Ansoft HFSS - 3D Boundary Manager Topics: Boundaries

Topics: Ansoft HFSS — 3D Boundary Manager
Boundaries Boundaries
Perfect E
Perfect H/Natural You may choose from the following boundary types:
Finite Conductivity
Impedance
• Perfect E
Layered Impedance
• Perfect H/Natural
Lumped RLC • Finite Conductivity
Radiation • Impedance
Symmetry Planes • Layered Impedance
Matching Boundaries • Lumped RLC
Infinite Ground Planes • Radiation (for Driven Solutions only)
• Symmetry
• Master
• Slave
You may also choose to designate a perfect E, finite conductivity, or impedance boundary
as an infinite ground plane if you want the surface to represent an electrically large
ground plane when the radiated fields are calculated during post processing.
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Index
Maxwell Online Help System 288 Copyright © 1996-2002 Ansoft Corporation
Boundaries Perfect E
Perfect E
Perfect H/Natural By default, the electric field is assumed to be normal to all surfaces exposed to the back-
Finite Conductivity ground, representing the case in which the entire structure is surrounded by perfectly con-
Impedance ducting walls. This is referred to as a perfect E boundary. The final field solution must
Layered Impedance match the case in which the tangential component of the electric field goes to zero at per-
Lumped RLC fect E boundaries.
Radiation
It is also possible to assign perfect E boundaries to surfaces within a structure. Using per-
Symmetry Planes
fect E boundaries in this way allows users to model perfectly conducting surfaces. The
Matching Boundaries
surfaces of all objects that have been defined to be perfectly conducting materials are
Infinite Ground Planes
automatically assigned to be perfect E boundaries.
> To create a perfect E boundary:
1. For the selected surface or 2D object, select Perfect E as the boundary type.
2. Select the Infinite ground plane check box if you want the surface to represent an
electrically large ground plane when the radiated fields are calculated during post
processing.
3. Choose Assign.
Perfect H/Natural
The perfect H boundary forces the tangential component of the H-field to be the same on
both sides of the boundary. For internal planes, this results in a natural boundary through
which the field propagates. For planes on the outer surface of the model, this results in a
boundary that simulates a perfect magnetic conductor (the tangential component of the H-
field is zero).
> To create a perfect H/natural boundary:
1. For the selected surface or 2D object, select Perfect H/Natural as the boundary
type.
Go Back 2. Choose Assign.
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Boundaries Finite Conductivity
Perfect E
Perfect H/Natural Finite conductivity boundaries can be assigned to surfaces that represent imperfect con-
Finite Conductivity ductors. At such boundaries, the following condition holds:
Impedance E tan = Z ( n̂ × H tan )
Layered Impedance
Lumped RLC where
Radiation
Symmetry Planes • Etan is the component of the E-field that is tangential to the surface.
Matching Boundaries • Htan is the component of the H-field that is tangential to the surface.
Infinite Ground Planes • Zs is the surface impedance of the boundary, ( 1 + j ) ⁄ ( δσ ) , where
• δ is the skin depth, 2 ⁄ ( ωσµ ) , of the conductor being modeled.
• ω is the frequency of the excitation wave.
• σ is the conductivity of the conductor.
• µ is the permeability of the conductor.
The fact that the E-field has a tangential component at the surface of imperfect conduc-
tors simulates the case in which the surface is lossy.
The surfaces of any objects defined to be non-perfect conductors are automatically set to
finite conductivity boundaries. Note that the system does not attempt to compute the field
inside these objects; the finite conductivity boundary approximates the behavior of the
field at the surfaces of the objects.
Note: The finite conductivity boundary condition is valid only if the conductor being
modeled is a good conductor, i.e., if the conductor’s thickness is much larger
than the skin depth in the given frequency range. If the conductor's thickness
is in the range or larger than the skin depth in the given frequency range,
More Ansoft HFSS’s layered impedance boundary condition must be used. In
addition, for internal conductors, one size of the conductor (except its thick-
ness) should be much smaller than the wavelength.
