Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

College Physical Experiments

EXP: Adjusting the prism spectrometer and measuring the refractive index of
prism

张凯（Kai Zhang）

西安工业大学理学院
School of science, Xi’an Technological University

September 20, 2019

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Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

Outline

1 Introduction

2 Experimental objectives

3 Experimental equipments

4 Experimental principle

5 Experimental instrument

6 Experimental procedures

7 Data processing

8 Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

1 Introduction

2 Experimental objectives

3 Experimental equipments

4 Experimental principle

5 Experimental instrument

6 Experimental procedures

7 Data processing

8 Questions
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Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

Introduction
Spectrometer is a broad term often used to describe instruments that measure
a continuous variable of a phenomenon where the spectral components are
somehow mixed.
An optical spectrometer (spectrophotometer, spectrograph or spectroscope)
is an instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of
the electromagnetic spectrum, typically used in spectroscopic analysis to
identify materials.
Spectrometer goniometer are designed for precise determination of angular
position, particularly for the optical spectra applications,
It can be used as a spectroscope for the observation and measurement of
emission and absorption spectra. Other applications include measurement
and determination of optical angles of prisms, thin film characterization
through the measurement of reflection and transmission, Brewster’s angle
spectroscopy etc.
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Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

1 Introduction

2 Experimental objectives

3 Experimental equipments

4 Experimental principle

5 Experimental instrument

6 Experimental procedures

7 Data processing

8 Questions
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Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

Objectives

Learning the basic instruments of spectrometer goniometer.

Knowing the adjusting method of spectrometer goniometer.
Mastering the method to measure the refractive index of prism.

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Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

1 Introduction

2 Experimental objectives

3 Experimental equipments

4 Experimental principle

5 Experimental instrument

6 Experimental procedures

7 Data processing

8 Questions
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Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

Equipments

Spectrometer goniometer
Flat glass plate
Prism
Sodium lamp
Levelling-meter

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Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

1 Introduction

2 Experimental objectives

3 Experimental equipments

4 Experimental principle

5 Experimental instrument

6 Experimental procedures

7 Data processing

8 Questions
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Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

Index of refraction
A
When a beam of light is transmitted α

from air to glass, the ray is bent

according to Snell’s law δ
i1
M i2 Ni
sin θair = n sin θglass (1) i3 4

P
where the angles are measured from the P’
surface normal and n is the index of B C
refraction of the glass. When a ray of light is refracted
The n is a dimension-less number and is by a prism, the angle between
a measure of how strongly the medium the incoming and outgoing rays
bends light. The n of air is 1. For glass, n is called the angle of deviation δ,
varies from 1.3 to 1.8, depending on the which can be expressed as
type of glass and on the wavelength of
the light. δ = (i1 − i2 ) + (i4 − i3 ) (2)
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Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

Angle of minimum deviation

For a given prism and a given A

α
wavelength, the value of δ depends on
the angle between the incoming ray and δ

the surface of the prism. i1

Ni
i3 4
i2
M
δ is minimum when the angles of the
P’
incoming and outgoing rays make equal P
angles with the prism surfaces, i. e. B C

i1 = i4 , i2 = i3 (3) Then, we can write i1 and i2 in

terms of δmin and α as
From the geometry, we have
α + δmin α
i1 = , i2 = (5)
i2 + i3 = α (4) 2 2

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Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

The prism’s index of refraction n

sin i1
Using the relation n = sin i2 , we obtain the relation

α+δmin
sin 2
n= (6)
sin α2

where δmin is the angle of minimum deviation and α is apex angle of prism.
The prisms that we will use all have α = 60◦ (exactly, we assume).

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Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

1 Introduction

2 Experimental objectives

3 Experimental equipments

4 Experimental principle

5 Experimental instrument

6 Experimental procedures

7 Data processing

8 Questions
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 – Align the telescope so that the vertical cross-hair coincides
Introduction
with one of Objectives Equipments
the outer spectral Theory
lines (in this measurement Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

example the red line).

Complete
–
experiment setup
Turn the graduated circle (f7) to the 08 and 1808 lines of the
verniers (f5) and lock the graduated circle using the corre-
sponding arresting screws (f2).

