ECS Transactions

Effects of SOFC Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Performance of Solid

Oxide Fuel Cell-Gas Turbine Hybrid System Utilizing Renewable Fuels
To cite this article: Dang Saebea et al 2015 ECS Trans. 68 301

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 ECS Transactions, 68 (1) 301-313 (2015)
10.1149/06801.0301ecst ©The Electrochemical Society

Effects of SOFC Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Performance of

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Gas Turbine Hybrid System Utilizing Renewable Fuels
.
D. Saebeaa, S. Authayanunb, Y. Patcharavorachotc, A. Arpornwichanopd
a
Department of Chemical Engineering, Burapha University
Long-Hard Bangsan Rd, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
b
Department of Chemical Engineering, Srinakharinwirot University
Rangsit-Nakhon Nayok Rd, Nakorn Nayok, 26120 Thailand
c
Department of Chemical Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology
Ladkrabang, Chalongkrung Rd, Bangkok, 10520 Thailand
d
Department of Chemical Engineering, Chulalongkorn University
Payathai Rd, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand

The use of biogas and ethanol as fuels for solid oxide fuel cell-gas
turbine (SOFC-GT) hybrid system needs an external steam
reformer. As the operation of steam reformer and air preheater
requires high external energy input, the efficient heat management
of the SOFC system is necessary. Thus, the aim of this study is to
analyze the recycling of the SOFC exhaust gas in a SOFC-GT
hybrid system utilizing fuels such as ethanol and biogas. The effect
of the recirculation ratio of the anode exhaust gas on the
performance, the SOFC efficiency, the turbine to SOFC power
ratio, and the overall efficiency of hybrid system was first
investigated. Additionally, the recirculation of both anode and
cathode exhaust gases in the SOFC-GT hybrid system was studied.

Introduction

A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is one of the promising power generators among all kinds
of fuel cells due to its high efficiency and fuel flexibility. The SOFC operated at high
temperature can be combined with a gas turbine to improve overall efficiency. Therefore,
a solid oxide fuel cell-gas turbine (SOFC-GT) hybrid system is an interesting power
generation technology. A prototype of SOFC-GT hybrid system has been developed by
using natural gas. However, the deficiencies in fossil fuel sources and the greenhouse
effect have become more significant problems and recently, the utilization of renewable
fuels instead of fossil fuels has been increasingly considered. Biogas and ethanol as
renewable fuels have attracted considerable attention. Both fuels can be produced from
various organic wastes. Biogas is produced via anaerobic decomposition of organic
material by anaerobes and ethanol can be produced via enzyme digestion and
fermentation (1,2). Several works have studied the SOFC system running on biogas and
ethanol. Their results indicated that biogas and ethanol are suitable fuels for the SOFC
system in environmental and economic terms (3,4).

However, an external reformer is still required when renewable fuels are used for
SOFC because the direct feed of biogas and ethanol to the SOFC causes carbon formation
on the anode side and thus leads to a loss of cell performance and poor durability (5,6).

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 ECS Transactions, 68 (1) 301-313 (2015)

Additionally, the SOFC system based on the external reforming process requires high air
flow rate for controlling the SOFC stack (7). Therefore, heat management of the SOFC
system should be considered to improve the electrical and thermal efficiency.

To improve the efficiency of SOFC system, the recirculation of anode exhaust gas in
the SOFC system is an interesting option. A portion of anode exhaust gas containing
hydrogen and carbon monoxide is recirculated to mix with the inlet fuel before being fed
to the reformer. Interestingly, it is noteworthy that the steam produced by the
electrochemical reaction in the anode outlet gas can be further used as a reagent for steam
reforming and thus the input energy for the steam heater can be reduced (8,9).

For the SOFC-GT hybrid system, the GT has a strong coupling with the topping
SOFC (10). Therefore, the recirculation of anode exhaust gas in the SOFC-GT hybrid
system has direct effect on the turbine performance. The aim of this work is to study the
recirculation of anode exhaust gas in the SOFC-GT hybrid systems utilizing different
fuels i.e. biogas and ethanol. The effect of the ratio of anode exhaust gas recycling on the
SOFC efficiency, the turbine to SOFC power and the overall efficiency was investigated.
Moreover, the effect of both anode and cathode exhaust gas recycling in the SOFC-GT
hybrid system on the performance of system was investigated.