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Boundaries > To create a finite conductivity boundary:
Perfect E 1. For the selected surface, select Finite conductivity as the boundary type.
Perfect H/Natural 2. Enter the conductivity in inverse ohm-meters.
Finite Conductivity 3. Enter the permeability.
Impedance 4. Select the Infinite ground plane check box if you want the surface to represent an
Layered Impedance electrically large ground plane when the radiated fields are calculated during post
Lumped RLC processing. Note that the effect of the finite conductivity boundary will be
Radiation incorporated into the field solution in the usual manner, but the radiated fields will
Symmetry Planes be computed as if the lossy ground plane is perfectly conducting.
Matching Boundaries 5. Choose Assign.
Slave
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Index
Boundaries Impedance
Perfect E
Perfect H/Natural To model a surface as a resistive surface, define it as an impedance boundary. The
Finite Conductivity behavior of the field at the surface and the losses generated by the currents flowing inside
Impedance the resistor are computed using analytical formulas; the system does not actually simu-
Square late any fields inside the resistor.
Layered Impedance
Similar to finite conductivity boundaries, the following condition holds at impedance
Lumped RLC
boundaries:
Radiation
Symmetry Planes E tan = Z s ( n̂ × H tan )
Matching Boundaries
Slave where
Infinite Ground Planes • n̂ is the is the unit vector that is normal to the surface.
• Etan is the component of the E-field that is tangential to the surface.
• Htan is the component of the H-field that is tangential to the surface.
• Zs is the surface impedance of the boundary, Rs + jXs, where
• Rs is the resistance in ohms/square.
• Xs is the reactance in ohms/square.
For example, assume that a structure contains two dielectrics separated by a thin-film
resistor. This resistor could be represented by an impedance boundary at the surface
between the two objects.
Note: If you choose the Solve Surface option for an object in the Material Setup
window, the software assumes that the object has characteristics associated
with a resistor. The object’s surfaces are automatically assigned an imped-
ance boundary.
More
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Boundaries > To create an impedance boundary:
Perfect E 1. For the selected surface or 2D object, select Impedance as the boundary type.
Perfect H/Natural 2. Enter the reactance in ohms/square.
Finite Conductivity 3. Enter the resistance in ohms/square.
Impedance 4. Select the Infinite ground plane check box if you want the surface to represent an
Square electrically large ground plane when the radiated fields are calculated during post
Layered Impedance processing. Note that the effect of the impedance boundary will be incorporated
Lumped RLC into the field solution in the usual manner, but the radiated fields will be computed
Radiation as if the lossy ground plane is perfectly conducting.
Symmetry Planes 5. Choose Assign.
Matching Boundaries Square
Slave
Infinite Ground Planes Impedance on the surface of objects, Zs, has units of ohms per square. The units ohms
per square indicate that the impedance, Zs, is equal to the equivalent circuit impedance,
Z, measured between the edges of a square sheet of the material.
For example, a rectangle of length L and width w has a uniform current, I, applied to it. It
has a voltage drop, V, across it and an equivalent circuit impedance of Z ohms.
L
y
I Z I
w
+ x
V -
If the current density, J, is uniform over the rectangle then the equation n̂ × E = Z s n̂ × J
becomes
E = Zs J (1)
where
More
• E = E on the rectangle, and
Go Back • J = J on the rectangle.
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Boundaries The circuit quantities and fields are related as follows:
L
Perfect E
Perfect H/Natural V = ∫ E ⋅ dL = EL
Finite Conductivity x=0
Impedance w
Square
Layered Impedance
I = ∫ J ⋅ x̂ dy = Jw
Lumped RLC y=0
Radiation Z = V--- = EL
------- (2)
Symmetry Planes I Jw
Matching Boundaries Substituting equation (1) into equation (2) results in the following equation:
Infinite Ground Planes L
Z = Z s ----
w
Thus, when L= w the equivalent circuit impedance is equal to the impedance on one
square. Hence the units ohms per square.
