LatinLEGAL

MAXIMS
a compilation
for

Statutory Construction
by

LAUSAN, PENNELOPE A.
CHIWERAN, ALPINE SUNSHINE S.
TIAGO, LORETA P.
PASSOL, ALYSSA L.
VILLAMOR, ELIJA FAYE D.
 A
1. A fortiori – “With even stronger reason”, which applies to a situation in which if one thing
is true then it can be deduced that a second thing is even more certainly true

2. A mensa et thoro – From bed and board

3. A posteriori – Relating to or originating by reasoning from the observation of facts

4. A priori – From what was before

5. A vinculo matrimonii – From the bond of matrimony

6. Ab extra – From outside

7. Ab incunablis – From infancy

8. Ab initio – From the beginning

9. Ab intra – From within

10. Abberatio Ictus – Mistake in the blow

11. Absoluta sententia expositore non indigent – An absolute judgment needs no expositor.
When language of the law is clear, no explanation of it is required

12. Abundans cautela non nocet – Abundant caution does no harm

13. Accessorium non ducit sed sequitur suum principale – An accessory does not draw, but
follows its principal

14. Accessorius sequitur – One who is an accessory to the crime cannot be guilty of a more
serious crime than the principal offender

15. Acta exteriora iudicant interiora secreta – Outward acts indicate the inward intent

16. Actio non accrevit infra sex annos – The action has not accrued within six years

17. Actio non datur non damnificato – An action is not given to one who is not injured

18. Actio non datur non damnificato – An action is not given to one who is not injuredActio
personalis moritur cum persona – A personal action dies with the person

19. Actio personalis moritur cum persona – A personal right of action dies with the person.
In other sense, if he dies the right to sue is gone.

20. Actionable per se – The very act is punishable and no proof of damage is required.

21. Actiones legis – Law suits

22. Actori incumbit onus probandi – The burden of proof lies on the plaintiff

23. Actus me invito factus non est meus actus – An act done by me against my will is not my
act

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24. Actus mi invictu reus, nisi mens facit reum – an act done by me against my will is not my
act

25. Actus nemini facit injuriam – The act of the law does no one wrong

26. Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea – The act does not make one guilty unless there be
a criminal intent

27. Actus reus – A guilty deed or act

28. Actus Reus Non Facit Reum Nisi Mens Sit Rea – Conviction of a crime requires proof of
a criminal act and intent. or an act does not make a defendant guilty without a
guilty mind. or an act does not constitute guilt unless done with a guilty intention.

29. Ad absurdum – To the point of preposterousness

30. Ad ea quae frequentius acciduunt jura adaptantur – The laws are adapted to those cases
which occur more frequently

31. Ad eundem – To the same level

32. Ad eundem gradum – To the same degree

33. Ad hoc – For this purpose

34. Ad hominem – Represents an argument made personally against an opponent, rather than a
logical argument against an issue

35. Ad idem – Of the same mind

36. Ad infinitum – Forever, without limit, to infinity

37. Ad locum – At the place

38. Ad nauseam – To a repulsive extent

39. Ad perpetuam rei memoriam – For a perpetual memorial of the matter

40. Ad proximum antecedens fiat relatio nisi impediatur sententia (doctrine of last
antecedent) – relative words refer to the nearest antecedents, unless the context
otherwise requires

41. Ad quaestionem facti non respondent judices – The judges do not answer to a question of
fact

42. Ad quaestionem legis non respondent juratores – The jury do not answer to a question of
Law

43. Ad referendum – Subject to reference

44. Ad valorem – By the value eg ad valorem tax

45. Addenda – Things to be attached

46. Addendum – A thing to be attached

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47. Aedificare in tuo proprio solo non licet quod alteri noceat – It is not lawful to build on
one's own land what may be injurious to another

