Hum 2101-2020 – Defining Sociology : Session 03

Dr. Abdul Baqee

Adjunct Faculty

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Defining Sociology

‘Sociology’ which had Auguste Comte (19 January

been treated as social 1798 – 5 September 1857), a
philosophy, or the Frenchman, is considered
philosophy of history, to be the father of
emerged as an sociology.
independent social
science in the 19th In 1839 Comte coined
century. the term sociology.
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 “Sociology”, is composed of two
words;
-- ‘socius’ meaning companion John Stuart Mill,
or associate another social
-- ‘logos', meaning the study. thinker and
philosopher of the
19th century,
The etymological meaning proposed the word
of “sociology” is thus the ethology for this
science of society. new science.
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Herbert Spencer
developed his
systematic study of With the contributions
society and adopted of Spencer and others,
SOCIOLOGY became
the word “sociology”
the permanent name
in his works.
of the new science.

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The question what is sociology, is
indeed, a critical query.

No student can At the same time, it is not

rightfully be an easy task to set a fixed
expected to limits to a field of study.
enter on a field
of study which is
Hence it is difficult to give a
totally undefined
brief and comprehensive
or unbounded.
definition of sociology.
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SOCIOLOGY has been
defined in a number of
ways by different
sociologists. In fact, there are as
No single definition has yet many definitions of
been accepted as sociology as there are
completely satisfactory. sociologists.

For our purpose of study a few

definitions may be cited here.
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Auguste Comte, the founding father of sociology,
defines sociology as the science of social phenomena
“subject to natural and invariable laws, the discovery of
which is the object of investigation“.

Kingsley Davis says that

“Sociology is a general
science of society.”
Harry M. Johnson
opines that “sociology
is the science that deals
with social groups.’
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Emile Durkheim defines sociology as the
“science of social institutions”.

Park regards sociology as “the science of

collective behaviour”.

Small defines sociology as “the science of

social relations”.

Marshal Jones defines sociology as “the

study of man-in-relationship-to-men”. 8/28
A careful examination of various definitions cited
above, makes it evident that sociologists differ in
their opinion about the definition of sociology.

Their divergent views about the

definition of sociology only reveal
their distinct approaches to its study.
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•Ogburn and Nimkoff define sociology
as “the scientific study of social life”.

Franklin Henry Giddings defines

sociology as “the science of social
phenomena”.

Henry Fairchild defines sociology as

“the study of man and his human
environment in their relations to each
other.”
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Max Weber defines sociology as the science which
attempts the interpretative understanding of social action
in order thereby to arrive at a casual explanation of its
course and effects”.

Alex Inkeles says, “Sociology is the study of systems of

social action and of their inter­relations”.

Kimball Young and Raymond W, Mack define

sociology as “the scientific study of the social aspects of
human life”. 11/28
 Morris Ginsberg: Of the various definitions of
sociology the one given by Morris Ginsberg seems
to be more satisfactory and comprehensive.

He defines sociology in the following way:

"In the broadest sense, sociology is the
study of human interactions and inter
relations, their conditions and
consequences”
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 Nature of Sociology

However, the common Sociology, as a branch of

idea underlying all the knowledge, has its own
definitions mentioned unique characteristics.
above is that sociology is
concerned with man, his It is different from other
social relations and his sciences in certain
society. respects.
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An analysis of its logical
characteristics helps one
to understand what kind
of science it is.
The following are the
main characteristics of
sociology.

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1. Sociology is an Independent Science

Sociology did emerge into an

independent science. As an
independent
It is not treated and studied as
science it has its
a branch of any other sciences,
own field of
-- like philosophy or
study, boundary
political science
and method.
philosophy or history.
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2. Sociology is a Social Science
and NOT a Physical Science

Sociology belongs to the

family of SOCIAL
As a social science it
SCIENCES and not to the
concentrates its attention
family of PHYSICAL
on man, his social
SCIENCES.
behaviour, social
activities and social life.

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As a member of the family of
social sciences it is intimately
related to other social sciences
like history, political science,
economics, psychology,
anthropology etc.

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3. Sociology is a Pure Science and
not an Applied Science
A distinction is often made between pure
sciences and applied sciences.
The main aim of pure sciences is
the acquisition of knowledge
and it is not bothered whether
the acquired knowledge is
useful or can be put to use.
On the other hand,
the aim of applied
science is to apply the
acquired knowledge
into life and to put it
to use.
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Each pure science may have its own applied
field.
For example, physics is a pure science and
engineering is its applied field.

Similarly the pure sciences such as economics,

political science, history, etc., have their applied
fields like business, politics, journalism
respectively.

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Sociology as a pure
science has its applied
field such as Each pure science may
administration, have more than one
diplomacy, social work application.
etc.

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The fact that sociology deals
with the Social universe
distinguishes, it from
astronomy, physics, chemistry,
geology, mathematics and
other physical sciences.

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4. Sociology is a Categorical and not a
Normative Discipline
“As a science, sociology is
Sociology “confines necessarily silent about
itself to statements questions of value.
about what is, not what
should be or ought to It does not make any kind of
be". value-judgements.
Its approach is neither moral
nor immoral but a moral.
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4. Sociology is a Categorical and not a
Normative Discipline (contd.)

It is ethically It makes no recommendations

neutral. on mat-ters of social policy or
legislation or programme.
It cannot decide the
directions in which But it does not mean that
sociology ought to sociological knowledge is
go. useless and serves no purpose.

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4. Sociology is a Categorical and not a
Normative Discipline (contd.)

It only means that sociology as a

discipline cannot deal with
prob-lems of good and evil, right
and wrong, and moral or immoral.

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Sociology is a pure science, because the
immediate aim of sociology is the
acquisition of knowledge about human
society, not the utilization of that
knowledge.
Sociologists never determine
questions of public policy and do
not recommend legislators what
laws should be passed or
repealed.
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But the knowledge But sociologists
acquired by a sociologist themselves do not
is of great help to the apply the knowledge
administrator, the to life and use, as a
legislator, the diplomat, matter of their duty
the teacher, the foreman, and profession.
the supervisor, the social
worker and the citizen.
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Sociology is Relatively an Abstract Science
and not a Concrete Science

This does not mean that It only means

sociology is an art and not that sociology is
a science. not interested in
concrete
Nor does it mean, it is manifestations
unnecessarily complicated of human events.
and unduly difficult.
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It is more concerned
with the form of
human events and
their patterns.
Similarly, sociology does
not confine itself to the
study of society or that
For example, sociology is
not concerned with
particular wars and
revolutions but with war
and revolution in general,
as social phenomena, as
types of social conflict.
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