If in this example, L = 2w, the impedance would be equal to one-half of the circuit equiva-
lent impedance for the rectangle or the circuit equivalent impedance of one “square” of
the rectangle is equal to the impedance of that square. Therefore, when entering the sur-
face impedance for an object, you must enter the impedance per square.
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Boundaries Layered Impedance
Perfect E
Perfect H/Natural To model multiple layers in a structure as one impedance surface, define a layered
Finite Conductivity impedance boundary. The effect is the same as an impedance boundary condition,
Impedance except that Ansoft HFSS calculates the reactance and resistance values for the surface
Layered Impedance based on data you enter for the layered structure. Surface roughness is also taken into
Impedance Calculation for account.
Layered Impedance
The reactance and resistance values are calculated differently for internal and external
Boundary
layered impedance boundaries. For external layered impedance boundaries, Ansoft
Surface Roughness
HFSS calculates the impedance for the side of the surface in contact with the computa-
Lumped RLC
tional domain and assigns this value to the boundary. For internal layered impedance
Radiation
boundaries, Ansoft HFSS calculates the average impedance value for the two sides of the
Symmetry Planes
surface in contact with the computational domain and assigns this value to the boundary.
Matching Boundaries
Infinite Ground Planes The layered impedance boundary is supported for single-frequency solutions.
> To create a layered impedance boundary:
1. Select an existing impedance boundary from the boundary list.
• If you have not already done so, assign an impedance boundary to the desired
surface. Enter arbitrary values in the reactance and resistance fields; Ansoft
HFSS will calculate a new impedance value for the layered impedance boundary.
2. Choose Layered Impedance/Calculate from the menu bar. The Frequency and
Layer Number window appears.
3. Enter general data for the layered structure.
a. Enter the Frequency at which the solution is being solved.
b. Enter the Number of layers in the structure.
c. Select Internal if the layered structure is within the 3D model.
More d. Enter the Surface roughness for the layered structure. If the layered structure
is internal, enter the average surface roughness for the two outermost sides of
the structure.
Go Back e. Choose OK. The Layer Data window appears.
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Boundaries 4. Enter the following data for each layer in the structure:
Perfect E • thickness
Perfect H/Natural • relative permeability in the epsr field
Finite Conductivity • relative permittivity in the mur field
Impedance • conductivity in the sigma field
Layered Impedance • electric loss tangent in the tande field
Impedance Calculation for • magnetic loss tangent in the tandm field
Layered Impedance 5. Choose OK. The data input window for the next layer will appear.
Boundary • For the final, outermost layer of an external surface, specify whether the layer is an
Surface Roughness Infinite, PEC, or PMC layer.
Lumped RLC
Radiation
• You will not enter a thickness for the outermost layer of an external surface; it
must be infinite and therefore has no thickness.
Symmetry Planes
6. Choose OK. The Ansoft HFSS-calculated reactance and resistance values
Matching Boundaries
appear. See below for more information on this calculation.
7. Choose Assign. The boundary selected in step 1 is replaced with a layered
impedance boundary.
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Boundaries Impedance Calculation for Layered Impedance Boundary
Perfect E
Perfect H/Natural The impedance of the layered structure is calculated by recursively calling the impedance
Finite Conductivity calculation formulation known from transmission line theory:
Impedance Z inputK + 1 ch ( γ k d k ) + Z wk sh ( γ k d k )
Layered Impedance Z inputK = Z wk ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Z inputK + 1 sh ( γ k d k ) + Z wk ch ( γ k d k )
Impedance Calculation
for Layered Impedance where
Boundary
Surface Roughness • Z inputK is the input impedance for the Kth layer.
Lumped RLC µ 0 µ rk
Radiation • Z wk = ---------------
-
ε 0 µε rk
Symmetry Planes
Matching Boundaries • ch is the Hyperbolicus cosine function.
Infinite Ground Planes • sh is the Hyperbolicus sine function.