SOFC-GT Hybrid System

The SOFC-GT hybrid system consists of the SOFC module, turbine, compressor,
steam reformer, blower, heat exchanger, and mixer. Fig 1(a) shows the pressurized
SOFC-GT hybrid system with the anode exhaust gas recirculation. Fuel and steam are
pressurized and reformed to syngas via steam reforming in an external reformer. In this
work, biogas and ethanol are utilized as fuel for the SOFC-GT hybrid system. The SOFC-
GT hybrid systems utilizing biogas and ethanol have different configurations of the fuel
processor. In the system utilizing biogas, the biogas is pressurized in the compressor and
mixed with steam. For the system utilizing ethanol, the ethanol is first fed to the pump
and then vaporized before being sent to the mixer.

The syngas is introduced to the fuel channel while air from the compressor is fed to
the air channel of the SOFC. The anode exhaust gas consisting of the steam and the
residual H2 and CO can be used for the external reformer. A portion of the exhaust gas at
the anode is used for the external reformer. The remaining anode exhaust gas is mixed
with an outlet oxidant gas from the cathode to a combustor. The combusted gas heats the
inlet air of SOFC through the high-temperature heat exchanger before being fed to the
turbine which increases the system power. The turbine outlet gas can preheat the fresh air
via a recuperator.

The influence of the recirculation of the cathode exhaust gases on the SOFC-GT
hybrid system was also investigated, as shown in Figure 1(b). This configuration is
modified from Figure 1(a) in the part of preheating air to SOFC. A portion of the cathode
exhaust gas is recycled and mixed with fresh air from the recuperator and then sent to the
SOFC.

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 ECS Transactions, 68 (1) 301-313 (2015)

13

23 20
Combustion
chamber
11 12

22
16
17
21
10
15
Air
Compressor Turbine 18

Cathode
Anode
3 4 5 19
Water
Vaporizer
SOFC

Reformer 14
1 2 6 8 9
Fuel 7
Compressor Mixer

(a)

20

21
13

25 22
Combustion
12 chamber
11 12
Mixer

24
18 19
23
10
14 15
Air
Compressor Turbine 16

Cathode
Anode
3 4 5 17
Water
Vaporizer
SOFC

1 2 6 Reformer 8
7 9
Fuel Compressor Mixer

(b)

Figure 1. SOFC-GT hybrid system integrated with an external stream reformer: (a)
anode exhaust gas recirculation; (b) anode exhaust gas and cathode exhaust gas
recirculation.

Hybrid System Model

The performance of the SOFC-GT system is analyzed based on the mathematical

models of SOFC, gas turbine, and auxiliary units. All units are derived from mass and
energy balances under steady-state operation.

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 ECS Transactions, 68 (1) 301-313 (2015)

Reformer Model

Biogas is composed mostly of methane and carbon dioxide. Thus, the biogas
reformation is considered by methane steam reforming and CO2-reforming reactions.

CH4 + H2O  CO+ 3H2 [1]

CH4 + CO2  2CO + 2H2 [2]

However, the dry reforming is less pronounced and can be neglected when high amount
of steam is present in the reforming process.

Main reactions of the ethanol reformation are the ethanol steam reforming and the CO
methanation reaction, as shown below (11):

C 2 H 5OH + H 2 O  4H 2 + 2CO [3]

CO + 3H 2  CH 4 + H 2 O [4]

In addition, the water gas shift reaction occurs in the steam reforming of biogas and
ethanol:

CO + H 2 O  H 2 + CO 2 [5]

In this study, biogas and ethanol reforming systems are thermodynamically analyzed
based on a stoichiometric approach. The molar flow rates of each component in the
reformate gas can be determined by the equilibrium constants.

K eq,j 
νi
pi,product
νi
[6]
pi,reactant

when K eq,j is the equilibrium constant of reaction j, the pi is the partial pressure of
species i and  i is the stoichiometric factor.

