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/telecommunications-telecom
News, ABS-CBN. "OFWs use Internet, not landlines, to keep intouch". ABS-CBN News.
Retrieved 2019-08-16.

Ranada, Pia (2017) “​Duterte wants Chinese company to be 3rd PH telecom player”
retrived from https://​www.rappler.com/nation/188979-duterte-chinese-company-3rd-ph-telco

Richman, J. (2017). “Philippines: A Digital Lifestyle Capital in the Making?” Retrieved from
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/philippines-a-digital-lif_b_7199924

Salazar, L. (2007). “Getting a Dial Tone: Telecommunications Liberalization in Malaysia and

the Philippines”. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

Smart (2019) “PLDT, Cisco team up for 5G-ready IP transport network” retrived from
https://smart.com.ph/About/newsroom/press-releases/2019/04/12/pldt-cisco-team-up-for-5g-read
y-ip-transport-network
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TechnoFunc (2012). “History of Telecommunications Industry” Retrieved from

http://www.technofunc.com/index.php/domain-knowledge/telecom-industry/item/history-of-tele
communications-industry

Tiglao, R. (2016). “Colossal deception: how foreigners control our telecoms sector: a case study
of corruption, cronyism and regulatory capture in the Philippines”, p. 9, Strong Republic Books
and The Manila Times Publishing Corp.