48. Aequitas legem sequitur – Equity follows the law

49. Aequitas nunquam contravenit legem – Equity never contradicts the law

50. Affidavit – A sworn written statement usable as evidence in court

51. Agenda – Things to be done

52. Alibi – At another place, elsewhere

53. Alienatio rei praefertur juri accrescendi – Alienation is preferred by law rather than
accumulation

54. Alimony – a husband’s (or wife’s) provision for a spouse after separation or divorce;
maintenance

55. Aliunde – From elsewhere, or, from a different source

56. Allegans contraria non est audiendus – One making contradictory statements is not to be
heard

57. Allegans suam turpitudinem non est audiendus – One alleging his own infamy is not to
be heard

58. Allegatio contra factum non est admittenda – An allegation contrary to a deed is not to
be heard

59. Alter ego – A second identity living within a person

60. Ambiguitas contra stipulatorem est – An ambiguity is most strongly construed against the
party using it

61. Ambiguitas verborum patens nulla verificatione excluditur – A patent ambiguity is

never helped by averment

62. Amicus Curiae – A friend of court or member of the Bar who is appointed to assist the
Court.

63. Amicus omnibus, amicus nemini – A friend to everyone is a friend to none

64. Angliae jura in omni casu libertati dant favorem – The laws of England are favorable in
every case to liberty

65. Animi sermo est – Speech is the index of intention

66. Animo furandi – With an intention of stealing

67. Animo testandi – With an intention of making a will

68. Annus horribilis – A horrible year

69. Annus luctus – The year of mourning

70. Annus mirabilis – A fantastic year

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71. Ante – Before

72. Ante Litem Motam – Before suit brought; before controversy instituted OR spoken before
a lawsuit is brought.

73. Ante meridiem – Before noon

74. Aqua currit et debet currere, ut currere solebat – Water runs and ought to run

75. Arbitrium est judicium – An award is a judgment

76. Arbor dum crescit; lignum cum crescere nescit – A tree while it grows, wood when it
cannot grow

77. Argumentum a contrario (Negative-Opposite Doctrine) – what is expressed puts an end to

that which is implied

78. Argumentum ab auctoritate fortissimum est in lege – An argument drawn from authority
is the strongest in law

79. Argumentum ab impossibilii plurimum valet in lege – An argument from impossibility is

very strong in law

80. Argumentum ad hominem – An argument directed to a person

81. Argumentum ad ignoratiam – An argument based upon ignorance (ie of one's adversary)

82. Arma in armatos sumere jura sinunt – The laws permit the taking up of arms against the
armed

83. Assentio mentium – The meeting of minds, i.e mutual assent

84. Assignatus utitur jure auctoris – An assignee is clothed with rights of his assignor

85. Audi alteram partem – No man shall be condemned unheard.

86. Aula regis – The King's Court

B
87. Benignior sententia in verbis generalibus seu dubiis est preferenda – The more
favorable construction is to be placed on general or doubtful words

88. Bis dat qui cito dat – He gives (pays) twice who pays promptly

89. Bona fide – Sincere/ in good faith/ honest purpose

90. Bona vacantia – Goods without an owner

91. Boni judici est ampliare jurisdictionem – It is the part of a good judge to enlarge his
jurisdiction, i.e. remedial authority

92. Boni judicis est judicium sine dilatione mandare executioni – It is the duty of a good
judge to cause execution to issue on a judgment without delay

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93. Boni judicis lites dirimere est – It is the duty of a good judge to prevent litigation

94. Bonus judex secundum aequum et bonum judicat et aequitatem stricto juri praefert –
A good judge decides according to justice and right and prefers equity to strict law

95. Breve judiciale non cadit pro defectu formae – A judicial writing does not fail through
defect of form

C
96. Cadit quaestio – The matter admits of no further argument

97. Cassetur billa (breve) – Let the writ be quashed

98. Casus fortuitus non est spectandus; et nemo tenetur divinare – A fortuitous event is not
to be foreseen and no person is bound to divine it

99. Casus omissus pro omisso habendus est – a person, object or thing omitted from an
enumeration must be held to have been omitted intentionally

100.Catalla reputantur inter minima in lege – Chattels are considered in law among the
minor things

101.Causa proxima, non remota spectatur – The immediate and not the remote cause is to be
considered

102.Caveat – A caution registered with the public court to indicate to the officials that they are
not to act in the matter mentioned in the caveat without first giving notice to the
caveator.

103.Caveat actor – Let the doer beware.

104.Caveat emptor – Let the buyer/purchaser beware

105.Caveat venditor – Let the seller beware

106.Cepi corpus et est languidum – I have taken the body and the prisoner is sick

107.Cepi corpus et paratum habeo – I have taken the body and have it ready

108.Certiorari – A writ by which orders passed by an inferior court is quashed.