The equilibrium constants of all the reactions can be determined from the Van’t Hoff
equation:

H j 

d ln K eq,j
[7]
dT RT 2

temperature and the gas constant, and Ho is the heat of reaction.
where K, T and R represent, respectively, the equilibrium constant, the operating

SOFC Model

Syngas consisting of CH4, H2O, CO, H2, and CO2 is fed into the fuel channel. Air
used as oxidant is introduced to the air channel. The reactions take place on anode and

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 ECS Transactions, 68 (1) 301-313 (2015)

cathode sides within the fuel cell as listed in Table I (12-14). The component
concentrations in the fuel and air channels are considered from the mass balance and can
be described as:

   i ,k Rk  C i0,a
dC i,f 1 1
Fuel channel: , C i ,a x0
[8]
dx uf k(i),(ii),(iii) hf

  i ,(iii) R(iii) , C i ,f  C i0,f

dC i ,a 1 1
Air channel: x0
[9]
dx ua ha

The operating cell voltage of SOFC is expressed by Eq. [10]

V  E OCV  [10]

thermodynamic potentials of the electrode reactions and  is the voltage loss within the
where E OCV is the open-circuit voltage which occurs from the difference between the

internal cell.

The main voltage losses consist of ohmic overpotential, activation overpotential and
concentration overpotential as follows.

  ohm  act  conc [11]

Ohmic loss (ohm ) occurs due to electrical resistance in cathode, anode, electrolyte
and current collectors. The activation overvoltages (act ), related to the activation energy,
can be obtained from the Butler-Volmer equation. The concentration overpotential (conc )
is the voltage loss due to the resistance to mass transport caused by a decrease in the
substances at the surface of the electrodes at high current density. Equations of ohmic,
activation and concentration overpotentials are included in Table II. Rohm is the internal
resistance.  anode ,  cathode and  electrolyte are the thicknesses of the anode, cathode and
electrolyte layers, respectively.  anode and  cathode are the electronic conductivity of the
anode and cathode, respectively, and  electrolyte is the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte.
The values of structural and material property parameters for the SOFC are given by
Achenbach (14) and Saebea et al (15).

The amount of excess air fed for SOFC can be calculated by the energy balance
around the control volume enclosing the cell given as:

( ni,an hi,an )  ( ni,ca

in  in
hi,ca )  ( ni,an
in in
hi,an )  ( ni,ca
out  out
hi,ca )  Psofc  0
out  out
[12]
i i o o

where ni is molar flow rate of species i and hi is the enthalpy of species i .

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 ECS Transactions, 68 (1) 301-313 (2015)

The electrical power output ( Psofc,dc ) of the SOFC converted from direct current (DC)
to alternating current (AC) in the inverter is calculated with Equation [13]

Psofc  j  V invert [13]

where invert is dc-ac inverter efficiency of 94% (16).

The amount of hydrogen reacted in the electrochemical reaction and the amount of
excess air required to control temperature are defined as the fuel utilization ( U f ) in
Equation [14].

Uf 
nH2 ,utillized
[14]
nH 2 ,inlet

where nH 2 ,utillized is the hydrogen molar flow consumed in the electrochemical reaction and
nH 2 ,inlet is the inlet molar flow rate of hydrogen fed to the solid oxide fuel cell.

TABLE I. Reactions and reaction rates in the SOFC.

CH4 + H2O  3H2 + CO  E act

Reaction
Steam reforming reaction
Water gas shift reaction:
Reaction rate
RSR  k act p f ,CH 4 exp(
)
RT f
CO + H2O  H2 + CO2 R WGS  kWGSR p f ,CO (1 
p f , CO2 p f , H 2
)

H2 + 1/2O2  H2O
K eq p f ,CO p f , H 2 O

Rk 
Overall cell reaction: j
2F

Gas Turbine

The gas turbine model covers the linked compressor and turbine with a shaft in a
mechanical manner. The turbine and compressor model are based on isentropic
efficiency. Thus, the exit temperature of turbine and compressor can be expressed from
the isentropic efficiency. The consumed power from compressor ( Pc ) and the generated
power from turbine ( Pt ) can be calculated by Equation [15] and [16].