• γ k = k 0 – ε rk µ rk
where
• γ is the propagation coefficient.
• k0 is the free space wave number, ω µ0 ε0 , where ω is the angular frequency, 2πf.
• εrk is the relative complex permittivity of the Kth layer.
• µrk is the relative complex permeability of the Kth layer.
where
• εrk = epsrk –j  sigma
--------------- + epsr ⋅ tan de

ωε 0
• µ rk = mur k – j ( mur k ⋅ tan dm k )
• dk is the thickness of the Kth layer.
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Boundaries Surface Roughness
Perfect E
Perfect H/Natural The surface roughness is measured as the RMS deviation of the conductor surface from
Finite Conductivity a plane. Surface roughness increases conduction losses. Ansoft HFSS calculates surface
Impedance roughness by modifying the conductivity as follows:
σ
Layered Impedance σ c = --------
Impedance Calculation for 2
K
Layered Impedance w
Boundary
where
Surface Roughness
Lumped RLC • σ is the material’s conductivity.
Radiation
s- 1.6
Symmetry Planes • K w = 1 + exp  – -----
Matching Boundaries 2h
Infinite Ground Planes where
• h is the surface roughness.
• s is the skin depth.
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Boundaries Lumped RLC
Perfect E
Perfect H/Natural To model any combination of lumped resistor, inductor, and/or capacitor in parallel on a
Finite Conductivity surface, create a lumped RLC boundary. A lumped RLC boundary represents R, L, and C
Impedance in parallel:
Layered Impedance
Lumped RLC
Radiation
Symmetry Planes
Matching Boundaries
Similar to impedance boundaries, the following condition holds at lumped RLC bound-
aries:
E tan = Z s ( n̂ × H tan )
where
• n̂ is the is the unit vector that is normal to the surface.
• Htan is the component of the H-field that is tangential to the surface.
• Zs is the surface impedance of the boundary, Rs + jXs, where
• Rs is the resistance in ohms/square.
More
• Xs is the reactance in ohms/square.
Unlike impedance boundaries, you are not required to supply the impedance per square,
but you must supply the actual values for R, L, and C. The software then determines the
Go Back impedance per square of the lumped RLC boundary at any frequency. A fast frequency
sweep is supported for this boundary condition.
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Boundaries > To create a lumped RLC boundary:
Perfect E 1. Select Lumped RLC as the boundary type. The following fields appear:
Perfect H/Natural
Finite Conductivity
Impedance
Layered Impedance
Lumped RLC
Radiation
Symmetry Planes
Matching Boundaries
2. Do the following:
• If a resistor is present, select Resistance and enter the resistance value in ohms.
• If an inductor is present, select Inductance and enter the inductance value in
henries.
• If a capacitor is present, select Capacitance and enter the capacitance value.
If an element type is not present, do not select it.
3. Enter the vector and vector length for the Current Flow Line, which represent the
start and end points of the circuit element as it was measured.
4. Optionally, once the line has been defined, you can edit it as follows:
a. Choose Edit Line/Set. The cursor changes to an XYZ arrow.
b. Double-click on the initial point of the line.
c. Double-click on the end point of the line.
5. Optionally, once the line has been defined, choose Edit Line/Swap Points to
switch the start and end points of the line.
6. Choose Assign.
Other circuit types can be modeled by varying the combination of circuit element types.
For example, a lumped RLC serial circuit connection can be modeled with three sequen-
tial circuit elements; one element surface with only resistance present, one element sur-
Go Back face with only inductance present, and one element surface with only capacitance
present.
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Boundaries Radiation
Perfect E
Perfect H/Natural Driven Solutions only.
Finite Conductivity
To simulate open problems that allow waves to radiate infinitely far into space (such as
Impedance
antenna models), you can define surfaces to be radiation boundaries. The system
Layered Impedance
absorbs the wave at the radiation boundary, essentially ballooning the boundary infinitely
Lumped RLC
far away from the structure.