109.Cessante ratione legis, cessat ipsa lex – When the reason of the law ceases, the law itself
ceases

110.Ceteris paribus – Other things being equal

111.Circa – Around

112.Cogito, ergo sum – I think, therefore I am

113.Compos mentis – Stable, lucid, sane

114.Consensu – Unanimously or, by general consent

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115.Consensus ad idem – Agreement as to the same things

116.Consuetudo loci observanda est – The custom of the place is to be observed

117.Contemporanea expositio est optima et fortissimo in lege – A contemporary construction

is the strongest law

118.Contra – To the contrary

119.Contra bonos mores – Against good morals

120.Contra non valentem agere nulla currit praescriptio – No prescription runs against a
person not able to act

121.Contractus est quasi actus contra actum – A contract is an act as it were against an act

122.Conventio et modus vincunt legem – A contract and agreement overcome the law

123.Conventio privatorum non potest publico juri derogare – An agreement of private

persons cannot derogate from public right

124.Coram Domino Rege – In the presence of our Lord the King

125.Coram non judice – Before one who is not a judge

126.Corpus – Body

127.Corpus delicti – The body or the gist of crime. The facts and circumstances constituting a
crime and Concrete evidence of a crime, such as a corpse (dead body)

128.Corpus humanum non recipit aestimationem – A human body is not susceptible of

appraisement

129.Corrigenda – A list of things to be rectified

130.Crescente malitia crescere debet et poena – Vice increasing, punishment ought also to
increase

131.Crimen omnia ex se nata vitiat – Crime vitiates everything, which springs from it

132.Crimen trahit personam – The crime carries the person

133.Cujus est dare, ejus est disponere – He who has a right to give has the right to dispose of
the gift

134.Cujus est solum, ejus est usque ad coelam; et ad inferos – He who owns the soil owns it
up to the sky; and to its depth

135.Cum duo inter se pugnantia reperiuntur in testamentis ultimum ratum est – When two
things repugnant to each other are found in a will, the last is to be confirmed

136.Cursus curiae est lex curiae – The practice of the court is the law of the court

137.Custos morum – A guardian of morals

D

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138.Damnum sine injuria – Damage without legal injury

139.De bonis asportatis – Of goods carried away

140.De bonis non administratis – Of goods not administered

141.De die in diem – From day to day

142.De facto – Existing in fact, however not officially accepted

143.De futuro – In the future

144.De integro – As regards the whole

145.De jure – In accordance with the law

146.De minimis – About minimal things.

147.De minimis lex non curat – The law does not notice trifling matters

148.De Minimis Non Curat Lex – The law does not govern trifles (unimportant things) or law
ignores insignificant details. A common law principle whereby judges will not sit
in judgment of extremely minor transgressions (offence, wrongdoings) of the law.

149.De novo – To make something anew

150.Debile fundamentum fallit opus – Where there is a weak foundation, the work fails

151.Debita sequuntur personam debitoria – Debts follow the person of the debtor

152.Debitor non praesumitur donare – A debtor is not presumed to make a gift

153.Debitum et contractus sunt nullius loci – Debt and contract are of no particular place

154.Debitum in praesenti, solvendum in futuro – A present debt is to be discharged in the

future

155.Delegata potestas non potest delegari – A delegated authority cannot be again delegated

156.Derivativa potestas non potest esse major primitiva – The power which is derived cannot
be greater than that from which it is derived

157.Detinue – Tort of wrongfully holding goods which belong to someone else

158.Deus solus haeredem facere potest, non homo – God alone, not man, can make an heir

159.Dictum – Statement of law made by judge in the course of the decision but not necessary to
the decision itself

160.Dies Dominicus non est juridicus – Sunday is not a day in law

161.Discretio est discernere per legem quid sit justum – Discretion is to discern through law
what is just

162.Distingue tempora et concordabis jura – distinguish times and you will harmonize laws

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163.Distingue tempora et concordabis jura – Distinguish times and you will harmonize the
law

164.Doli incapax – Incapable of crime

165.Dominium – Ownership

166.Domus sua cuique est tutissimum refugium – Every man s house is his safest refuge

167.Dona clandestina sunt semper suspiciosa – Clandestine gifts are always suspicious

168.Donatio mortis causa – Gift because of death or a future gift given in expectation of the
donor’s imminent death and only delivered upon the donor’s death

169.Dormiunt leges aliquando, nunquam moriuntur – The laws sometimes sleep, but never
die

170.Doti lex favet; praemium pudoris est; ideo parcatur – The law favors dower; it is the
reward of chastity, therefore let it be preserved

171.Dubitante – Doubting the correctness of the decision

172.Duo non possunt in solido unam rem possidere – Two cannot possess one thing each in
entirety

173.Dura lex sed lex – The law may be harsh, but that is the law

E
174.Ei incumbit probatio qui – The onus of proving a fact rests upon the man

175.Ei incumbit probatio qui dicit, non qui negat – The burden of the proof lies upon him
who affirms, not he who denies

176.Ejusdem generis – same kind/ same species to give effect to both the particular and general
words, by treating the particular words as indicating the class and the general words
as indicating all that is embraced in said class, although not specifically named by
the particular words

177.Ejusdem generis – Of the same kind or specie

178.Error in personae – mistake in identity

179.Error, qui non resistitur approbatur – An error not resisted is approved

180.Estoppel – Prevented from denying

181.Et cetera – Other things of that type

182.Ex cathedra – With official authority

183.Ex concessis – In view of what has already been accepted

184.Ex dolo malo actio non oritur – A right of action cannot arise out of fraud

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185.Ex dolo malo non oritur actio – No man can be allowed to found a claim upon his own
wrongdoing

186.Ex facie – On the fact of it

187.Ex gratia – Out of kindness, voluntary or as a favour.

