, ,.:::::..

~. ..~...~ ;:.;:",.-.,-.~_..",
,~
.""1
F"'-.~ .'
."'~ .~1"~
.'.
,
'
, ., ~
,.""-",

.'
"
..!.

.. ..
. t.--

f rtlil (~

PROBLEMS CHAPTER). ~llJ

.
, ~I

1. What is the activity of 1 g of Pb-214 (t/1 = 20.,8 min) and 1 g of U-238

, and Curie.
(t/1= 4.5 X 109y)Express your answers in Becq'uerel

2. How much U-238 is needed to bave the activity. equal t'Othat of 1 g of

Pb-214?

3. Radium-226 bas a balf-life of 1620 years. Calculate activity for 1 g of

Radium- 226?

4. Cs-137 has th = 30.2 ys.

(a) How long will it take a sample oJ this
- isotope to decay to 1% of its original activity? . (b). What is the mean
lifeoftheCs-137 atoms?
I

5. A source of radioactive tritium (tA = 12.6 y) has an activity of ImCi.

What is the mass of tritium in the source?

6. ig ofRa-226 has activity of 3.7xlOlodisintegrationlsec.

. . What is its
half-life?

--

II'
..

..... . ~. .
. ." . . ... . . . .
."
 "- . I '.
-~~.:
. ~:- t.

T
'- .."
~;V't.

., .

Problems Solution of Chapter 3 (Page 3-14) .'"

a
4.

.Q1. A=NA

N = 1 x 6.023 X 1023
214

= 2.8 X 1021

0.693 0.693 10-4 per see

A= - = 4.3 x '.
tl/2
26.8x60see

A = (2.8 X 1021) (4.3 X

10-4) F2x 1O18Bq']~ -P b;-14
= 3.2 x 107 Cilg

Activity of 1 gram of uranium:

. N = 1 X 6.023x1023
238
= 2.5 X 1021
,
~_yV8 A= 0.693 = 4.9 x 10-18per see /
(4.5XI09)x365x24x60x60 see
10-18
A = NA. = 2.5 x 1021 x 4.9 X
,

A = 1.2 X 104 Bq .-~. ~:.;.

-'
.--
..-
;~. : '\.) L;..

=3.3 x10-7 Ci
'. -\~
Q
"c
x 1018Bq (from problem 1) --- N 1t L<,'\ x.'
{Q2. 6. = ~ A =;> ~2
V f-\(6 .
..
:, N:'.2
.
X 1018 = 2.4 X 1035
4.9x10-18~ \A'1..~~
N ~L-

. Mass

,/?VJ.
= 238
~A)
~\i
x 2.4 x 1035 = 9.5x1013 g= 108ton

1-7
~~o. , .
. . b'o~
.. . : .0'. . 0, 0 ... . ..-
 , . A--- '.
. 'I.
.
~"~'~,'r~~:"' '", -7!t4:..' . T'" '; , .. ~.
~a:
,
/
Q3. A= Nil 4.

.- 41.

N = 6.03xl023 = 2.7xl021 atom

,
226

}~ = 0.693 = 1.4xlO-ll per see

1620 Yx365 dly x 24 hid x 60x60

A=3.7xl01O Bq
,,' .

Q4. A = 0.693 = 7.3 xlO-1Opersee

30.2 y x365 d/y x 24 hid x 60x60

, A(t) = Aoe.llt
A(t)/Ao =e-A t => 0.01 = e.At

.
in (0.01) =-At

-4.6 = -).1 => t = 4.61Il '

4.6
(a) t = 7.3 x 10-10
= 6.3 x 109S

(b) tmean = 1 = 1.4xl09 S = 200 Years

A

Q5. 'A = N A = ImCj = lxl0-3Ci = 3.7xl07 Bq. '.. ,-.'. ~ --

~

0.693
Il = 12.6x 365 x 24x60x60
= 1.7 x 10-9per see

N = 3.7 X 10711.7 X 10.9 = 2.1 x 1016atom

,. ,

. 'Mass = 3 x 2.1 X1016 1.0

6.03X 1023
x 10-7 g

/
. . . . ,,"
'.' .
. . ..
 .. .
~<,;o~,j,.~' ",',.'. .4.1>';~" ,~,"'"
-,
.~. ~
..'

-"1r~--"'i-""""'.7"';':;:'"""
... '..,
co.". .
"")1",:,.2., 'j;/:~~"::<~~":i,~:,~,:~~~,,:,,~.:~:",~i'~:,f'~'~"""'i" ...::,..;..;~~.,-:.~, l:","-N"""":"

~
~,~.'" '~'Ci~:.""'~'---~' ..
. .. .

.~
101OBq
Q6. A == N A == 3.7 x
. ~.

6.023 X 1023 1021 atoms

N == == 2.7 X
226

3.7 X 1010 10-11

A == == 1.4 X
2.7 X 1021

0.693'
biz == \.
A

°,.693 See
== .

l.4XlO-1l

== 1584 Years

,..
,(
it

Ii...

. .
..
JI
.. ~7.",-;:i';J;:J:?,~.,:h.";".". -. ~ ":':'.::.,:.:.~:,,.,'":.<':"":'~
, . I '.',"""" "'"
, ,
-; ,""0 ';0' ' , "';":'0 '." '
'Ji7~ ..:'

Exercises- R~dio~ctivity and..i~ ~tz9yP;ocess

/
p
". .

-
.
,/\/
A
-\- I-"\.N
j
i~~.7Elo~?/sec what is
1. If the initial activity of a radionuclide ",,< ~-,/V
approximate activity in 2.3 mean lives? r) ,""\..~ "\) I
""

< / "AJ
I'V "J -:0//-- ':' c)
a) 3.7 Ci. /. , // 0 a
/v //
b) lO Ci. /v ,.., /(lj .J...:- C)'"-
c) l Ci. .......

@ Oo.l Ci.
/"\~
" II
e) none of the above.

J;.
The stability curve of neutron number versus proton number shows:

a) nuclides displaced above the stability line (i.e., excess

neutron number) tepd to disintegrate by negative beta decay.
b) nuclides displaced below the stabilityline tend tp ~. €t
/
disintegrate by positron decay or electron capture' ~
~ all nucl ides above ~tomic
all of the above.
. number 83 are
. radioactive. j

.~e} none of the above -.

.
. I
,~

]. For a radioactive nuclide with a disintegration constant of 0'.693

be: m
':.he fraction qf atoms that decays in one minute- is expected' to'

., a) 0.693.
~
'.(./ -,,<;'

0.069. / "?

~
/d)
0.500.
0.307. ~Rf V
:>
/'
'"
c,'
e) none of the above. ,I" ~ 1/

"
A radionuclide with a decay constant of o.i min-l is counted for
4. half-life, and a total net count of lES counts is observed for a
detection efficiency of O.l c/d. The instantaneous activity at
~' ;\.;, ,_'0-,
beginning of the counting iJ:ltE;r;rC!,:ki,s
",,'..-,..
, ,
,';-' ,...", l.L,',
..."a.PoJJ.t..: . -~,.-,...'
,',;';.C""'" "
")I.". --
:f r- \0
.-
' ,

~
.. ",.r
,,'

a ) lEs d pm ~
v V? """"\.,, "'-
- ,'::"', ~ CZ
Vj/0
.
~ .
-\.- 'Q.
Q?) 6
'
" ""'
-"";;-'
2 ES dpm ]-~
b
~ ,,)
/ d)
~ lE4 dpm t-.;
" <" ,
0 -\'
.',
~~ .

~
2E4 dpm ~// -' '- - - -\-' -
c ./1
- c,'
-

e) 1.E7 dpm ~/~ '7'~' /

tV
.
'; /1
'-

6. , A researcher
half-life.
desires to hav.e 1.0 mCi of 1-131. which has an 8-day
If it takes 16 days for the shipment to reach its
destination th.en the quantity which must be shipped is:
(cD;: ~40 mCi.
~'r.- \Q~ ...
~~/b) 20 mCi. <r.
I f\;J v
c) 'GO mCi.
~' d) 80 mCi. .0 '()' /
()
e) lOO mCi. ~b ~'
~", '"
'I
- It .' . . .0
~1/ .II
 ~.