Fig. 8 Complete experiment setup after adjustment

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Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

1 Introduction

2 Experimental objectives

3 Experimental equipments

4 Experimental principle

5 Experimental instrument

6 Experimental procedures

7 Data processing

8 Questions
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Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

Adjusting the spectrometer

P5.7.1.1 LD Physics Leaflets

In order to conduct precise measurements,

the apparatus must be carefully adjusted.
Apparatus
1 Spectrometer and goniometer . . . . . . . 467 23
The slit and the crosshairs must be451 031
1 Spectral lamp He, pin contact . . . . . . .
1 Spectral lamp Cd, pin contact . . . . . . . 451 041
positioned
1 Housing exactly in the
for spectral lamps withfocal plane
pin contact 451 of
16
1 Universal choke, 230 V, 50 Hz . . . . . . . 451 30
the respective objective lens (telescopic
1 Transformer, 6 V AC, 12 V AC . . . . . . . 562 73
beam path).
1 Stand base, small, V-shape . . . . . . . . 300 02

additionally usable:
The slit and the prism surfaces must
1 Spectral lamp Ne, pin contact . . . . . . .
be
451 011
1 Spectral lamp Hg/Cd, pin contact . . . . . 451 071
aligned parallel to the rotary axis of451
1 Spectral lamp Ti, pin contact . . . . . . . .
the
081
1 Spectral lamp Na, pin contact . . . . . . . 451 111
telescope.
Some of the adjustment steps, as well as the Fig. 2 Spectrometer
a Telescope
measurements
Adjustingof line
the spectra, are more easily
spectrometer
b Adjusting screw for laterally displacing the collimator
c Prism table
d Adjusting screw for laterally displacing the telescope
carried out when
In order theprecise
to conduct
be carefully adjusted.
room is darkened
measurements, the apparatus must
e Collimator
f Spectrometer base unit
somewhat.
The slit and the crosshairs must be positioned exactly in the
focal plane of the respective objective lens (telescopic beam
path).
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The slit and the prism surfaces must be aligned parallel to the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
rotary axis
K. Zhang of the telescope.
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Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

Preliminary
P5.7.1.1 adjustment (see Fig. 2) LD Physics Leaflets
The inclination of (c) can be varied only to a
limited extent. To ensure that enough play is
Apparatus
1 Spectrometer and goniometer . . . . . . . 467 23
left for adjustment, align (c) as horizontally as
1 Spectral lamp He, pin contact . . . . . . . 451 031
possible (by eye)lamp
1 Spectral during this step.
Cd, pin contact . . . . . . . 451 041
1 Housing for spectral lamps with pin contact 451 16
1 Universal choke, 230 V, 50 Hz . . . . . . . 451 30
Align (a), (c) and (e) horizontally by eye.
1 Transformer, 6 V AC, 12 V AC . . . . . . . 562 73
1 Stand base, small, V-shape . . . . . . . . 300 02
Center (a) and (e) using (b), (d) and then
additionally usable:
screw them tight. Do not loosen (b), (d)
1 Spectral lamp Ne, pin contact . . . . . . . 451 011
too much on
1 Spectral one
lamp Hg/Cd,side, as these
pin contact . . . . support
.
1 Spectral lamp Ti, pin contact . . . . . . . .
451 071
451 081
1 Spectral lamp Na, pin contact . . . . . . . 451 111
(a) and (e).
Fig 2’ Prism table Fig. 2 Spectrometer
c23
c2 Leveling screws a Telescope
for prism table b Adjusting screw for laterally displacing the collimator
Adjusting the spectrometer c Prism table
i Levelling-meter d Adjusting screw for laterally displacing the telescope
In
i1 order to conduct precise measurements, the apparatus must
be carefully adjusted.
i
i1 Level bubble e Collimator
f Spectrometer base unit
The slit and the crosshairs must be positioned exactly in the
focal plane of the respective objective lens (telescopic beam
c22
path).
c21
Put i on c (see Fig 2’), screw c2
i’
The slit and the prism surfaces must be aligned parallel to the
rotary axis of the telescope.
to make
.
c horizontal.
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Some of the adjustment steps, as well as the measurements of
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Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

Focusing the telescope to infinity (unfinished)