188.Ex necessitate legis – By necessary implication of law

189.Ex nihilo nil fit – From nothing nothing comes

190.Ex nudo pacto actio non oritur – No action arises on a contract without a consideration

191.Ex officio – Because of an office held.

192.Ex parte – Proceeding brought by one person in the absence of another

193.Ex post facto – By reason of a subsequent act or after the fact. It is a law that retroactively
changes the legal consequences (or status) of actions that were committed, or
relationships that existed, before the enactment of the law.

194.Ex praecedentibus et consequentibus optima fit interpretatio – The best interpretation is

made from things preceding and following

195.Ex turpi causa non oritur actio – No action arises on an immoral contract

196.Exceptio firmat regulam in casibus non exceptis – A thing not being excepted must be
regarded as coming within the purview of the general rule

197.Exceptio probat regulam – An exception proves the rule

198.Executio est executio juris secundum judicium – Execution is the fulfillment of the law
in accordance with the judgment

199.Executio est finis et fructus legis – An execution is the end and the fruit of the law

200.Executio legis non habet injuriam – Execution of the law does no injury

201.Exeptio firmat regulam in casibus non exceptis – a thing not being excepted must be
regarded as coming within the purview of the general rule

202.Exeptio firmat regulam in casibus non exceptis – a thing not excepted must be regarded
as coming within the purview of the general rule

203.Expressio unius est exclusio alterius – the express mention of one person, thing or
consequence implies the exclusion of all others

204.Expressio unius est exclusion alterius – The express mention of one person, thing or
consequence implies the exclusion of all others

205.Expressum facit cessare tacitum – What is expressed puts an end to that which is implied;
where a statute, by its terms, is expressly limited to certain matters, it may not,
by interpretation or construction, be extended to other matters

206.Extra legem positus est civiliter mortuus – One out of the pale of the law (ie an outlaw) is
civilly dead

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 F
207.Faciendum – Something which is to be done

208.Factum – An act or deed

209.Factum probans – Relevant fact.

210.Facultas probationum non est angustanda – The right of offering proof is not to be
narrowed

211.Falsa demonstratio non nocet – A false description does not vitiate

212.Falsa demonstratio non nocet, cum de corpore constat – False description does not
preclude construction nor vitiate the meaning of the stature

213.Fatetur facinus qui judicium fugit – He who flees judgment confesses his guilt

214.Fatum – Beyond human foresight.

215.Favorabilia sunt amplianda, adiosa retingenda – translation

216.Favores ampliandi sunt; odia restringenda – Penal laws which are favorable to the
accused are given retroactive effect

217.Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas – Happy is he who has been able to understand
the causes of things

218.Felonia implicatur in qualibet proditione – Felony is implied in every treason

219.Festinatio justitiae est noverca infortunii – The hurrying of justice is the stepmother of
misfortune

220.Fictio cedit veritati; fictio juris non est, ubi veritas – Fiction yields to truth Where truth
is, fiction of law does not exist

221.Fides servanda est – Good faith is to be preserved

222.Fieri facias (abreviated fi fa) – That you cause to be made

223.Filiatio non potest probari – Filiation cannot be proved

224.Firmior et potentior est operatio legis quam dispositio hominis – The operation of law is
firmer and more powerful than the will of man

225.Forma legalis forma essentialis est – Legal form is essential form

226.Fortior est custodia legis quam hominis – The custody of the law is stronger than that of
man

227.Fractionem diei non recipit lex – The law does not regard a fraction of a day

228.Fraus est celare fraudem – It is a fraud to conceal a fraud

229.Fraus est odiosa et non praesumenda – Fraud is odious and is not to be presumed

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230.Fraus et jus nunquam cohabitant – Fraud and justice never dwell together

231.Fructus naturales – Vegetation which grows naturally without cultivation

232.Frustra probatur quod probatum non relevat – That is proved in vain which when
proved is not relevant

233.Functus officio – No longer having power or jurisdiction.

234.Furiosi nulla voluntas est – Mentally impaired or mentally incapable persons cannot
validly sign a will, contract or form the frame of mind necessary to commit a crime.
or a person with mental illness has no free will.