Radiation
Symmetry Planes Radiation boundaries model surfaces that represent open space. Energy is allowed to
Matching Boundaries radiate from these boundaries instead of being contained within them. At these surfaces,
Infinite Ground Planes the second-order radiation boundary condition is employed:
j j ∇ (∇
( ∇×E ) tan = jk 0 E tan – ----- ∇ tan × ( ∇ tan × E tan ) + ----- • E tan )
k0 k 0 tan tan
where
• k0 is the free space phase constant, ω µ 0 ε 0 .
• j is equal to – 1 .
The second-order radiation boundary condition is an approximation of free space. The
accuracy of the approximation depends on the distance between the boundary and the
object from which the radiation emanates.
A radiation surface does not have to be spherical. However, it must be exposed to the
background, convex with regard to the radiation source, and located at least one-quarter
of a wavelength away from the radiating sources. In some cases the radiation boundary
may be located closer than one-quarter wavelength. Portions of the radiation boundary
where little radiated energy is expected can be located closer than one-quarter wave-
length.
Go Back Note: Do not define a surface that cuts through an object to be a radiation bound-
ary. Do not define the interface of two internal objects to be a radiation
boundary.
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Boundaries Symmetry Planes
Perfect E
Perfect H/Natural The solution method used by Ansoft HFSS is memory intensive. Anything that can be
Finite Conductivity done to reduce the size or complexity of the problems helps speed up the solution time. In
Impedance structures that have an electromagnetic plane of symmetry, model only part of the prob-
Layered Impedance lem by identifying the exposed surface as a perfect H or perfect E symmetry boundary.
Lumped RLC
Radiation Note: If you define or delete a symmetry boundary, the following message appears
Symmetry Planes when you exit the 3D Boundary Manager:
Location of Symmetry You have added or deleted an electric or magnetic
Planes boundary. This may affect the impedance multiplier
Symmetry and Emissions associated with your model, but you have not updated
Tests the multiplier. Please check the value and update it
Perfect E Versus Perfect H if necessary.
Symmetry and For information on defining the multiplier, refer to Impedance Multiplier.
Impedance
Symmetry and Multiple For those users familiar with earlier versions of Ansoft HFSS, Ansoft HFSS versions 6
Modes and later have a new boundary condition specifically for symmetry planes. In the older
Matching Boundaries versions, you would define a perfect E or perfect H boundary. In versions 6 and later, you
Infinite Ground Planes define a symmetry plane and specify whether it is a perfect E or perfect H symmetry
plane.
Radiation problems using the new symmetry planes will have the correct antenna pat-
terns when post processing.
Location of Symmetry Planes
When you are defining a symmetry plane, keep the following requirements in mind:
More
• A plane of symmetry in a model must be exposed to the background.
• A plane of symmetry must not cut through an object.
Go Back • A plane of symmetry must not be the interface of two internal objects.
• A plane of symmetry must be defined on a planar surface.
Contents • Only three orthogonal symmetry planes can be defined in a problem.
Index
Boundaries Symmetry and Emissions Tests
Perfect E
Perfect H/Natural If you are performing emissions tests, do not use planes of symmetry. The solver treats
Finite Conductivity the symmetry boundary as either a perfect E or perfect H boundary. As a result, the radi-
Impedance ated fields are only calculated for the problem as it is drawn, and not the full model that a
Layered Impedance symmetry plane implies.
Lumped RLC
Radiation Note: For those users familiar with earlier versions of Ansoft HFSS, Ansoft HFSS
versions 6 and later make a distinction between symmetry boundaries and
Symmetry Planes
perfect E or perfect H boundaries.
Location of Symmetry
Planes
Symmetry and Emis-
sions Tests
Perfect E Versus Perfect
H
Symmetry and
Impedance
Symmetry and Multiple
Modes
Matching Boundaries
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Boundaries Perfect E Versus Perfect H
Perfect E
Perfect H/Natural When you are defining a symmetry plane, you must decide which type of symmetry
Finite Conductivity boundary should be used, a perfect E or a perfect H. In general, use the following guide-
Impedance lines to decide which type of symmetry plane to use:
Layered Impedance • If the symmetry is such that the E-field is normal to the symmetry plane, use a perfect
Lumped RLC E symmetry plane.