.. ..--
"
.-'.y
-/

'.

""d
() <5
""d
OJ 0 0
:;.. =.
.,j ~
~
cc ~m , ,
~.., ""d q 0
"'0
......-.-.- ",
-i ...,
~ -=.......
erO
x 0
'-/ C. -= tI1 """-/
o' 0 ~
..:::;
~ , (11
~ 0' ~
.......
o' ~ 0
= ~

""d
~
""d (T1 , 0
0.0
""d
.,.....- 0 g t": 0
(J)

= C =
C ." OJ
0:0 00
0=
0 OJ
0

l'~g.
~:::I
0 OJ
~5'
-
('0
("I ,"'"
0
c:u
OJ ("I
,
E
-....
c

.le g.::;:t
ooc.
::1::S
oc. ." 0 =
....
~
~ c 0 :;:1 '- :::-=d ",' o'
::J- ~0 ~ 0 3 = 0
L~ °'x~. 0.0 ,...:::::; c: ~
-.0
::J- ,. I :::I
0<:1 ::!. 0= ~ '"
"""t
I
. 0
n
ooo
f
05'
OJ
0"'000 "0
oE.Eg~
tI1 "'0 ""d 3 0 0'
0"'" """0 ",'"2. -0
3 X.
~8.."2.3 o-~oE;. ~. 0
ago"2. =~o:::l- OJ
0""0
::1 0 ~ 5'~
-08
?:'
:;s :=. 0' $!. 0 :::I (')
""o:::~ 0
::1 0 0
."
c: '<='
"'09:::0 0 0 """0:::1 C3- OJ
6 0 0:::G'" 0 ,....
'- 0""
~,o g =noa""
0 -,,<"'0 -0'"
0 0 :=.0
0......
.c.
:=,"-'ocn G'"
o. =. Q
0 0
~ ~ g ...,
("10<:1
'<
-
....

"'0 =
::
::: ~-a. '< .., -' 0::1-OJ o.
-.. :::
0 0
"'0
OJ
:::J =.
= 9 :::I .~ Co=' ~
Ej
::;. c...~
?:'
,......
~ 4: :;;:1c:ot!Jd
.. ....::: ~
0 l' 0 ~
~ ,,
.-~=
0 0""
~E"o.-.:::0
0
.£ 5""":r: r\ =.:x>~ (5
~ C -.
-
v-,Q<; Q I
0
c. ~It 3:g0 g ";:I c;
::J
It
:;:>,::;-=......-
,;:>.oc - It 0-.OJ 0
~< ....
~--g en
""
...-
..::-
~
OC.3~tI1
.< - ,;:>.::: -<~
I...... ~o
0 (')
t:1
~--< '.1..)-
I
,
_0<:1
,,'.'<
::. 0 -<
"'::J ~.~-
,..,- -
:=-."0
~ ." ~ 0 0 .-,
0 ~3 OJ 0 .-<-s
-< ~ 0 <o"a
0"'-'< -0 <:::
..,
'A OJ -
g
~(11ooC
- ~.
='
0 gO
t'.J0<:I

'< ~ CIi
:J:;. 2: 3: ~. g 5.
== ~
5' 5'
~~oo.::..o
5'
G'9
== 3: >-1 iJ
~
o. (') =
- oc ,...

:="""o~c oo..,-~ --
~~ng:::-~ ~
-n"'-C/1
=_co- f;; f;;~ ~ =: ~oC::'
00;::
-OJA'OJ:;; (") lN =: :: =. ~
-0""-
=
CI)

-o~=.="
O -.
;::;;:::~..:<
c - (')
("I
:::--0 i:'4 0
2~:::::":<
- -::;:() 0 -I
o~='::"
-. 0"" 0
:::c..:::;:.":<
;: :::I =
- '

-
~
cn g
q
a::=-""- ... It
~ ~::; ~~ g-. c, §' >
:;; c.. §>-
-:: ~ z-
-:J
:::: ~ =-
t'J"':j :::- (')
It
S' ~ c: a :;.:: It
~ c "'.
~. :!.. t--1.:a. :::.~.. ?: :::"-=
-
t-J
.... ~~'< g=-n g ~ -OC:J::("':
~N-
='"
--~
~_. :. c- .., ~
C:;" & ~ ::;
~ ~
~ (;" ~. ~
~-
0::::=~
'~

s:
:: -
"
,. ...,

-
:c
I
-.,-
-'"
~g
g ~<- ;:~ ~.
- - -- :It
,= ;:
~~ : rTB j
.( t

I
.
~
.~;.':".:. .-:Cr;...~:,:,1
-
.. .
/' . ".
/- .

Problems on
. OF--PHOTONS \VITH l'vlATTER
INTERACTION

1- Find the linear attenuation coefficient when the intensity of a narrow gamma beam
is reduced to ~ of its original intensity upon passing through 0.05 m of a
substance.
'.

2- Find the mass attenuation coefficent (in cm2/g) when the linear attenuation
coefficientis SOlm and the density of the substance is 4.1x 103 kg/m3.

. 3- A 2 MeV photon causes the emission of a Compton electron with an energy of 1

Me V, in what direction is the scattered photon emitted?
--'-

4- If the pl1otelectric work function is 4 eV, what is the energy of the emitted
photoelectron wh~n the photon energy was 206 eV?

010photon/so What is the flux density at a

5- A point source of Cs-13 7 emits 2xl
distance of 1 ~from the source. U~~.the-iriverse-squar.elaw to compute the
intensity at 3 m,?

p'

"
I
~.
 . . .
/.."'..
. ,
- -

- ~INTERAdlO~
~/ OF PHOTONS
.WITH MATTER
p(~b~ 0.....
S'o\~\,'o"" t0
p",,~ t.

. 1- Find the linear attenuation coefficient when the intensity of a nan'ow gamma beam
is reduced to 'A of its original intensity up<mpassing through 0.05 m of a
:J':
substance.
C>. tiS" \<V"\ -:: <. \-\'-1 l. b c. L.:.u--y<- 6 i "- k
,,-1 \'
~ 'r-( ~ \A u.J kJ '- t / L~J af
c> U"

(,C1'3- - '2 ,., I

/-A- -:. J---~ 'L - o. -- vv-:
\-\~l 0.0'2..-)

0ind the mass attenuation coefficent (in cm2fg) when the linear attenuation
coefficientis SOlm and the density ofL1.e substance is 4.1xl03 kg/m3.

--? -;. r;- 0 ~_! - o. u l '2.'2.. """"'/k:J

~"'" ~p
I
~
.,
L, .I~\o k:
.
j' w-
-J
:: o,o\Lt~X(IO4c\.'o"7M~) ::: D.I1..'l. ,
~~
.
'ktJ
<..
'}/k~) \ 000

~) MeV, in what direction is the scattered photon emitted?

A 2 Me V photon causes the emission of a Compton electron with .an energy of 1
--
,

,., 2. .----
€ E.,s- \-;.
~ -. I + ~- - CD~Q) ---- I 4-~~ -tl-~re)
--?
0.$ \I fY\-<.."
- l \ .. . S\\
,-. -"r
l
-1..~ I -::::::;>
Co~ 8- -::: 1- O. L) t, -..(j.. ... "::>
. 1- ~ \ -t1.~\ \\-4;,~~J ~I-Cc~$-::
@ -- £.{ to]
4- If the photelectric work function is 4 eV, what is the energy oft..l].eemitted
photoelectron when the photon energy was 206 eV?