235.Furor contrahi matrimonium non sinit, quia consensus opus est – Insanity prevents
marriage from being contracted because consent is needed

G
236.Generale dictum generaliter est interpretandum – A general statement is understood in a
general sense

237.Generale nihil certum implicat – A general expression implies nothing certain

238.Generalia praecedunt, specialia sequuntur – Things general precede, things special

follow

239.Generalia specialibus non derogant – A general law does not nullify a specific or special
law Where the later act is a special law, the general law is partially repealed If the
general law is enacted later, legislative intent must be first determined

240.Generalia specialibus non derogant – Things general do not derogate from things special

241.Generalia verba sunt generaliter intelligenda – What is generally spoken shall be

generally understood

242.Generalis regula generaliter est intelligenda – A general rule is to be generally

understood

243.Gravius est divinam quam temporalem laedere majestatem – It is more serious to hurt
divine than temporal majesty

H
244.Habeas corpus – A writ to have the body of a person to be brought in before the judge.

245.Habemus optimum testem confitentem reum – We have the best witness, a confessing
defendant

246.Haeredem est nomen collectum – Heir is a collective name

247.Haeres est nomen juris, filius est nomen naturae – Heir is a term of law, son, one of
nature

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248.Haeres legitimus est quem nuptiae demonstrant – He is the lawful heir whom the
marriage indicates

249.Hoc quidem perquam durum est sed ita lex scripta est – The law may be exceedingly
hard, but so the law is written

250.Homo vocabulum est naturae; persona juris civilis – Man is a term of nature, person of
the civil law

I
251.Id est (ie) – That is

252.Id quod commune est, nostrum esse dicitur – That which is common is said to be ours

253.Idem – The same person or thing

254.Idem nihil dicere et insufficienter dicere est – It is the same to say nothing as not to say
enough

255.Ignorantia facti excusat, ignorantia juris non excusat – Ignorance of fact excuses,
ignorance of law does not excuse

256.Ignorantia juris non excusat – Ignorance of the law excuses not or Ignorance of the law
excuses no one. In other words, a person who is unaware of a law may not escape
liability for violating that law merely because one was unaware of its content.

257.Ignorantia legis neminem excusat / Ignorantia juris non excusat – Ignorance of the law
excuses no one

258.Imperium in imperio – A sovereignty within a sovereignty

259.Impossibilium nulla obligatio est – There is no obligation to do impossible things

260.Impotentia excusat legem – Impossibility is an excuse in the law

261.Impunitas semper ad deteriora invitat – Impunity always leads to greater crimes

262.In aequali jure melior est conditio possidentis – When the parties have equal rights, the
condition of the possessor is better

263.In alta proditione nullus potest esse acessorius; sed principalis solum modo – In high
treason no one can be an accessory; but a principal only

264.In Anglia non est interregnum – In England there is no interregnum

265.In camera – In private

266.In casu extremae necessitatis omnia sunt communia – In a case of extreme necessity
everything is common

267.In criminalibus probationes debent esse luce clariores – In criminal cases the proofs
ought to be cleared than the light

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268.In curia domini regis, ipse in propria persona jura discernit – In the King s Court, the
King himself in his own person dispenses justice

269.In delicto – At fault

270.In eo quod plus sit semper inest et minus – The grant of a greater power necessarily
includes the lesser power

271.In esse – In existence

272.In extenso – At full length

273.In fictione legis aequitas existit – A legal fiction is consistent with equity

274.In foro conscientiae – In the forum of conscience

275.In futoro – In the future

276.In jure non remota causa sed proxima spectatur – In law not the remote but the
proximate cause is looked at

277.In lieu of – Instead of

278.In limine – At the outset, on the threshold

279.In loco parentis – In place of the parent

280.In mortua manu – In a dead hand

281.In novo casu novum remedium apponendum est – In a new case a new remedy is to be
applied

282.In omni re nascitur res quae ipsam rem exterminat – In everything is born that which
destroys the thing itself

283.In omnibus – In every respect

284.In pari delicto potior est conditio possidentis – When the parties are equally in the wrong
the condition of the possessor is better

285.In pari materia – when two or more statutes refer to the same or particular subject It may
either be expressed or implied

286.In personam – A proceeding in which relief is sought against a specific person

287.In pleno – In full

288.In promptu – In readiness

289.In quo quis delinquit in eo de jure est puniendus – In whatever thing one offends in that
he is to be punished according to law

290.In re dubia magis inficiatio quam affirmatio intelligenda – In a doubtful matter the
negative is to be understood rather than the affirmative

291.In republica maxime conservanda sunt jura belli – In a State the laws of war are to be
especially observed

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292.In situ – In its place

293.In status quo – In the present state.