Pc   (ni,c hi,c )out   (ni,cin hi,cin )in

in  in
[15]
i i

Pt   (ni,tin hi,tin )   (ni,tout hi,tout ) [16]

i i

The model of auxiliary units in the hybrid system, i.e., pump, vaporizer, mixer,
blower, and combustor, are based on the mass and energy balances.

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 ECS Transactions, 68 (1) 301-313 (2015)

TABLE II. Ohmic, concentration and activation overpotentials

Overpotentials Equation

ohm  jRohm
Ohmic overpotential

  
ROhm  anode  electrolyst  cathode
 anode  electrolyst  cathode
RT  pH2O,TPB pH2,f 
conc,anode  ln  
Concentration overpotential
2 F  pH2O,f pH2 ,TPB 

RT  pO2 ,a 
conc,cathode  ln  
4 F  pO2,TPB 
RT anode
pH 2 ,TPB  pH 2 ,f  j

RT anode
2 FDeff,anode

pH 2O,TPB  pH 2O,f  j
2 FDeff,anode

 
 RT cathode 
pO2 ,TPB  P  P  pO2 ,a exp  j
 4 FD 
 eff,cathode P 
 p H ,TPB   nF  p  (1   ) nF 
j  j0,anode  2  act,anode   H 2 O,TPB exp    act,anode  
Activation overpotential
exp 
 H 2,f
p  RT  p  RT  
  nF   (1)nF 
H 2 O,f

j  j0,cathode exp  act,cathode   exp   act,cathode 

  RT   RT 

System Performance Parameters

( el,sofc ), the SOFC efficiency, and the overall system efficiency (system ), are calculated as
The performance parameters of the SOFC system, the SOFC electrical efficiency

follows:

el,sofc 
Psofc
( y LHVH 2  y LHVCH 4  yCO
in in in in
[17]
H2 CH 4 LHVCO ) nfuel

Psofc  Ppump
sofc system 
nfuel LHVfuel nfuel LHVfuel  Quse
ex
[18]

Psofc  PGT  Ppump  Pblower

system =
nfuel LHVfuel  Quse
ex
[19]

where nfuel is inlet molar flow rate of fuel, LHVfuel is lower heating value of fuel, and
ex
Quse is total amount of external heat used in system.

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 ECS Transactions, 68 (1) 301-313 (2015)

Results and Discussion

Modeling of SOFC-GT hybrid system was done using MATLAB. Operating and
design parameters for simulation of the SOFC hybrid system are presented in Table III.
In all the system, the temperature across the fuel cell stack is limited to 100 K and the cell
operating temperature to 1073 K.

Effect of Anode Gas Recycling

The anode gas recirculation ratio in the SOFC-GT hybrid system has a direct effect
on the performance of the steam reformer, SOFC and the gas turbine. The steam
reforming of biogas and ethanol is conducted at a high temperature in range of 873-1073
K to provide high hydrogen yield (17). In this work, the temperature of the steam
reforming of biogas and ethanol was fixed at 973 K. The recycle ratio of anode off-gas
was varied from 0.4 to 0.8. In comparison with the biogas-fuelled system and ethanol-
fuelled system, the fuel utilization of SOFC was specified at 0.6.

TABLE III. Operating and design parameters for simulation of the SOFC hybrid system.
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Cell operating temperature (K) 1073 dc-ac inverter efficiency 94

Turbine isentropic efficiency (%) 82

Number of cell 3098

Pressure ratio (bar) 3 Compressor isentropic efficiency (%) 78

Biogas (CH4: CO2) 60:40 Generator mechanical efficiency (%) 94

Ethanol 100 Afterburner combustion efficiency (%) 98

Air composition (O2:N2) 21:79 Recuperator effectiveness (%) 90

8
CH4 CO
7
CO2 H2
Molar flow rate (mol/s)

6
H2O
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Anode recirculation ratio
Figure 2. Syngas composition as a function of recycle ratio of anode exhaust gas in the
biogas-fuelled system.