E.~ -:: e~ -c::p -= 'LvI, - 4 -;: .2.:;)2 e. 'T

5- A point source ofCs-137 emits 2xl01Ophotonls. What is the flux density at a

distance of 1 m from the source. Use the iny'~~.e~~q~e 1.awto compute the

~~~~::::;:~~~~\'~~::~t:r:t~ .~~c~ \~

10 ~ /~ ~ -S
2. X\:=> ('~ ~ I.~q 'f\.J ~ \"
,-',
l~;: ~
.
~. .15:, .
1.-( n r l\"":)
r'" -
~-
~~J
(- \ VY\ :"t -;"s""'
i

'\.
-1.'"""'. ~~. L c:.w' q 0('\ 1.. -- <4'1.'(\ '2..
.' \ ~ ,~.. J.- -=.<::C>,V",
~.---
.
11' '
1..,

x\o\
'1.. r"L
I. .~tt' K'\ ~
dS'..
...'
-;.
~
-:- \. 11 Xb. L-~1...
3 S
"""
,
I'
,',' .'
"~~~:'-,,--~:'-::_""",
-

/
-.

DOSE Ql.JANTITIES AND UNITS

. ~.

A ,vorker receives:
. 8 JlGy of a radiation to his bone surfaces
. 15.JlGy of ~ to his thyroid; ('lCJ
.
. ".6 ~lGy of x-rays to his- brain, and -
.~ 1 tlGy of thermal neutrons to his entire body
..:.

a)What are the. equivalent doses to bone surfaces, thyroid,

brain, and "every thing else"? (Note that all three organs
are. part of the "entire -body" so they get- the neutron
-

dos~ J-G<'"0Lif~
('-"1.i~,JsI'A.~J
-===-
' =Wa.DbS,a. +Wthn' Dbs,thn
Rbone suiface5

~ 20 x ~ + 5. x 1 = 165 J-LSv

..
H thyroid = \V~ ,DthY,~. + Wth n Dthy, th n .. .",-

= 1 x 15"+ 5 x 1 = 20 J-LSv

Hbrain
= Wx D x, brain + \Vth -n Dbrain, th n

=1 X 6 + 5X1 = 11l1Sv
Heverything else = Wth n Deverything else..th n

=5x1 = 5 lJ-Sv
.
b) What is his effective dose? "

- 11'
E . Wb' Hb'+ H~y+ Wbrain Hbrain + Wee Hee
W'bY
.,
. I (0.01 X 165) + (0.O5x 20) + (0.005 X 11) + (0.935 X5)
. . . .
-.. . .
. .
. >.-.of-: :7.38l1SV . .. ... . ."..
." .
,
-i~: .,:: ~~,~;~,~~~~~~ ._~"r-::' ~:':~~ "'~r~~'

. ~

-T' "'("y"

.1)OSE QUANTITIES AND UNITS

~
4. SUMMARY

1- RADIA IION PROI£CTI0N QUANIITlES

Absorbed Dose (Gy)

x
Radia.tion weighing factor, WR
.........

I
T
EQ.\1ivalent DQ~~(~vJ
x
Tissue weightingfattor,"w;1
I
)
.

Etrective Dose (Sv) ~.

For internal radiation:

.Committed ~quivalent Dose (Sv)

. . (0 + r
./-
Hr(-T:)= J-Hr(t)dt
(0

Committ~d Effective Dose (Sv)

E('t) = }: WT . HT('t)
.' ~'. .: ~
C~~~~~.!iveEquivalent Dose (Sv) '. ~,""r'

s= INi HTi
I

Collective Effective Dose . (Sv)

~;;.'O';t':Iw.-"

. ~N. E.
s= 1 I
"-'

., .

'"

. . -.
.- ... ..
 ,
~'--" ---r - . I
..
~ ""..,~-.-or~4_-.'-

. . ",
~
. -~--- 0-::' - t--.~. .

~
.
. ."
" '_'_~ '.
' .
.'-
,
"
--

.~
_i.
, '~
' .
. .- ..
.:

. . .-.".
"

oL 2- OPERATIONAL QUANTITIES
.<1.

Fluence
<D,(m-:z)

Calculations
I

. -t
Dose Equiva!ent at a point, R (Sv)
.
Phantor.i;:& radiation field
°.
I
. 'f'
Ambient, Directional or Personal Dose Equivalent (Sv)

1 Gy = 100 rad
1 Sv = 100 rem
-4
1 R = 2.58xlO C/kg

~
.,.-

'J;' . ..<r
..
t
I

°0, . . .° . . .~~.
..
 ~:'_.~

.. .
@

""~

v" '"
"-~
/
,
~ ~.

Units and their conversion

Absorbed dose:
Energy absorbed per unit mass, D =dEJdm ,
1 Gy = 1 J/Kg where 1 J =.10, ergs
'

Old classical unit is Rad (Rad stands for radiation absorbed dose)
.
'.'

1 Rad =100 ergs/g \.

but 1 Gy = 1 J/Kg
= 10' ergs/1000 g
= 10000 ergs/g
=100 x(100 ergs/g)
= 100 Rad As 100 ergslg =1 Rad
therefore,

lli =100 Radj

EQuivalent
dose: ,
.
.. Multiplying by the WR (Radiation weighting factor); we get
,
1 'xWR=100
'

dXWR

=>

(rem stands for roentgen equivalent man)

EXDosure:
.X =dQ/dm in air by y or
X-rays .",
S.I. units 1 X=1 CIKg ~., k .;.,. .,-. ~

Old classical unit is

Roentgen (R), 1 R =2.58 X
10.4 C/Kg in air
1 ~ = 87 ergs/g
=0.87 x (l~s/g)
,

=0.87 Rad
I
:. 1 R =0.87 Rad

~ut in practical applications

-'I R=1 Rad
Multiplying both sides by radiation weighting factor
t 1 R x WR= 1 Rad x Wit
. .
. . .1 1 R = 1 rem ..
. "
.. . '. '.. . . . .. . . . .
 ... .-~.
~ ~;~:~:\~~~~~y:-
. - ',-_0" -- u_".'"
'"

. ..
"I'
. .
@
, "':-~'~7"~
"r"'r'

"./
('.. . <.
tJ-
«--{J
,/'

o.

:'
~.

As 1 Sv =100 rem
I
:. 1 Sv = 100 l, ~~,A

1R = 2.58 X 10-4 C/Kg

1R =87 ergs/g .: .

1 R =0.87 Rad.
- \«GtA:: \00 eJLJ/~
Activitv
1 Ci =3.7 x 101°Bq
1 Bq = 1 dps
1 Ci =3.7 X 1010 dps

milli = 10.3
.
nucro = 10-6
nano = 10-9
.. Killo =103
Mega or million = 106
Gega 109 =

,
.~
'

/
".
. . -~:;~. . . ....

. . to
. ..": ."r °0
 ~ ... ...
'." - . .

..
@,

".
Chapter 7. Problems
--.

1. 7 4x1O7 d/s is equivalent to

i.~
_
.~ 2 mCi
// (b) 2 Ci
(c) 2 Mci
(d) 7.4 x 105Bq.

2. List. the unit of:

I !/-j
(a) Exposure:
(b) Absorbed dose:
(c) Equivalentdose: Sv
-
C~'
J
c KG ~ -\QO~~
l
,

\..
~D'.'-
'/ y

'
"
.--""" tt.s.> 7

(d) Kerma:
0" b<J /
3. Convert the following quantities:

(a) 5 X 106 dis/s = .c: .,,/ MBq

(b) 1.3 GBq =\. ::, i,'t '(
f
Bq
= ).:n
(c) 1 ~Ci },U-
Bq
(d) Sv = 1.
()S
mSv
<Q (e) 1 Gy of gamma = \0 :. mSv
(0 I Oy of alpha =1.'" i')4 mSv ~ y', 20 y;.. \...3"", \v I

I () (g) 5 mSv fast neutrons

~..---- =50 CI JlGy
(h) 20 mSv/y
108Bq
=L'LS JlSvlh ~ I~
(i) = .:.. -::;... mCi

J" f f.J) (a) If a radiation worker r~ei~ed the following radiation doses through his.l2.-years
of work,
'- '"'"\.'1 2 mGy from 8 MeV neutrons X.r 0
.
:= '2 0,""" 5\J

o~"t
:
')."') "'" Gry
;~ 7~G6yfr~~~::g~~ao
300 Jl.sy from alpha and Y.~ r
x '-
~

-
..3
~r,~~~;
\¥\'. S J
:'~,~;~, ..; '.J
..-'
- '.
I..f G1 4 mGy from beta ". \ 4 'W1~) '( \
"""

Calculate the followings.

a- ,the total equivalent dose he received inc!!!~'v'- ~S' ';>'
if
~ S \l
b- the average equivalent dose received per yeaL ~-S y.l\S J ~~ - o'ol(1.~
c- the average equivalent dose received per hour. ,+2.5 - j \J <2..0-0-0- ,~Sy
/M X
\00
~1-t.'l'7~
5. Americium-241 is an alpha emitter, prodl.lcesl Sv per W hr. The absorbed dose W
produces from the source is: - 50 mGy/h
,(3) . ;.. '.
(a) I Gylh (b) 3 Svlh (c) 50 m:SVIh~ (e) 5{) Gylh
1---
.,
. . ..
. .. . .,
..'
...,"
.." . ~ .: .." . . .. . 7~1?
. ..
~ ,~'. -.
. .-., ..:- . .
.~ ~.--..._..... -." ~':'~'; -,'
. I

.~~~. "---;.-.-
.O@
~.....

Exercises - Dose Quantities and units

1. ".
Absorbed dose:
a) is defined as the amount of ionization produced per unit mass.

,
~ is defined as the amount