294.In terrorem – As a warning or deterrent

295.In testamentis plenius testatoris intentionem scrutamur – In wills we seek diligently the
intention of the testator

296.In traditionibus scriptorum non quod dictum est, sed quod gestum est, inspicitur – In
the delivery of writings (deeds), not what is said but what is done is to be
considered

297.In verbis, non verba sed res et ratio quaerenda est – In words, not words, but the thing
and the meaning are to be inquired into

298.Index animi sermo est – Speech is the index of intention

299.Indicia – Marks, signs

300.Injuria non excusat injuriam – A wrong does not excuse a wrong

301.Injuria sine damno – Injury without damage

.
302.Innuendo – Spoken words which are defamatory because they have a double meaning.

303.Intentio inservire debet legibus, non leges intentioni – Intention ought to be subservient
to the laws, not the laws to the intention

304.Inter alia – Amongst other things

305.Inter vivos – (especially of a gift as opposed to a legacy) between living people

306.Interest reipublicae res judicatas non rescindi – It is in the interest of the State that things
adjudged be not rescinded

307.Interest reipublicae suprema hominum testamenta rata haberi – It is in the interest of

the State that men s last wills be sustained

308.Interest reipublicae ut quilibet re sua bene utatur – It is in the interest of the State that
every one use properly his own property

309.Interest reipublicae ut sit finis litium – Public interest requires that by the very nature of
things there must be an end to a legal controversy or end to litigation

310.Interest reipublicase ut sit finis litium – It is in the interest of the State that there be an
end to litigation

311.Interim – Temporary, in the meanwhile

312.Interpretare et concordare leges legibus est optimus interpretandi modus – To interpret

and harmonize laws is the best method of interpretation

313.Interpretatio fienda est ut res magis valeat quam pereat – a law should be interpreted
with a view to upholding rather than destroying it; one portion of a statute should
not be construed to destroy another provision

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314.Interpretatio talis in ambiguis semper fienda est ut evitetur inconveniens et absurdum
– Where there is ambiguity, such interpretation as will avoid inconvenience and
absurdity is to be adopted

315.Interruptio multiplex non tollit praescriptionem semel obtentam – Repeated

interruption does not defeat a prescription once obtained

316.Invito beneficium non datur – A benefit is not conferred upon one against his consent

317.Ipsissima verba – The very words of a speaker

318.Ipso facto – By that very fact

319.Ira furor brevis est – Anger is brief insanity

320.Iter arma leges silent – In war the laws are silent

J
321.Judex est lex loquens – A judge is the law speaking

322.Judex non potest esse testis in propira causa – A judge cannot be witness in his own
cause

323.Judex non potest injuriam sibi datam punire – A judge cannon punish a wrong done to
himself

324.Judex non reddit plus quam quod petens ipse requirit – A judge does not give more than
the plaintiff himself demands

325.Judiciis posterioribus fides est adhibenda – Faith must be given to later decisions

326.Judicis est judicare secundum allegata et probata – It is the duty of a judge to decide
according to the allegations and the proofs

327.Judicium non debet esse illusorium, suum effectum habere debet – A judgment ought
not to be illusory; it ought to have its proper effect

328.Juduces non tenentur exprimere causam sententiae suae – Judges are not bound to
explain the reason of their judgment

329.Jura naturae sunt immutabilia – The laws of nature are immutable

330.Jura publica anteferenda privatis juribus – Public rights are to be preferred to private
rights

331.Juramentum est indivisibile et non est admittendum in parte verum et in parte falsum
– An oath is indivisible and it is not to be held partly true and partly false

332.Jurare est Deum in testem vocare, et est actus divini cultus – To swear is to call God to
witness and is an act of divine worship

333.Jus – A right that is recognised in law

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334.Jus accrescendi praefertur oneribus – The right of survivorship is preferred to
incumbrances

335.Jus ad rem; jus in re – A right to a thing; a right in a thing

336.Jus cogens (or ius cogens) – Compelling law. It is the undamental principles of
International Law

337.Jus dicere, non jus dare – To declare the law, not to make the law

338.Jus est norma recti; et quicquid est contra normam recti est injuria – The law is a rule
of right; and whatever is contrary to a rule of right is an injury

339.Jus in personam – Right against a specific person

340.Jus in rem – Right against the world at large

341.Jus naturale – Natural law. Or in other words, a system of law based on fundamental ideas
of right and wrong that is Natural Law

342.Jus naturale est quod apud omnes homines eandem habet potentiam – Natural right is
that which has the same force among all men