LD Physics Leaflets

Remove ocular (a4), mount illumination

source (a3) in the telescope and replace
the ocular with the opening for the
illumination source (a5) facing
downward (see Fig. 3).
Focus the crosshairs by moving the
ocular (a4) in the ocular tube and
aligning it if necessary. Make sure that
the opening for the illumination source Fig. 3 Telescope with illumination source
a1 Focus adjustment knob
(a5) is still facing downward. a2 Arresting screw for illumination source
a3 Illumination source
a4 Ocular
As the image of the observed object and the a5 Opening for illumination source (not visible)
a6 Height adjustment screw for telescope
crosshairs must both be in the focal plane of
the objective lens when the setting is between the observed
Aligning the optical object
axis of the telescope and the
perpendicular
to the spectrometer axis:
correct,there should be if possible no parallax crosshairs.
– Place the flat. glass
. . plate
. . . in. its
. holder
. . . (g)
. . in. the
. center
. . of. the
. .

prism table
. .at an
. angle
. . . .of .458
. .to. the
. .collimator
. . . . (e) so
. that
. .
K. Zhang (XATU) Physical Experiments the (imaginary) line between two of the adjusting
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Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

FocusingLDthe telescope to infinity (to be continued) P5.7.1.1

Physics Leaflets

Place the flat glass plate (FLP) in (g) in

the center of the prism table at 45◦ to (e)
so that the dashed line is parallel to the
side surfaces of FLP (see Fig. 4).
Open the illumination source (a3) (see
Fig. 3), align (a) perpendicular to one of
the side faces of FLP so that the
cross-hairs are reflected in this surface.
Adjust focus knob (a1) (see Fig. 3) to
makeFig.the cross-hair reflected by FLP
3 Telescope with illumination source
a1 Focus adjustment knob
Fig. 4 Spectrometer with flat glass plate
a Telescope
a2 Arresting screw for illumination source b Leveling screws for prism table
clear. a3 Illumination source c Collimator
a4 Ocular d Flat glass plate in holder
a5 Opening for illumination source (not visible)
a6 Height adjustment screw for telescope
This method is called

Aligning the optical axis of the telescope perpendicular

self-collimating.
– Aim the telescope at the collimator and open the slit slightly
to the spectrometer axis: using the micrometer
. . . . .screw
. . .for
. slit
. . width
. . . (e1).
. . . . . .

– Place the flat glass plate in its holder (g) in the center of the – Set the slit
. .to a
. suitable,
. . . . observable
. . . . . . slit
. . height
. . using
. .the
.
K. Zhang (XATU)
prism Physical
table at an angle of 458 to the collimator (e) Experiments
so that slide (e5). September 20, 2019 19 / 32
Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

Aligning the optical axis of the telescope perpendicular

to the spectrometer axis

Repeat the following two steps until the horizontal crosshair and its mirror
image coincide on both sides of the flat glass plate:
Turn the telescope 180◦ as shown in Fig. 4 so that the cross-hairs are reflected on
the opposite side of the flat glass plate.
Check whether the cross-hair and its mirror image coincide. If not, correct half
the difference using the height-adjustment screw of the telescope (a6) (see Fig. 3)
and the other half using the leveling screw (c1) of the prism table, as described
above.

Secure the height-adjustment screw of the telescope (a6) using a lock nut.
Remove the flat glass plate with holder from the prism table.
Disconnect the illumination source from its voltage supply.

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 using the micrometer screw for slit width (e1).
e – Set the
Introduction slit toObjectives
a suitable, observable slit height Theory
Equipments using the Instrument Procedures Processing Questions
at slide (e5).
of – With the height adjustment screw of the collimator (e4),
at Adjusting the collimator
align the middle of the slit with the horizontal cross-hair and
lock the slit in position.
e
e
Illuminate the slit using Na lamp. Aim the telescope at (e) and open the
h
e Fig. 5 Collimator
- e1 Micrometer screw slit slightly using (e1). Set the slit to a
g e2 Collimator tube
e3 Arresting screw for collimator tube suitable, observable height using (e5).
- e4 Height adjustment screw for collimator
e5 Slide for adjusting slit height
at With (e4), align the middle of the slit
e with the horizontal cross-hair and
at