/ c) applies to any type of radiation in any medium.
of energy deposited per unit mass and
.
.
is measured in roentgens and applies only to X or gamma radiation..
d) is measures in ergs.
e) none of the above.

2. The radiation quantity, exposure: "..

a) is a measure of the quantity of X or gamma radiation and expressed

by the charge created in a volume of air as a result of the. .
interactions,of X or gamma radiation.
b) is measured in the units Coulomb per kilogram.
c) does not include ionization produced by bremsstrahlung of secondary
charged particles. .

all of the above.

fl none o£"theabove. ..I~~...".

."

. .
3.. A certain flue~ce of gamma pho~ons produc~7 ~h7ough.int7ractions
in 1 gram of a~r, charged part~cles whose ~n~t~al k~net~c energy
is 8} .ergs. It may be properly concluded that:

a) the exposure .is one roentgen. ..

b} the absorbed dose is 87 ergs per gram.

c) the absorbed dose is 0.87 rads.
d) the KERMA is 87 ergs per gram.
~
v'
all of the above. -- ~.. L,",~.~:' ' '-, "-
--"",
.' .

;/

. .
'61 -

...,..,- . . 'I. .. . .'~ .

 ~.,--;-. o.
"
-~~~.'-;~
.
""":~
"0 "...,,'~.:'.
"
~O..:.o'- ... '."... - ... .
,,0 '. ".-
'oJ'.o. -

~::~~ ;:;e:C~:~-;;RadiatioowithMatter(chapter~4,hodS)

1. Determine the number of ion pairs produced by 100 alpha particles of5.3 MeV energy.

2. Given the relative stopping power of aluminum as 1600, calculate the range of 5 MeV alpha
particles in aluminum of density 2.7 glcm3

3. Calculate the thickness oflead (p=11.4 glcm3) necessary to stop 4 MeV alpha particles.

4. Calculate (a) the range of7.68 MeV alpha particles in AI, (b) the relative stopping power in
AI and (c) the equivalent thickness in mglcm2.

5. 2~a is' often used in medicine as a radioactive tracer. It emits beta rays with a maximum
energy of 1.39 MeV. What is the maxiinum range of these beta rays in aluminum? What is
the range of an alpha particle of the same energy?
MeV
~~
--- 6. Find the thickness of aluminum absorber necessary to absorb 99% of the ~
maxim~~beta particles strikingit.

7. Compute the maximum thickness of aluminum window in a G.M tube to penrut counting of
2.7 MeV beta particles.

8. Calculate (a) the half thickness (b) the mean free path and (c) the mass attenuation
coefficient for 6OCOgamma rays (1.17 MeV and 1.33 MeV energy) in lead tTom the
following da~a: 4.5 cm thickness of lead reduces the radiation intensity by 95%.
.J'

9. The linear attenuation coefficient oflead for 1 MeV gamma ray~...is0.74 em'l. Calcuiate(a)
halfvalue thickness and (b) thickness oflead necessary to reduce the intensity oftheganuna
rays to 1/1000 of its original value.

10. A 5 cm thick shield of lead is' usea t<>attenuate the gamma rays (rom 60CO.What fTaction
of the initial radiation penetrates the shield?

i~';<
..:1J. What thickness of AI isneeded to reduce the ir1t~n~i.ty..9fabeamofthermal neutrons .t9
abs6rpti()t1,cr:Qss..$e~~9~1~tI1."'al.pini~iJmJQrJh~J;m~L
".., ,>' .'
.,
1/100 of its initial value? Neutron ,"."",..'"
. neutrons is 0.23 barn. Density of AI is 2.7 gIc.1l13. '

12. Cadmium has a neutron absof!Jtion cross section of 20,000 barns for thermal neutrons.
.
What mction of the thermal neutrons will be transmitted by a -.3 mm foil of cadmium of
density 8.6 glcm3?

13. Calculate the mean free path ofthennal neutrons in (a) water for which cr = 0.33 barn and
p = 1 glcm3 and (b) graphite for which cr = 2.6 bams and p = 2250 kglm3.

14. A ~.l.cm thick Fe sheet{p=7.8 gtcm3) reduces abeam 'Of 10" neUti"onsby 10%. Calculate
(a) microscopic cross section of Fe and (b) mean free path.
t6p nucleus. Calculate the energy ,loss of the
15. A 2 MeV neutron roUides h~d-o'n with an
neutron.
0 . . . "
. ". . . ..0 °0
8.AC( .' .'
 ,. .
.' : -.- -; ~-~,'~ ::~. "fI~.,--.""
"

. .
. ,,"'fI!4';~Y~ :'.' .@
Solution to problems: Interaction of Radiation with Matter .
(chapters 4, 6 and 8)

I. Energy necded pCI' ion-pair = 30 eV 10() x 100) /30 = 1.8 x IO~

No. orion-pairs for 100 a or 5.3 T\.1cV = (5.3 x

E3/2 53/2 ==0.325 x 11.2 == 3.6 cm

2. Range in Air ==0~325 ==0.325 X
Range in AI ==R in Air /ReI. Stopping Power = 3.6 /1600 = 0.002 cm
43/2
3. Range in Air = 0.325
E3/2
== 0.325 X = 0.325 x 8 = 2.6 cm
Range in Pb = 3.2 x 10-4x Range in Air x sqrt (M) Idensity
= 3.2 x 10-4x 2.6 x sqrt (207) /11.4
= 0.001 cm

4. Range in Air = 0.325 0.325 X 7.683/2 = 6.9 cm

E3/2
==

(a) Range in Al = 3.2 x

10-4 x Range' in Air x sqrt (M) Idensity
.

== 3.2 x 10-4x 6.9 x sqrt (27) /2.7

== 0.004 cm
(b) ReI. Stopping Power for AI = Range in AirlRange in AI =6.9/0.004 ==1725
E(1.265 -0.0954 x 0.329).
E(1.265 -0.0954Inl.3?> = 0.412
5. Range x Density = 0.412
1.39(1.23)
= 0.412 x
= 0.412 x 1.5 = 0.62 g/cm2
Range = 0.62/Density = 0.62/2.7 = 0.23 cm
6. I=Ioe-JLX
1/100==e-~x
-::::' In (1/100) = - (.1x
-4.6 = -6.85 x
x = 4.6/6.85 = 0.67 cm

7. Range x Qensity = 0.530 E - 0.106 = 0.530 x 2.7 - 0.106 = 0.27 cm

8. I=Ioe1Lx
.~x
5/100 = e
In (5/100) = - (.1x ~
...~' f.. ~.. "'-. i
-3.0 = -(.1(4.5) --. '-

(.1= 0.66 per cm ~ ..- '...~

-:"'"

(a) Half Thickness = 0.693/J.1. = 1.0 em

(b) Mean Free Path = 1/J.1. = 1/0.66 = 1.55 cm em2jg
(c) Mass Attenuation Coefficient, J.1m= fJ,Idet1sity = 0.66/11.4 = 0.06

9. Hint: Follow solution to problem # 8.

10. Hint: Follow solution to problem # 8. Calculate IIIo

.", .

~
I
8-A6
..
.- - . '. .,..'. . .. .'. cO.. . .-:,. -.:'-~". "".:. .,'::
. ~.;~.~
- '.~.
 ;;. .
. . .'
rr
.",.

.'.:;~~~.~~~~~.
~ i ,~..~~~~.:~,...,~:,.~ :t"~~;':';"';':~')~:~"~'
OJ' ,"'... ~c...!""".-
- ."-'-'" "
""~'."'"

'..,-., -.

~,~ ,-.,
.
; ""~ @,
..
~'-<,-r
-",:"", .,._,
.
f

N == (Avo gadro's.No x Density) /Atomic

1022Mass
11. 1023 X 2.7) /27 == 6.02 x
== (6.02 x
Macroscopic X-section for neutrons in AI, .24
10.~2 x 0.23 x 10 == 0.014 per cm
L Nv 602.~ xx,-o-
== ==

I == 10 e
j II 00 == e -Ex
In (i/lOO) == - 2:x