343.Jus non scriptum – Customary law

344.Jus scriptum – Written law

345.Jus scriptum aut non scriptum – The written law or the unwritten law

346.Jusjurandum inter alios factum nec nocere nec prodesse debet – An oath made between
third parties ought neither to hurt nor profit

347.Justitia est duplec; severe puniens et vere praeveniens – Justice is two –fold; severely
punishing and in reality prohibiting (offences)

348.Justitia firmatur solium – The throne is established by justice

349.Justitia nemini neganda est – Justice is to be denied to nobody

L
350.Leges posteriores priores contrarias abrogant – Subsequent laws repeal prior conflicting
ones

351.Legibus sumptis desinentibus legibus naturae utendum est – When laws imposed by the
State fail, we must use the laws of nature

352.Legis interpretatio legis vim obtinet – The interpretation placed upon the written law by a
competent court has the force of law

353.Lex aliquando sequitur aequitatem – The law sometimes follows equity

354.Lex citius tolerare vult privatum damnum quam publicum malum – The law would
rather tolerate a private injury than a public evil

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355.Lex dabit remedium – The law will give a remedy

356.Lex de futuro, judex de praeterito – The law provides for the future, the judge for the past

357.Lex dilationes abhorret – The law abhors delays

358.Lex est judicum tutissimus ductor – The law is the safest guide for judges

359.Lex est sanctio sancta jubens honesta et prohibens contraria – The law is a sacred
sanction, commanding what is right and prohibiting the contrary

360.Lex indendit vicinum vicini facta scire – The law presumes that one neighbor knows the
acts of another

361.Lex necessitatis est lex temporis ie instantis – The law of necessity is the law of time, that
is time present

362.Lex neminem cogit ad vana seu impossiblia – The law compels no one to do vain or
impossible things

363.Lex nil frustra facit – The law does nothing in vain

364.Lex non a rege est violanda – The law must not be violated even by the King

365.Lex non deficere potest in justitia exhibenda – The law cannot fail in dispensing justice

366.Lex non favet delicatorum votis – The law does not favor the wishes of the dainty

367.Lex non novit patrem, nec matrem; solam veritatem – The law does not know neither
father nor mother, only the truth

368.Lex non oritur ex injuria – The law does not arise from a mere injury

369.Lex non requirit verificari quod apparet curiae – The law does not require that to be
proved which is apparent to the Court

370.Lex plus laudatur quando ratione probatur – The law is the more praised when it is
supported by reason

371.Lex prospicit, non respicit – The law looks forward, not backward

372.Lex punit mendaciam – The law punishes falsehood

373.Lex rejicit superflua, pugnatia, incongrua – The law rejects superfluous, contradictory
and incongruous things

374.Lex spectat naturae ordinem – The law regards the order of nature

375.Lex succurrit ignoranti – The law succors the ignorant

376.Lex tutissima cassis, sub clypeo legis nemo decipitur – Law is the safest helmet; under
the shield of the law no one is deceived

377.Lex uno ore omnes alloquitur – The law speaks to all through one mouth

378.Locus standi – Right of a party to an action to appear and be heard by the court and be
heard by the court

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379.Longa possessio est pacis jus – Long possession is the law of peace

380.Longa possessio parit jus possidendi et tollit actionem vero domino – Long possession
produces the right of possession and takes away from the true owner his action

M
381.Magister rerum usus; magistra rerum experientia – Use is the master of things;
experience is the mistress of things

382.Major continet in se minus – The greater contains the less

383.Majus est delictum se ipsum occidere quam alium – It is a greater crime to kill one s self
than another

384.Mala fide – In bad faith

385.Mala grammatica non vitiat chartam – Bad grammar does not vitiate a deed

386.Mala in se – Bad in themselves

387.Mala prohibita – Crimes prohibited

388.Maledicta est exposito quae corrumpit textum – It is dangerous construction which is

against the text

389.Malitia supplet aesatem – Malice supplies age

390.Malo animo – With evil intent

391.Malum in se – (Mala in se) Wrong or evil in itself. Or Mala in se is ‘A term that signifies
crime that is considered wrong in and of itself.’ For Example, Most human beings
believe that murder, rape, and theft are wrong, regardless of whether a law governs
such conduct or where the conduct occurs and is thus recognizably malum in se

392.Malum prohibitum – In a way opposite of Malum in se. It means ‘Crimes are criminal not
because they are inherently bad, but because the act is prohibited by the law of the state.’