Radiation • If the symmetry is such that the E-field is tangential to the symmetry plane, use a
Symmetry Planes perfect H symmetry plane.
Planes The simple two-port rectangular waveguide shown below illustrates the differences
Symmetry and Emissions between the two types of boundaries. The E-field of the dominant mode signal (TE10) is
Tests shown. The waveguide has two planes of symmetry, one vertically through the center and
Perfect E Versus Perfect one horizontally.
H • The horizontal plane of symmetry is a perfect E surface. The E-field is normal and the
Symmetry and H-field is tangential to that surface.
Impedance • The vertical plane of symmetry is a perfect H surface. The E-field is tangential and H-
Symmetry and Multiple field is normal to that surface.
Modes
Matching Boundaries Electric field of TE10 Mode
More Perfect H symmetry plane
Go Back Perfect E symmetry plane
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Boundaries For common problems you can usually decide which symmetry condition to use by look-
Perfect E ing at the geometry. For example:
Perfect H/Natural • If the structure is a microstrip, the flux lines of the E-field run between the ground
Finite Conductivity plane and the conductive strip. Therefore, the E-field is tangential to any vertical
Impedance symmetry plane that slices a microstrip in half.
Layered Impedance
Lumped RLC
• If the structure is a rectangular waveguide, the flux lines of the dominant mode E-field
are typically parallel to the shorter sides. Therefore, as illustrated in this figure, any
Radiation
symmetry plane that is parallel to a long side requires a perfect E boundary. Any
Symmetry Planes
symmetry plane that is parallel to a short side requires a perfect H boundary.
Planes Symmetry and Impedance
Symmetry and Emissions
If a symmetry plane has been defined, the computed impedances will not match the
Tests
impedance of the full structure unless an impedance multiplier is specified.
Perfect E Versus Perfect
H
Symmetry and Note: Impedance is only calculated when a port has been defined. If you are solv-
ing a problem without ports, you need not specify an impedance multiplier.
Impedance
Symmetry and Multiple
Modes Symmetry and Multiple Modes
Matching Boundaries
Infinite Ground Planes If you are solving for multiple modes, keep in mind that the orientation of the E- and H-
fields may differ from mode to mode. A perfect H symmetry boundary for the dominant
mode may be a perfect E symmetry for another mode.
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Index
Boundaries Matching Boundaries
Perfect E
Perfect H/Natural Matching boundaries allow you to model planes of periodicity where the E-field on one
Finite Conductivity surface matches the E-field on another to within a phase difference. They force the elec-
Impedance tric field at each point on one surface (the “slave” boundary) to match the electric field to
Layered Impedance within a phase difference at each corresponding point on the other surface (the “master”
Lumped RLC boundary). They are very useful for simulating devices such as infinite arrays.
Radiation
Symmetry Planes Note: The slave boundary, ES, matches the master boundary, EM, to within a phase
Matching Boundaries difference, not always exactly. However, the phase difference may be 0, in
Master which case the match is exact.
Slave
Infinite Ground Planes To set up matching boundaries, you must create both a master boundary and a slave
boundary. Unlike symmetry boundaries, E does not have to be tangential or normal to
these boundaries. The only condition is that the fields on the two boundaries must have
the same magnitude and direction (or the same magnitude and opposite directions).
When creating matching boundaries, keep the following points in mind:
• Both the master and slave boundary can only be assigned to a flat surface. This may
be either the face of a 3D object or a 2D object.
• If the mesh on the master boundary does not match the mesh on the slave boundary
exactly, the solution will fail. Normally the software automatically forces the mesh to
match on each boundary; however, in some cases, the mesh cannot be forced to
match. To prevent the solution from failing, create a virtual object on the slave
boundary that exactly matches any extra object on the master boundary, or create a
virtual object on the master boundary that exactly matches any extra object on the
slave boundary.