-
lock the slit in position.
-
e Loosen (e3) and slide (e2) in the
e,
direction of the arrow (see Fig. 5) until
6)
a sharp image is obtained.
m
By turning the tube, align the slit
y.
vertically so that it is parallel to the
vertical cross-hair, and then tighten
or
the arresting screw for (e3).
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Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

Aligning the prism surfaces parallel to the access of

rotation (unfinished) P5.7.1.1

Turn the telescope so that it is at an

acute angle to the collimator and fix it in
place using the arresting screw (f4) (see
Fig. 6 and 7).
Place the prism in holder (h) on the
prism table as shown in Fig. 6 so that
one surface of the prism is parallel to the
imaginary line between two leveling
screws of the prism table.
Fig. 6 Aligning the prism surfaces
Turn the prism table until the image of c1 Leveling screws for prism table
h (Flint) glass prism in holder
the slit reflected by one face of the prism
Using (c1), move the reflected
is visible in the telescope, and tighten
slit image to the middle of the
the arresting screw (f1) for the prism
cross-hairs.
– Loosen the arresting
. . . . screw
. . . for
. .the
. collimator
. . . . . tube
. (e3)
. and
. . .
table. slide the collimator
. . . . tube
. . . (e2)
. . in
. the
. . direction
. . . . of. the .arrow
. .
K. Zhang (XATU) Physical Experiments (see Fig. 5) until a sharp image is obtained.
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Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

Aligning the prism surfaces parallel to the access of

P5.7.1.1
rotation (to be continued) LD Physics Leaflets

Repeat the following two steps until the

reflection of the slit does not change
vertically when the prism table is turned:

Loosen the arresting screw (f1) of the

prism table and turn the prism table
until the image of the slit is reflected by
the next prism surface, then retighten
the arresting screw of the prism table.
Using
Fig. 6 thetheleveling
Aligning screw which is now
prism surfaces Fig. 7 Spectrometer base unit and prism table
c1 Leveling screws for prism table c1 Prism table
on the back
h (Flint) glassside
prism of the prism table (as
in holder c2 Leveling screws for prism table
f1 Arresting screw for prism table
seen from the telescope), bring the f2 Arresting screw for graduated circle
f3 Fine-adjustment screw for telescope rotation
f4 Arresting screw for telescope (not visible)
reflection of the slit into the middle of f5 Verniers
f6 Magnifiers
the cross-hairs. f7 Graduated circle
– Loosen the arresting screw for the collimator tube (e3) and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
slide the collimator tube (e2) in the direction of the arrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(see Fig.
K. Zhang 5) until a sharp image is obtained. Physical Experiments
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 the lens, the light falls on the prism P as a parallel beam, i. e.
Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrumentall rays are incident on the prism at Processing
Procedures the same angle. The prism
Questions
refracts the light, and each wavelength is deviated at a different
angle. Finally, a second objective lens O2 focuses all parallel
Carrying out the experiment rays of a specific wavelength to an image of slit S in the focal

The resolution increases with decreasing slit

widths; however, the light intensity of the
spectrum is correspondingly reduced:
Using the micrometer screw for slit

0206-Wit
width (e1), set the slit to a suitable width.
Slowly turn the prism table and observe
the shift of the spectral lines with the
telescope until the spectral line (yellow,
λ = 589.3nm) just passes through a Remove prism, align the 1

reversing point (minimum setting). telescope so that the vertical

cross-hair coincides with the
Align the telescope so that the vertical
spectral line. Record the angle of
cross-hair coincides with the spectral
the incoming light rays.
line. Record the angle of the outgoing
light rays. Question: How to read out the angle
of the light rays.
Repeat two steps before two more times. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument
degree scale. In the figure, this isProcessing
Procedures
the line corresponding
Questions
ANGLE OF VERNIER SCALES to a measurement of 15 minutes of arc. Add this value to
DIFFRACTION
=q – q
0
the reading recorded above to get the correct measure-
Reading the vernier scales LIGHT
ment to within 1 minute of arc: that is, 155 ° + 15' = 155 °
q0 SOURCE 15'.
The spectrometer is equipped with two
= VERNIER
READING FOR
UNDIFFRACTED
BEAM
verniers to minimize reading errors and
Figure 5 Measuring an Angle of Diffraction
compensate for any eccentricity of the VER I'
circular graduation with to
Now rotate the telescope respect to thecross-hair
align the vertical axis of
with the fixed edge of a deflected image. Read the ver-
30 20 I0 0
rotation,nier
find
scalethe mean
again. valuereading
If this second of two is θ, readings.
then the ac-
tual angle of diffraction is θ – θ0. If the table base is ro-
Find where
tated for somethe zero
reason, the point
zero pointof the vernier
changes, and must
be remeasured.
scale aligns with the degree plate and I70 I5
I60
record the value. If the zero point is
15' (on the vernier scale) 155° (on the degree scale)