-4.6 == -0.014 {x)
x ==330.cm ==3.3 meter

12. Hint: Fol1ow solution to problem # 11. Thickness of Cadmium Foil == 0.3. Find IIIo

13. Mean Free Path == I/L" I.==Nv N==Avogadro's No. x Density

1024 Crp2 for Water
(a) Calculate IIIoby substitution of cr == 0.33 X1024 cin2 for Graphite
(b) Calculate IIIoby substitution of cr == 2.6 X
-I: x
14. I == 10 e
10/100 = e -Ex
In (10/100) = - I. x
-2.3 == - I. (0.1)
(a) Macroscopic Cross Section, L = 23 per cm
.
(b) Mean Free Path, t..= IlL = 0.04 cm

- a.)Eo .
15. Energy Loss, f1E = 1/2 (1 [(16-1)/(16+1)]2 = 0.78
a. = [(A-1)/(A+1)]2 = ~ 0.22 MeV
, ffi = 1/2 (1 - 0.78) x 2
u

. .. .,.,,- -- --
-..

-:.

. .
61'.

8-A7
. ,. ..
 .. .~
." ~".-

.'<~3)
ExerCises:' Interaction of Radiation with Matter ": "". ". -

1. The W-value for a gas:

necessary to form o~e ion pai:
of equals the average energy deposite~
/b) is only defined for uncharged pa:t~cle:.
c) typically has a value of 32 MeV/~on-pa~r.
d) all of the above.
e) none of the above.

A neutron interaction useful in the detection of neutrons is:

-~
- a) the (~,p~ reactio~ on $-36 to produce the radioactive
S~ product
3(
, P-32
b) the f~ss~on react~on.
c-) the (n, alpha) reaction on B-10.
(, V\
V\ P - --? -l- +S ) P f
d) the (n,alpha) reaction on Li-6. 5
-
' 'v\ ~L
-,-
D
I:::> -/ -'-,\-
~,.-
all of the above.
,/
3. A component important to the shielding of a fast neutron source (ener~
of primary neutrons greater than 10 MeV) is:
a) hydrogen
,
which moderates the neutrons by elastic scattering
reactions to energies where they are more easily absorbed.
)6) an elem7nt of hi~h atomic
-
weight which provides for inelastic
scatter1hg react~ons.
c) an element with a high absorption cross section to xemove the
-.neutrons which have been slowed down and preferably one that
absorbs the neutron wi~hout production of capture gamma rays.
. GH' all of the above.
~} none of the above. =":.~'
"--,',

-""; "~;r_::. ]:.~f:-e Z:,':::'S~;~'-,~;.

.-- .

-p ." .

.' {

. . .. - i:\-.~ 9. . .
.. - ::;.:
 ,.. . ; "".;, ~-:..... ... .
~..."-~~' . ..~.. ~~. ..-
"~"'.".-'
.. ).
~'-"-" --
~

'-~ ~'h.-',-
.'"
. @.
.

,1'

Participant Name:
Date: \ 2.. \4\ \ \

Dose Limits

Dr. F. Abu- Jarad

,f9 1) Calculate the DAC for a radioactive material if ALl {inhalation) for it is
5x102 Bq? '.

'L) rl-::>
L -'
:D 1=\c -;:-

~
-- -= '2. >( (" \51'/
( I ~
5oW$ ';4()~- X \.3
J , w<.dc. \"\

lc\
'
SxfoB:=°Bq
of iodine-131 (via inhalation)and
2) If ~worker is exposed to intake of
3xl0S:Bq of Caesium-137 (via ingestion) in a year, what is the maximum.
equivalent dose that he can receive in the year? .
{ALl for lodine-131 via inhalation = 2xl06 Bq; ALl for Ca~ium-137
. . via
ingestion = 4xl06 Bq}

--\\€- T ~,~ ~,
tt~ -\
1. J""
'k
""
-t" lj I i~~
- < , ~~SJ
.
""
,

--- ~ \' ~
L -BL ~~IO~6-'~
.2.0\'(\ I~.~~
L -..I''
,'V\. ..J

-'0 w

r
""

\4 -f. + 11-",
°;'',,~ -t,.
'~.'11..
A. ,j'..i:I ,",.
~ \
"..
",'"
..- ..
H~ ~\~.5 ~ ~'J
". ~.t .-~
I '
'T\.r. nt:1::" ~).:-~'" -, '-"- . '.
:.,.
~~--.~}---~.
J2.0-t'l... .)~ '., .~... IL.\ -\1\ 11

.
"
"' -
~IT
Ji~t'1
-t
~'f
3X(o
, .,, . ' ~

L~ ~
F'{"- -+
2 f: \
:iXla 4Y.to~
.u ""~~ A - q-{
+
(0615' k'
\~p.,.\J . .
'

., ~. ' '=~
:;:>3~~ \.~ .:'
may
3) Calculate the maximum intake of cobalt-60 dioxide wbicl1 a ~o~
~:.J, receive'via jnh91afion uryear if his equivalent dose from external exposure is
"

11' '.
' 10 mSv.' The i,.h~l~tion ALl for oobalt-60 dioxide is 106Bq?
.,. ------------------..--
c
\ 0.'",- ~- T fc.' .,
::..
~ ~'~1
-;.,,~ L \ )
4. \ '
- "°-
i
l
.
~
T...,...:
.- : .
r~.~.
~.~ hL -
. '"... : ..
.2~ ~S~.
'/ ""~d"J.
1Jilt
 .
y
~.:;;.-.:-~".
~-'.

,@.

Problems

I. The linear attenuation coefficient oflead for I MeV gamma rays is 0.74 per cm. Calculate
. (a) the half value layer
(b) the thickness necessary to reduce the garnma ray intensity to 1/1000 of its original
value.

2. A 5 cm thick ~hield of Pb-208 is used to attenuate the gamma rays from Co-60. What
fraction of the initial gamma rays penetrates the shield? The mass attenuation coefficient
oflead for Co-60 gamma rays is 0.0569 cm2/g and density of lead is 11.3 g/cm3.

3. Calculate the thickness of lead and aluminum necessary to stop 4 MeV alpha particles.

'4. Na-22 is often used in medicine as a radioactive tracer. It emits beta rays with a maximum
kinetic energy of 1.39 MeV. What is the range of these beta rays in animal tissue in
. ------
g Icm2 ?

5. Calculate the maximum thickness of the aluminum window in a G. M. Counter to pemut

detection of 2.7 MeV beta particles. Density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm3.

6. What thickness of aluminum is needed to reduce the intensity of beam of neutrons to 1/100
of its initial intensity? The densit)Tof aluminum is 2.7 g/cm3 and its microscopic cross
,
section .at the neutron energy is 0.11 barn. 1 barn = 10-24 cm2.

7. A 1 MeV neutron suffers an elastic collision with a C-12 nucleus. What is the energy of the
scattered neutron?

'.

.p .

I
. :.. -0 - . .~ . ,. ~
ot...«.;
. ," ." .
.~.
.11- n. .."
 ,."",.", :....
;' .~~'~~:~~~'"~.;.',.~.~ ;;.~~V..~-~:.~ ~ '.~ .:.;.;",r.'.A .,..."- ~'. ::
~.
..' 11"...'" ".
". "' '
..
,. .
. .. .-:--Y'o..,
~ .-.-

~. Problems solution of chapter 11 (Page 11 -12)

Ql. (i) HVL=~= ~ =0.9-em

J1 0.74

1 .o,74x
(ii) = e
1000

Take In > - 6.9 = - 0.74 X

X = 9.3 em
,
Q2.
A
= e.J1(5) Take J1 from Table = 0.054
Ao

~ e- 0.054(5)
~

=0.76

Q3. 10-4 X &,X ~M Pbi p

&b = 3.2 X

= 3.2 x10-4 x 2.6 x .J207/11.3 --- ". r. r' :!'. <0

"
,t;
-~'.

::--~'-:-,
&r = 0.325(E312) =0.32Sx8 =2.6 cm,,-'--'--"'.l-"-' "~""'-"-"-::'=~-:""
I

10-3 cm
= 0.001 cm = 1.0 x

;: 3.2 x10-4 x 2.6 ~ ..[ij /2.7

RA'

, = 1.6 x l'O.3cm
"

.,Jtj

..

.. . ~G
 .";

"Q4. Rnax P ==0.542Ema.x - 0.133

==(0.542)(1.39) - 0.133

==0.62 g/em2

Q J.'- RmaxP == (0.542)(2.7) - 0.133

~ 1.33 g/em2