More • The geometry of the surface on one boundary must match the geometry on the
surface of the other boundary. For example, if the master is a rectangular surface, the
slave must be a rectangular surface of the same size.
Go Back
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Boundaries • To make a surface or 2D object a master or slave boundary, you must specify a
Perfect E coordinate system that defines the plane on which the selected surface exists. When
Perfect H/Natural the software attempts to match the two boundaries, the two coordinate systems must
Finite Conductivity also match each other. If they do not, the software will transpose the slave boundary
Impedance to match the master boundary. When doing this, the surface to which the slave
Layered Impedance boundary is assigned is also transposed. If, after doing this, the two surfaces do not
Lumped RLC occupy the same position relative to their combined defined coordinate system, an
Radiation error message appears. For example, consider the following figure:
Symmetry Planes
Matching Boundaries V
U
Master
Slave V U
Slave Master
To match the coordinate system of the master boundary, the coordinate system on
the slave boundary must rotate 90 degrees counterclockwise. However, when this
is done, you get the following:
The two surfaces do not correspond and thus the mesh will not match, causing an
error message.
• The angle between the axes defined by the u-point and v-point must be identical for
the master and slave boundary.
Go Back
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Index
Boundaries Master
Perfect E
Perfect H/Natural The simulator computes the electric field on a master boundary. The field is then mapped
Finite Conductivity to the slave boundary.
Impedance > To create a master boundary:
Layered Impedance 1. On the selected surface or 2D object, select Master as the boundary type. When
Lumped RLC you create a master boundary, you must specify the coordinate system that
Radiation defines the flat surface to which you wish to assign the master boundary.
Symmetry Planes 2. Choose Set Coord Sys to define the coordinate system for the master boundary.
Matching Boundaries When you do this, the cursor changes to a pointing hand, directing your attention
Master to the side window.
Slave 3. Select the origin of the coordinate system in one of two ways:
Infinite Ground Planes • With the mouse, select the vertex for the origin and choose Enter. The coordinates
of the selected point appear in the X, Y, and Z fields in the upper left of the screen.
• With the keyboard, enter the coordinates of the origin in the X, Y, and Z fields in the
upper left of the screen and choose Enter.
Note: The origin must be an object vertex.
After you choose Enter for the origin, you are prompted to enter the U point.
4. Select a point that lies on the u-axis of the new coordinate system and choose
Enter. Like the origin, the u-point must be an object vertex.
5. Select a point that lies on the v-axis of the new coordinate system and choose
Enter.
When you have finished defining the coordinate system, the coordinates for the
origin, u-axis, and v-axis appear in the fields Origin, U point, and V point.
6. Choose Assign.
Go Back
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Boundaries Slave
Perfect E
Perfect H/Natural The electric field on the slave boundary is forced to match the field on the master bound-
Finite Conductivity ary. The magnitude of the electric field on both boundaries is the same. However, the
Impedance fields may be out of phase with each other.
Layered Impedance
Lumped RLC Note: Before you can assign a slave boundary, you must first create a master
boundary.
Radiation
Symmetry Planes
Matching Boundaries The function relating the electric field on the slave boundary, ES, to the electric field on the
Master master boundary, EM, depends on the type of problem you are solving. For example, con-
Slave sider an infinite array simulation for a rectangular array. If the array, described by the lat-
Infinite Ground Planes tice vectors u and v, is excited to radiate in the direction (θ, φ) in spherical coordinates, the
fields above the array experience a phase delay of
Ψ = k ( û • v )
where
• û is the unit vector in the direction of scan.
• v is the vector from the slave boundary to the master boundary.