between two lines, use the smaller value. 155° + 15' = 155° 15'

Figure 6 Reading the Vernier Scales

In right figure, the zero point on the vernier scale is In the above figure, this is the line
between the 155◦ and 155◦ 30′ marks on the degree corresponding to a measurement of 15
4 ¨
plate, so the recorded value is 155◦ . minutes of arc. Add this value to the
reading recorded above to get the correct
Find the line on the vernier scale that
measurement to within 1 minute of arc:
aligns most closely with any line on the
that is, 155◦. +. 15 ′ = 155◦ 15′ .
degree scale. .
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

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Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

Record data
Fill the data recorded before in the following table and copy it onto the original
data record in the lab report.

Outgoing angle θ1 Incoming angle θ2

SN
Left vernier (θ1l ) Right vernier(θ1r ) Left vernier (θ2l ) Right vernier(θ2r )
1
2
3

Table: Data record form for angle of minimum deviation measurements. In the above table,
SN refers to sequence number, the angle of outgoing and incoming light rays are represented
by θ1 and θ2 respectively. The wavelength of light used in this experiment is λ = 589.3nm.

Note: When you finish your experiment and intend to leave laboratory, your
original experimental data need to be checked by teacher and get his/her signature
below your data to ensure they are free of serious errors.
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Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

1 Introduction

2 Experimental objectives

3 Experimental equipments

4 Experimental principle

5 Experimental instrument

6 Experimental procedures

7 Data processing

8 Questions
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Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

Data processing: Overview

Table: Data record form for the refractive index of prism.
θ1 θ2 Min. Ind.
SN
θ1l θ1r θ2l θ2r dev. δmin ref. n
1 θ1l1 θ1r1 n=
2 θ1l2 θ1r2 θ2l1 θ2r1 δmin u(n) =
3 θ1l3 θ1r3 En =
Mean θ 1l = θ 1r = θ 2l = θ2l1 θ 2r = θ2r1 Result
u(δmin )
Uncertainty u(θ1l ) = u(θ1l ) = u(θ2l ) = 1′ u(θ2l ) = 1′ n = n ± u(n)

Main formulas (j = l, r.): ¯ ¯

( ) δmin = ¯(θ1l − θ2l ) + (θ1r − θ2r )±360◦ ¯ /2 (11)
θ 1j = θ1j1 + θ1j2 + θ1j3 /3 (7) √
√ 1
u(δmin ) = u2 (θ1l ) + u2 (θ1r ) + u2 (θ2l ) + u2 (θ2r ) (12)
u(θ1j ) = u2A (θ1j ) + u2B (θ1j ) (8) 2
v α + δmin α
u 3 ( )2 n = sin sin−1 , α = 60◦
u∑ (13)
uA (θ1j ) = t θ1ji − θ 1j /6 (9) 2 2
u(δmin ) α + δmin α u(n)
i=1
u(n) = cos sin−1 , En = (14)
′ 2 2 2 n
uB (θ1j ) = 1 (10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

Data processing: Example (unfinished)

Table: Data record form for the refractive index of prism.