Rn~ ==1.33/2.7 ==0.5 em

e-narx
Q6: . I ~ L,

. n ~4 n==nuc1eilem3
! ==
.1-, ==
e-(6xlO XO.23xlO )x
==6.022xl023x2.7
10 100 '
27
./
e-O.O138X ==6 x 1022
0.01 ='

Take In ----> .... .:-

...
- 4.6 - 0.0138x == ==>x ,= 340 em
.. ,.

!ill 1
Q7. == -(I-a) "-0. ~_. ~ :.," ~

E 2

a = [(A-1)/(A+1)]2
==
[(12-1)/(12+l)f,

=0.72
.~
P'~
M 1 '

E
= -(1-0.72)
2 '
=0.14
~

'0
AE '=,(0. 14)xl = 0.1.4 MeV
'. .
"~'.";Es' n >='f-O.14'~'0.86.:MeV ' .' .. . .'~-
.' .' .' .. . . : .. ..." .
. . . ": "'- ..'. CD..~r~ .",. .. . -"0 . .' . .' - .. . - .
. . " .~ -
...' ..
 1. Which of the fo~lowing is true about shielding:

a) All heavy charged particles undergo similar interactions with matter

principally ~ith electrons, and are shielded in the same manner.
b) The light charged particles, negatrons and positrons, present no
special difficult'ies in shielding provided reasonable care is used.
c) The shielding of X and gamma radiation is done mostly by materials
with the highest electron density.
d) The best neutron shield for normal applications
neutrons) would, be concrete. (poly-energetic
All of the above.
/5
2.. The highest to "~owest relative penetration 'of 1 MeV alpha, beta
and gamma rays ~s:

a) alpha, beta, gamma.

b) beta, gamma" alpha.
c) gamma, aiVha, beta.

~ gamma, beta, alp~a.

beta, alpha,' gamma.

3- The material of a s~ield for a beta emitting.~adionuclide which woulc

cause the most significant production of bremsstrahlung is...
'

a. Al.
b. Cu.
, c. Fe.

~: Pb.
Lucite.
.fll~@

it. In the shielding of Sources of~ rays,pure

gan:u;na the-dose rate
. outside a shield exceeds that calculated from exponential
"
attenuation and inverse square law due to:
f:..::";.:: "-A primaril ythe. contributio,",
'
.

"""""".-""'-.I".-i;t).""'*-
rays. r«;!Su-l~t1-n:g" f¥@'!l~43O1I>~~Pl!9tons. .

- photons on the sh~eld.

~romthe;'~h~~~~:;.:in~e~a:C~:i:ontJ:m,
pJ:i111cU:::Y;.;;~;.-
c) annihilation -<',iO:
::::;:;;;:,c::--:: --
radiation from the pair production
of primary photons in the shield. interaction
d) all of the above.
e) none of the above.

g.. The transmission factor used to pr.edict the quantity of gamma

radiation penetrating a ..shield is given by:- -.---

.~ the product of the

b) burJ,~~rL..ta-<::.tor and attenuat:ion
. c) thp'product of the buildup factor and' fTw<::-""'---'" ~~~tor.
the produ9t of the buildup factor and number of relaxation lengths
I d) all of the above. .

e) none of the above.

6. In the shielc.ing of gamma rays ,the dose, buildup factor depend~ on:

."..,:'~ the '~!ie:cgy ~f :the' gamma rays 'emitt;ed .from t.he sd\J.rcf3
... .JJ) .the !?6u7=~'e-shiel~ ',g~6metry"" ..
"
. '." ."'. .' ,
' '..
'. ',.,
~ t'hei?hi~ld thickness.
-., ~ ....
.
- -
'.;:
 -
@-
.":

DOSE RATE CALCULATIONS

<.

Examples:

1. A certain 3-Ci point source has a' specific gamma constant, y, of 1.8 RIh Ci at 1 m.
Placing the source behind a shield reduces the exposure rate to 20 mR/h at 60 em. By
what factor does the shield reduc~ the. exposure rate?

a) 15 b) 150 c) 250 A750 e) 1500

,,' .

. , \

~2. For a radionuc1ide with a decay constant of 0.693h"I,.the fraction of atoms that iIecay-in 2
hr is: #.. . '(\t" e,6",) 7. ---' ~.I
.
1-'\'0 ~-e ""c. \~.e. "~ \- o,'l.i)~O,'~lt) \-c.2-S=o.:j5"
a) 0.167 b) 0.250 crO.500 d) 0.667 tfO.750

3. Radionuc1ideA concentrates in a cert~n orZaIlQf m~ body where it delivers.U:Q~~1hJ

Radionuc1ide B, also present in the organ at five times'; the activity of ~, has an effective
ene~gy twi~ .~eat as A, and an effective half life ten times smaller: The ~ui.v~ent
dose rate in J.lSv/hdue to b is: '- -:7' I6 0 f'~
\J
IJlX 5. YL
a) 0.1 b) 0.4 . c) 2.5" d) 10
.
,e1loo
/'-'-- '
~
( J" ~/ )
(.-

\'. '. Calculate the equivalent dose rate in a ~ tissue sample that cont~s 2 JlCi tritium, H-
3, assuming no beta is escaped:
~ ,

"

Data given: -
y U>
b. 'I.
U

,0
C- -;::. Z X 3.1\
1) Average energy of tritium = 5.6 keY
2) Tritium is pure beta emitter t.':r'::'~'>
3) 1 keY = 1.6 x 10." J
~ .~S X.l~""'S V'
/5
5. A Co-60 source has an activity of 5000 Ci and encapsulated in a ~E.eri~~ contaillment of
lead.' Calculate the thi~!cnes~of the lead such that the annual occupatIonal dose limit is
not exceeded for a worker working 35 hours per week at 0.5 meter. The half value layer
.
of lead is 1.2em. -~~-..

0= 0 . 11-/2 A £-
1t
Ii
cA'
.
.p
"\ - J c'
e.

/3L12
0° "..#:';'-".. . '.' .
.or...;
-.. ~.
.. .. .
, . . .. .
 6. .

cW'
'. .
ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS ON DOS.E RATE CALCULATIONS

1) Applying the inverse square law for the unshielded source at 60 'cm:" . -'. -.
, .~.'~
-- '."-
.~~

2
. 1.8R -.) . 100
X - C1 - - 5 Rlh
-1. ;
.
- Ci h -
( 60' )
.
'

, . . . -): ..:
'. '/

The reduction factor = 15000 mRIh = 750

20 mR/h

.1"'

2) A. = 0.693 h-1 '..

Now TIn = 0.693 = 0.693 = 1.0 h

A. 0.693 h-1

After 2 h (i.e. 2 half lives), the activity will be one-fourth of its initial value,
i.e., ~ of the atoms have decayed.

3) Since A delivers 10 ,uSvlh. B delivers 10 x 5 x 2 = WO ,uSvlh 1-1 ,..

.
Effective " half life does not enter into the calculation when deteqnining the
equivalent dose rate but would enter if one were determining the integrated
equivalent dose.

4) The rate of energy absorption, E in the sample is equal to the rate of the energy
released as betas.
~, -,. ..
The~' : .:.:. >1-0'

-- E.-~ (2xlO-6Cix3.7xlO'0 BqICi)(5.6keVx1.6xlO-'6 J I keV)

=6.63xl0-n J /s

. E 6.63xl0-1l J Is
.
10 .
-I~
.
. -
Doserate=D=-= =2.65x10- Jlkgs=2~65xlO G:Y/ s ",'.",

m 0.2S0kg
For betas, WR= 1, so the equivalent dose rate, if =2.65xlO-io Svls

p.

.. .'
"
.:.,.
. rs
'.." -. ..." .
- t3... . - ... .. ..
61 .

- .. -.. .
'" '.
 '~-'
. .
'. '1
~-J".-."'.--".~.' ' -;..:r" .. .'...~. .........-...-............---
'

i) Dose rate from the source = 0.14 A E

d2 '.

where A = activity in MBq

E = energy in MeV ""~