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Figures 2 and 3 show the components of the product from the external reformers in
the biogas-fuelled system and the ethanol-fuelled system, respectively. It can be seen that
all product components from the steam reformer except methane and carbon dioxide in
both systems increase with increasing recycling ratio of anode exhaust gas. The increase
of the anode recirculation ratio results in raising the steam-to-carbon ratio of the feed gas
at the steam reformer. The steam reforming of biogas and ethanol are driven forward
when more steam is added in the system. When comparing the different supplied fuels in
the system, the amount of carbon dioxide produced from the steam reforming in the
biogas-fuelled system is considerably higher than that of the ethanol-fuelled system. It
can be explained that major constituent in biogas is methane and carbon dioxide. The
carbon dioxide in the biogas is mixed with the carbon dioxide produced in the steam
reforming. Thus, more carbon dioxide has gradually accumulated in the biogas-fuelled
system by increasing the recirculation ratio of anode exhaust gas.
6
CH4 CO
5 CO2 H2
Molar flow rate (mol/s)

4 H2O

0
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Anode recirculation ratio

Figure 3. Syngas composition as a function of recycle ratio of anode exhaust gas in the
ethanol-fuelled system.

45
SOFC electrical efficiency (%)

40

35

30

Biogas
25
Ethanol
20
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Anode recirculation ratio

Figure 4. Effect of the recirculation ratio of the anode exhaust gas on the SOFC electrical
efficiency of the biogas-fuelled system and the ethanol-fuelled system.

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 ECS Transactions, 68 (1) 301-313 (2015)

At high recirculation ratio, the concentration of hydrogen and carbon monoxide

reduces due to the accumulation of steam and carbon dioxide in the system. The dilution
of hydrogen and carbon monoxide in syngas leads to a decrease in the SOFC electrical
efficiency, as shown in Figure 4. It is noted that the decrease of hydrogen concentration
results in an increase in the concentration and activation overpotentials at anode side.
Figure 5 presents the effect of the recirculation ratio of the anode exhaust gas on the
SOFC efficiency. The efficiency of the SOFC part without being integrated with the gas
turbine would be improved if the recycling ratio is increased. This is because the residual
hydrogen and carbon monoxide of the anode gas is recycled back to be used into the part
of SOFC and can enhance the efficiency of fuel utilization. The increase of the
recirculation ratio of anode exhaust gas in the biogas-fuelled system has greater impact
on SOFC efficiency than that in the ethanol-fuelled system. The SOFC efficiency of the
biogas-fuelled system rises about 8.2% by increasing the recycling ratio of anode exhaust
gas from 0.4 to 0.8. For the ethanol-fuelled system, the SOFC efficiency increases about
2.5%.
52

50
SOFC efficiency (%)

48

46

44
Biogas
42
Ethanol
40
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Anode recirculation ratio
Figure 5. Effect of the recirculation ratio of the anode exhaust gas on SOFC efficiency of
the biogas-fuelled system and the ethanol-fuelled system.

Figure 6 presents the GT to SOFC power ratio as a function of recirculation ratio of

anode exhaust gas. The results show that the GT to SOFC power of both the systems
decreases when the recycling of anode exhaust gas is elevated. The increment of
recycling anode off gas causes reduction in the hydrogen and carbon monoxide to
combustor. Additionally, the air required for the cooling cell in order to control the cell
temperature increases because the output power density of SOFC increases as enhancing
the fuel in the SOFC part. The decrease of the fuel and the increase of air to the
combustor results in a decrease in the turbine temperature. As a result, the turbine power
subsides. Increasing the recycle ratio of anode exhaust gas has a greater impact on the
decrease of GT to SOFC power ratio in the ethanol-fuelled system than in the biogas-
fuelled system.