θ1 θ2 Min. Ind.
SN
θ1l θ1r θ2l θ2r dev. δmin ref. n
1 32◦ 46′ 212◦ 44′ n=
◦ ′
2 33 2 212◦ 57′ 329◦ 42′ 149◦ 45′ δmin u(n) =
3 32◦ 52′ 212◦ 59′ En =
◦ ′
Mean 32 53 212◦ 47′ 329◦ 42′ 149◦ 45′ Result
u(δmin )
Unc. u(θ1l ) = 5′ u(θ1l ) = 7′ u(θ2l ) = 1′ u(θ2l ) = 1′ n = n ± u(n)
( ) ( )
θ 1l = 32◦ 46′ + 33◦ 2′ + 32◦ 52′ /3 = 32◦ 53′ θ 1r = 212◦ 44′ + 212◦ 57′ + 212◦ 59′ /3 = 212◦ 47′ (15)
√
1( ◦ ′ )
u(θ1l ) = (32 46 − 32◦ 53′ )2 + (33◦ 2′ − 32◦ 53′ )2 + (32◦ 52′ − 32◦ 53′ )2 + (1′ )2
6
√
1( ′ 2 )
= (7 ) + (9′ )2 + (1′ )2 + (1′ )2 = 5′ (16)
6
√
1( )
u(θ1r ) = (212◦ 42′ − 212◦ 47′ )2 + (212◦ 57′ − 212◦ 47′ )2 + (212◦ 59′ − 212◦ 47′ )2 + (1′ )2
6
√
1( ′ 2 )
= (5 ) + (10′ )2 + (12′ )2 + (1′ )2 = 7′ (17)
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
K. Zhang (XATU) Physical Experiments September 20, 2019 29 / 32
Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

Data processing: Example (to be continued)

Table: Data record form for the refractive index of prism.

θ1 θ2 Min. Ind.
SN
θ1l θ1r θ2l θ2r dev. δmin ref. n
1 32◦ 46′ 212◦ 44′ n = 1.759
2 33◦ 2′ 212◦ 57′ 329◦ 42′ 149◦ 45′ 63◦ 12′ u(n) = 0.001
◦ ′ ◦ ′
3 32 52 212 59 En = 0.06%
◦ ′ ◦ ′ ◦ ′ ◦ ′
Mean 32 53 212 47 329 42 149 45 Result
u(δmin ) = 4′
Unc. u(θ1l ) = 5′ u(θ1l ) = 7′ u(θ2l ) = 1′ u(θ2l ) = 1′ n = 1.759 ± 0.001

¯ ¯ Note:
δmin = ¯(32◦ 53′ − 329◦ 42′ ) + (212◦ 47′ − 149◦ 45)+360◦ ¯ /2 = 63◦ 12′ (18)
√ Unit
1
u(δmin ) = (5′ )2 + (7′ )2 + (1′ )2 + (1′ )2 = 4′ (19)
2
Significant figure
60◦ + 63◦ 12′ 60◦
n = sin sin−1 = 2 sin 61◦ 36′ = 1.759 (20)
2 2 Presentation of the
1 4′ × 2π
u(n) = cos 61◦ 36′ sin−1 30◦ = 0.001 (21) result
2 60′ × 360◦
0.001 Only for reference!!!
En = = 0.06% (22)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.759 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
K. Zhang (XATU) Physical Experiments September 20, 2019 30 / 32
Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

1 Introduction

2 Experimental objectives

3 Experimental equipments

4 Experimental principle

5 Experimental instrument

6 Experimental procedures

7 Data processing

8 Questions
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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K. Zhang (XATU) Physical Experiments September 20, 2019 31 / 32
Introduction Objectives Equipments Theory Instrument Procedures Processing Questions

Questions

Preview questions
1 How to find the angle of the minimum deviation? Why?
2 Why do telescopes focus to infinity when the cross-hair reflected by the flat glass
plate is sharp?
3 What conditions should be satisfied for prism spectrometer adjustment?
Review Questions
1 Why does a spectrometer use two vernier scales? If one vernier cross the 0◦ (or
360◦ ) mark line when telescope rotate from the position of the minimum
deviation of light rays to the direction of incoming light rays, what features do the
prism spectrometer readings show and how to process the corresponding data?
2 What are the physical meanings of type A and B evaluations of uncertainty? How
to calculate them?
3 What is error transfer formula? Try to obtain the formula
α+δmin
sin−1 α
u(δmin )
u(n) = 2 cos 2 2 by using the error propagation formula when
u(α) = 0.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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K. Zhang (XATU) Physical Experiments September 20, 2019 32 / 32