To simulate this in the finite element solution, Ansoft HFSS incorporates phase shifts in
the relation between the matching boundaries. That is, the electric field values on the
master boundary will be related to the electric field values on the corresponding points on
the slave boundary. This equation would be the following:
jΨ
More ES = e EM
Ansoft HFSS gives you the option of entering the scan angles, φ and θ, when relating ES
Go Back to EM. The phase delay is calculated from the scan angles. However, if you know the
phase delay, you may enter that directly.
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Boundaries > To create a slave boundary:
Perfect E 1. On the selected surface or 2D object, select Slave as the boundary type. When
Perfect H/Natural you create a slave boundary, you must specify which master boundary it
Finite Conductivity corresponds to and the coordinate system that defines the flat surface you wish to
Impedance assign the slave boundary to.
Layered Impedance 2. Enter the name of the corresponding master boundary in the Master field.
Lumped RLC 3. Select one of the following:
Radiation • Scan Angles. When you select this, fields appear allowing you to enter the two
Symmetry Planes scan angle values. Do the following:
Matching Boundaries a. Enter the φ scan angle in the Phi field.
Master b. Enter the θ scan angle in the Theta field.
Slave • Field Relation. When you select this, a field appears allowing you to enter the
Infinite Ground Planes phase difference, or phase delay, between ES and EM. Do the following:
• Enter the phase difference in the Phase diff field.
4. Choose Set Coord Sys to define the coordinate system for the slave boundary.
When you do this, the cursor changes to a pointing hand, directing your attention
to the side window.
5. Select the origin of the coordinate system in one of two ways:
• With the mouse, select the vertex for the origin and choose Enter. The coordinates
of the selected point appear in the X, Y, and Z fields in the upper left of the screen.
• With the keyboard, enter the coordinates of the origin in the X, Y, and Z fields in the
upper left of the screen and choose Enter.
Note: The origin must be an object vertex.
After you choose Enter, you are prompted to enter the u-point.
6. Select a point that lies on the u-axis of the new coordinate system and choose
Enter. Like the origin, the u-point must be an object vertex.
Go Back 7. Select a point that lies on the v-axis of the new coordinate system and choose
Enter. When you have finished defining the coordinate system, the coordinates for
the origin, u-axis, and v-axis appear in the fields Origin, U point, and V point.
Contents 8. Choose Assign to assign the slave boundary to the surface or 2D object you have
selected.
Index
Boundaries Infinite Ground Planes
Perfect E
Perfect H/Natural To simulate the effects of an infinite ground plane, select the Infinite ground plane check
Finite Conductivity box when setting up a perfect E, finite conductivity, or impedance boundary condition.
Impedance This selection only affects the calculation of near and far field radiation during post pro-
Layered Impedance cessing. The 3D Post Processor models the boundary as a finite portion of an infinite, per-
Lumped RLC fectly conducting plane.
Radiation
Conceptually, a boundary condition designated as an infinite ground plane divides the
Symmetry Planes
problem region into the half above it, where the entire model resides, and the half below
Matching Boundaries
it, where the radiated fields are set to zero. Antenna parameters involving radiated power
will be consistent with these properties.
Lossy ground planes may be approximated by selecting the Infinite ground plane check
box when assigning a finite conductivity or impedance boundary. The effects of these
boundaries are incorporated into the field solution in the usual manner, but the radiated
fields in the 3D Post Processor are computed as if the lossy ground planes were perfectly
conducting.
When you are defining an infinite ground plane, keep the following requirements in mind:
• An infinite ground plane in a model must be exposed to the background.
• An infinite ground plane must be defined on a planar surface.
• The total number of infinite ground planes and symmetry planes cannot exceed three.
• All infinite ground planes and symmetry planes must be mutually orthogonal.
Go Back
Contents
Index

Ansoft HFSS - 3D Boundary Manager Topics: Boundaries

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Go Back • J = J on the rectangle.

• dk is the thickness of the Kth layer.

More Perfect H symmetry plane

Go Back Perfect E symmetry plane

Note: The origin must be an object vertex.

Note: The origin must be an object vertex.

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