d = distance in m

Dose rate from source at 0.5

= 0.14 ~ 5000 Ci x 3.7xl010Bq/Ci x 0'.117 + 1.332) MeV
(0.5 m)2
= 2.5xl08 p.Svlh

The allowed limit per week = 20 mSv = 0.4 mSv/w .J.

. 50w
The allowed limit per hour = o.'~mSv/w
35 h/w

= 11.4 p.Svlh

The d9se rate should be reduced ITom2.5xl08 pSvlh to 11'.4p.Svlh

Then the transmission factor, B = 11.4 uSvlh = 4.57xio.?

2.5x108 pSvlh
1 ~..
We have B=-2N
. .
Where N is the number of the half value layers, HVLs
Ln B = - N In 2

N= 7.34.= 10.59 ..- -- .

0.693

Then the required thickness = 10.59 HVLs = 10.59 x }.2:= 12]1. ~_rn .-

*".

./.

.
. ... . ~.. --. . s. .~
I '_fLL' . ..
 '..
.-

,. .

:@
..,... ,":...~ "".~';-
.,~&:~~".'-";-~:; ':;'.~':,../." :.""'" .:~' -" '" 4'-'-:-:"'.-:.~-

Exercises- External and Internal Dose Calculation.::

" 1. A techmeasures the radiation field at a job site"and determines th

a wo~ker would receive a dose of 27 mrem by staying at that location
for 20 minutes. The worker decides to use a long-handle wrench, maki
the distance from the small-size source three times further than befc
but the work time is increased to 40 minutes. The dose received unde
these conditionswould be? r;:)
I
I.:::)
L..\r
~- -'-> r::::> ::. :,
'-
0

.' \
a. 0.2 mrern.
~ 6 mrern. <, ~, -:', =:::::. -= c t~
G. 17 mrem. -<~--T
54 mrern.
,,' ':1 -=-~""'v
'd.
e. 420 mrern.
-.. ye-.---
-z :t ,-0"""'::"" «
t:-~ '-.....
-
"(.0
2. The absorbed dose from 5.30 r'1eValDha Darticles emitted from PO-2lC
o.
in tissue is 100 ergs per gram. The- total dose equivalem:. is:
~-
a) 5 .3 rem.
t~~\
b) 10 rem. ~.
c) 12.4 rem.

~ 20 rem.
53 rem.

I;
3. The
are:
.
basic principles of protection ~~st:.. ext=-rnal radiation hazarJ

a) film badge and dosimeters.

bf anti-contamination 'clothing. J ~

~ time, distance, and shielding.

whole body counting and bioassay.
e) cutie pie.
T~.v

"

--

- .. .:, . . . . --
 . I
... ~
- -".-
. H. -. .. ,..
,@
.~;V:J-';'~ \1'<:'. ti1 fl\A \; tfl)Y (u\) J.:L-.v
16.3 PI'oblems

1. The true value of a radioisotope half-life is 15 minutes. If it is mcasured with a S%

accuracy. what will be range of experimental data about the true value? <.
2. Calculate the mean value and standard deviation from the following data of a radiatinn
counting experiment:
Measurement No. Count Measurement No. Count
1 315 6 311
2 305 7 300
3 321 8 291
4 296 9 298
5 306 10 314
oj"

.
3. A radioactive substance gives 10 counts per sec. How long should you count to obtain a
total count with 5% statistical error?
4. In a counting experiment, 8000 counts are recorded in a single experiment. Express the . data:
with its error at 68.3% confidence level.
5. 20,000 colints are recorded in 10 minutes in an experiment. Express the counting rate with
its error at 95.4% confidence level.
6. 5000 gross counts are recorded in an experiment for 5 minutes and 100 background counts
/ are recorded for 10 minutes. What is the net count rate and error at 2 standard deviations.
;

7. A radioactive sample gives 100 counts in 10 sand 1000 counts in 100 s. Show that there
will be better accuracy in the count rate for the longer period o( counting. .

8. A total time of 40 min is available for an experiment. The gross count. rate is 400
counts/min and the background count rate is 40 counts/min.. What should be the optimum
time for background counting to achieve the best accuracy in the experiment?
9. Show that a better lower limitof detection (LLD) is produced when a sampleis counted for
60 min than for 10 min. The detector efficiency is 30% and the background count rate is 50
counts per min.
10. A 7.6-cm diameter Na(I) detector is placed at a distance of25 cm from a point isotropic
source. What is the solid angle subtended by the detector at the source position?
II. A standard source of 5 IlCi gives a gross count of 10000 counts/s in a counting system.
The background count rate is 100 counts/so Calcula~e tpe efficiency of the countiAg system.
.1 .
~
12. A counting system has':a dead time of 100 IlS. If in an experimentwith the.system, 2000
counts/min are observed, what should have been the true count rate?

-
L-oCJ
~n_-'--
0
----- 2. 0. '\) 7- C J ""',,,
. -6
p. 1- 2.-"'".C>~ .::1..\0>'9 '/ e
\.
---
be>

/
.- .. . .. .. . ~...::..-: . . . - . to'.
.°
 _.~.;~~~."?,,,;
,;>J't"~:.
. .
,~-_."
o. . ;--,,-
.'-~~.W"'."', .
~;'.": .
4; 4 4. 4
@'"

, Solution to Problems in Chapter 16

4:#
Countint! Statistics and Absolute and Relative Measurements

1. 5% of 15 min = 15 x 5/100 =0.75 min

Experimental values lie between (15-0.75) to (15+0.75) min = 14.25 nun to 1.75 nun

2. Mean Count =
~(315 + 305 + 321 + 296 + 306 + 311 + 300 + 291 + 298 + 314) = 305.7
10
Xi - Mean (Xi ~Mean)2 Xi - Mean (Xi - Mean)2 .,' .

9.3 86.49 5.3 28.09

-0.7 0.49 -5.7 32.49
15.3 234.09 -14.7 216.09
-9.7 94.09 -7.7 59.29
0.3 '0.09 8.3 68.89
Sum of «Xi - Meant) =475.83
. .
Stan dar d DeVlatlon, 0 = ./475.83
~
",,10-1 =7.3
Count :!:o = 305.7 :!:7.3
,

.JX 5
3. -=5%=-
X 100
1 5 X = 400 counts
-
.JX 100
. 400 counts
TIme needed for 400 COliC.lts = 10 counts I s
=40 s "

4. 68.3% confidence level means error of 1 standard deviation.

,
"'.,,-

1 SD = .J800Q'='89.4 Count'with~n:ori;:,;8.Q99,:!:_89.4

5. 95.4% confidence level means error of 2 standard deviation.

20,000 20,000 . .J20,000
Count Rate :!:20 = = :!:2 x = 2000 :!:2 x 14. 2000 :!:28 cpm =
10 10 10

5000 100
6. Net Count Rate =-
5
- -10 :!:2 x -5000
25
10000
+-
100
=990 :!:17 cpm

7, ik>r, 10 s counting: '

Count Rate
to
- 10 = 10:!:Icountslsec
100 ./100
= -:!:

. #
0. .44-
 -. ~
.' ~-~'...
(ri7')
o. ; . ,
\!J/.1,..

,
.J1000 1000
For 100 s counting, Count Rate =- :t = 10 :t 0.31counts 1s
100 100
Therefore, 100 s counting results in a better accuracy.

8. ts + tb =Total available time =40 min

3-=~Cs
tb~b

3- = ~400 =10
tb 40

ts = lOtb

lOtb + tb = 40 , tb =40/11 = 3.6 min