The overall system efficiency of both systems utilizing biogas and ethanol at various
recirculation ratios of anode exhaust gas in shown in Figure 7. In the ethanol-fuelled
system, the overall system efficiency decreases about 9% at higher ratio of anode off-gas
recycling from 0.4 to 0.8. On the other hand, the overall system efficiency of the biogas-

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fuelled system slightly increases with increasing recirculation ratio of anode exhaust gas
from 0.4 to 0.6 and decreases at higher than 0.6 ratio of anode exhaust gas recycling.
0.4
0.35 Biogas

GT /SOFC power ratio

0.3
Ethanol
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Anode recirculation ratio
Figure 6. Effect of the recirculation ratio of the anode exhaust gas on GT to SOFC power
ratio of the biogas-fuelled system and the ethanol-fuelled system.
65

60
System efficiency (%)

55

50

Biogas
45
Ethanol
40
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Anode recirculation ratio
Figure 7. Effect of the recirculation ratio of the anode exhaust gas on system efficiency
of the biogas-fuelled system and the ethanol-fuelled system.

Effect of Cathode Gas Recycling

The recycling of anode exhaust gas in the SOFC-GT hybrid system has an impact on
the downstream heat of SOFC part. Thus, the SOFC-GT hybrid system with the
recirculation of both anode and cathode exhaust gases was investigated in this section.
The fuel utilization of SOFC of 0.6 and the recirculation ratio of anode exhaust gas of 0.6
were fixed. The same effectiveness of recuperator is given as the constraint for the
comparison of the hybrid system. In the hybrid system recycling of both anode and
cathode exhaust gases, the recirculation ratio of cathode exhaust gas is adjusted to control
the air inlet temperature of SOFC. The recirculation ratios of cathode exhaust gas used in
the biogas-fuelled system and the ethanol-fuelled system are 0.28 and 0.285, respectively.
The results of hybrid systems of supplying biogas and ethanol are presented in Table IV.

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The performances of the biogas-fuelled system and the ethanol-fuelled system are
slightly different. The excess air ratio required in the system reduces as in the hybrid
system with the recirculation of cathode exhaust gas. The reduction of air flow rate to the
system leads to a more compact system. Additionally, the GT to power ratios are higher
than for the system without the recycling cathode exhaust. In the recycling of cathode
exhaust gas, the air fed to the combustor decreases; therefore, the turbine inlet
temperature increases. As a result, the turbine performance is improved with recirculation
of cathode gas in the system. The increase of turbine performance enhances the overall
system efficiency. The overall efficiencies of the systems are elevated by approximately
6% for the biogas-fuelled system and 4.61 % for the ethanol-fuelled system.

TABLE IV. Performance of SOFC-GT hybrid systems.

Results Biogas-fuelled system Ethanol-fuelled system
Anode gas Anode and Anode gas Anode and
recycling cathode gas recycling cathode gas
recycling recycling
Excess air ratio 13.1 9.55 13.1 9.48
SOFC electrical efficiency (%) 36.51 36.31 36.40 36.42
GT to SOFC power ratio 0.23 0.33 0.21 0.32
TIT (K) 941.75 1188 931.86 1188
Overall efficiency (%) 56.79 62.79 55.49 60.1

Conclusions

The influence of the recirculation of SOFC exhaust gas in the SOFC-GT hybrid
system using biogas and ethanol as fuels was investigated in this work. The SOFC-GT
hybrid system with the anode exhaust gas was first studied. The results indicate that
increasing the recirculation ratio of anode gas can improve the efficiency of the SOFC
part. In particular, the increase in the SOFC efficiency of the biogas-fuelled system is
greater than that of the ethanol-fuelled system with increasing recirculation ratio of anode
gas. However, the recirculation of anode gas in the hybrid system causes the heat energy
of the SOFC downstream to be reduced. This results in a reduction in the GT to SOFC
power ratio and the overall efficiency. When considering the hybrid system with both the
anode and the cathode exhaust gas recycling, the turbine performance can be improved
due to an increase in the turbine inlet temperature. As a result, the overall efficiency of
the SOFC-GT hybrid system utilizing biogas and ethanol increases.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Research and Development Fund of the Faculty
of Engineering, Burapha University (No. 16/2556) and the Thailand Research Fund for
financial supports.

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