(50
2.33 x
VTO
9. For 10 minute counting: LLD = 30
= I7 cpm
100

f5O
, 2.33 x
VW =7cpm
For 60 minute counting: LLD=
30
100

Thus, in the above case, a 60 minute c~>untingfor the sample will result in a better LLD.
7.6 ~

.
"(7)- 3.14xI4.4 .
. Detector Area
- 10. Sohd angle of the detector = D~~n~ = ~- -= ~ = 1.8steradIan

11. 5 !lCi =5 x 10-6x 3.7 x 1010= 1.85 X 105disintegrations/s

Corrected count! s -- 10000-100 "at

-/0 ) =
.
Eff lClency
' ( fJ1 - x 100 - 5.:)70
Source activity (dis Is) 1.85 x I cf

12.
2000 Imin
C (rue, =
2000 I min -6
j .
-- '~1 00 X 10 see
60 sect min
p.
=2007 counts/min

I
.0 --ook ~
00 ..,
..
.'.
 .,>_,4.- ... ~
:.-,...,"~5,.~"!.~r~- . .

~r"':"-~.~~.: @.

Exercises- Measuring Techniques for External and Internal

Radiation Doses
,
1 . The critical organ for exposure to tritiated water .~-
vapor is:
a) the lungs.

~ d)
the
the
the
skin
Gi tract.
thyroid.
of the whole body.

e) none of the above. ~

2 .. The critical organ for exposure .toelemental radioactive I-131 i~

air is:

a) the whole body.

A d)
the
the
the
thyroid.
lungs.
skin of the whole body.-
e) none of the above.

3 . The basic
radiation
physical
hazards are:
methods applied to protec.tion against interne

a} film. badges, dosimeters, ion chambers, .survey meters. .

.~
.
r7sp~r~t~rs, .ventilation~ air cleaning equipment,. decontaminati
t~me l~~tat~on, protect~ve clothing,
.
glove boxes.
c} time, distance, shielding.
d} bio-assay, whole body counting, nose wipes.
e} standards, regulations, procedures.

....

@ Moni t~ririg'eXposures anddo;§esq~~.::!:Q~j,n~e.~{iJ. ;t:'~diation ~hazar.e.s ':":

.
may be difficult and not very accurate.
may be accomplished by measuring concentrations of radio nuclid,
.fi in air, water and food with sampling or monitoring equipment.
c) may be accomplished by estimating body buI:-dens through who.le b-
,

counting or bio~assay.
,d) all of the above.
e) none of the above.

. J1' .

"~).l
. .'
 . ~. . :.
'. .":..:'. .-=-.~"--::-"-::"- - ~--- -.C..- --
' " '

. "..,.". . . . ..
' "
.. ...
-
,

Exercises- Operation Survey and Inspection

'1\
Which of the five detectors below would you select to provide the
, :.J most accurat~ measurement-or exposure rate in a mixed energy ga~~a
field? -
(\.iP> '

~ air ionization
b) Geiger-Mueller
c) zinc-sulfide
chamber.
detector.
detector.
d) sodium iodide detecior.
e) Snoopy.

fi '.
C) . .
2 . A Geiger-Mueller beta-gamma survey meter: .
...

/a) is used primarily to detect the presence of beta-gamma radiation.

/ b) should not be used 'in a high intensity field since it may give: a
/' response of zero operating as a pulsed counter-
c) can be calibrated to read 'exposure rate with ,an appropriate
thickness of' material surrounding the tube to decr~se the responsE
to beta rays.

/
~ all of the above.
e) nqne of the above.

3 ' Alpha radiat'ion may be detected in the presence of beta and gamma
radiation without the detection of the beta or gamma radiation by US~!
a gas-flow proportional counting system because:
-
'~)the alpha radiation produces more primary ionization within the

ft detector at a sufficiently lower voltage so that the alpha pulses

are larger than the discriminator level and beta or electron, pulses
,

are smaller than the discriminator level.

b) alpha particles are more massiye than electrons. I
~
c) alpha particles have double the charge of electrons, \

d) beta particles ,have a lower threshold voltage. i , ,;

!
-
e) alpha par~icles have a highet. t~eshold voJ,rage,

1,11' /,Xil \,
~~Vn Jc! ~~ :

4.What is the main advantage of using a proportional

,r..- ~
counter?
'-, . j '\.
a. It operates in a higher voltage region.
;01'(.is able, to differentiate between different t)~es of'radiation.
c~ It causes significantly more free electrons.
/ d~ It possesses higher sensitivity than other detectors.
: e. It is less energy dependent than other detectors.

I
1(1'..1.~
I
 xerclses- Biological Effects of Radiation

1. The transmission f~ctor us~d to.pre?~ct th~ quantity of gamma

radiation penetratlDg a shleld 1S glven by.

the product of the buildup factor and attenuation factor.

.~ the product of the buildup factor and flux.
c) the product of the buildup factor and number of relaxation lengths.
d) all of the above.
e) none of the above.

2. The effect on an individual being exposed continuously to 100 R/hr

for 7 h~J;:.s relative to another exposed to :1.00mR/hr for 7000 hours
w6uld'be:
) . .
\ \
a) less. t-- " ~. v.~
"""
~:: '5~ s \.<.
Y"
--t_v ~ );.
'--
C j::\, v~ <.. . .,.. \. :\It. '\

~c) same.
greater. -""\~

d) dependent on the type of

radiation. M ~"c\
~ i
,.
r
e) none of the above. li .~-~ ,
"
.;~
~- - c.'v
y e \f:::.
.. , , "'-.. +-t~;
" \.)"
c-~Q. .
3. At what level of acute whole body radiation would you expect to begj
to see some si~ificant physiological effects in a population?
a) 0.17 rem.
b) 0.5 rem.
'"
/~170 rem. /:=1 51/ 0

- R 4O,D t(>? ,
1i)
e) 1700
500 rem.
rem.
~c>o
---
<z-------.. -=P'
-
if.' Somatic effects refer to:

~effects observed in the exposed individual including as

~' possibilities erythema, leukemia,
.' cance:r::,<;:ataracts, and life
shortening.. .
..
'b) effects GbseJiV:ed in the exposed .individual' s p'rogeny.~c.",
c) only somatic mutations.
d) genetic mutations.
e) all of the above.

@ Radiation initiates des~tion

a) photoelectric effect--; ,,
of hu~~.t:~ssue through the,
~--
.

~ionization process -, ~ "'?,

\J a.t~d \ <>.f '0
c) multipl.e interaction'/-'1
of neutrons ~
d) cot}1P~oneffect.. .
'.~.,--
.
e) all of the above.---'- --,p'
, ,
, r"", . ' )
I
t,

@ ~~a~.~~~~~~9~~
of people received
the people
acute whole
~-'
body doses of 8QO rad.
would you expect, to die within 2 months?
'

. a) < 25%- '-.' '--'--------

b). .25 %' .

.. "," co} ..-SO ~ °.
. . . . .
d) ,75 %
.~.J.OO% . .2.0'\~