393.Mandamus – ‘We command’. A writ of command issued by a Higher Court to

Government/Public Authority, to compel the performance of a public duty

394.Maximus magister erroris populus est – The people are the greatest master of error

395.Melior est conditio possidentis, ubi neuter jus habet – Better is the condition of the
possessor where neither of the two has the right

396.Melior testatoris in testamentis spectanda est – In wills the intention of a testator is to be

regarded

397.Meliorem conditionem suam facere potest minor deteriorem nequaquam – A minor can
make his position better, never worse

398.Mens rea – Guilty state of mind

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399.Mentiri est contra mentem ire – To lie is to act against the mind

400.Merito beneficium legis amittit, qui legem ipsam subvertere intendit – He justly loses
the benefit of the law who seeks to infringe the law

401.Minatur innocentibus qui parcit nocentibus – He threatens the innocent who spares the
guilty

402.Misera est servitus, ubi jus est vagum aut incertum – It is a miserable slavery where the
law is vague or uncertain

403.Misnomer – A wrong or inaccurate name or term.

404.Modus operandi – Way of working.

405.Modus Vivendi – Way of living

406.Mors dicitur ultimum supplicium – Death is called the extreme penalty

407.Muilta exercitatione facilius quam regulis percipies – You will perceive many things
more easily by experience than by rules

408.Mutatis Mutandis – with the necessary changes having been made OR with the respective
differences having been considered

N
409.Nam nemo haeres viventis – For no one is an heir of a living person

410.Naturae vis maxima est – The force of nature is the greatest

411.Necessitas inducit privilegium quoad jura privata – With respect to private rights
necessity induces privilege

412.Necessitas non habet legem – Necessity has no law

413.Necessitas publica est major quam privata – Public necessity is greater than private
necessity

414.Negligentia semper habet infortuniam comitem – Negligence always has misfortune for a
companion

415.Nemo admittendus est inhabilitare se ipsum – No one is allowed to incapacitate himself

416.Nemo bis punitur pro eodem delicto – Nobody can be twice punished for the same
offence

417.Nemo cogitur suam rem vendere, etiam justo pretio – No one is bound to sell his own
property, even for a just price

418.Nemo contra factum suum venire potest – No man can contradict his own deed

419.Nemo debet bis vexari pro una et eadem causa – It means no man shall be punished twice
for the same offence

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420.Nemo debet esse judex in propria causa – No one can be judge in his own case

421.Nemo debet esse judex in propria causa or Nemo judex in causa sua or Nemo judex in
sua causa – Nobody can be judge in his own case

422.Nemo moriturus praesumitur mentire – A man will not meet his maker (God) with a lie
in his mouth or in other words ‘No man at the point of death is presumed to lie.’
(This maxim is related to DYING DECLARATION)

423.Nemo plus juris transferre ad alium potest quam ipse habet – No one can transfer to
another a larger right than he himself has

424.Nemo potest contra recordum verificare per patriam – No one can verify by the country,
that is, through a jury, against the record

425.Nemo Potest esse tenens et dominus – Nobody can be both a landlord and a tenant of the
same property

426.Nemo potest facere per alium, quod per se non potest – No one can do through another
what he cannot do himself

427.Nemo potest mutare consilium suum in alterius injuriam – No one can change his
purpose to the injury of another

428.Nemo praesumitur esse immemor suae aeternae salutis et maxime in articulo mortis –
No one is presumed to be forgetful of his eternal welfare, and particularly in the
hour of death

429.Nemo prohibetur pluribus defensionibus uti – No one is forbidden to make use of several
defences

430.Nemo punitur pro alieno delicto – No one is punished for the crime of another

431.Nemo se accusare debet, nisi coram Deo – No one should accuse himself except in the
presence of God

432.Nemo tenetur accusare se ipsum nisi coram Deo – No one is bound to accuse himself
except in the presence of God

433.Nemo tenetur armare adversarium contra se – No one is bound to arm his adversary
against himself

434.Nexus – Connection

435.Nihil quod est inconveniens est licitum – Nothing inconvenient is lawful

436.Nil facit error nominis cum de corpore constat – An error of name makes not difference
when it appears from the body of the instrument

437.Nisi – Unless

438.Nolle prosequi – A formal notice of abandonment by a plaintiff or prosecutor of all or part

of a suit.

439.Non compus mentis – Not of sound mind and understanding

440.Non constat – It is not certain

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441.Non decipitur qui scit se decipi – He is not deceived who knows that he is deceived

442.Non definitur in jure quid sit conatus – What an attempt is, is not defined in law

443.Non est arctius vinculum inter homines quam jusjurandum – There is no stronger link
among men than an oath

444.Non est factum – It is not his deed

445.Non est informatus – He is not informed

446.Non facias malum ut inde veniat bonum – You shall not do evil that good may come of it

447.Non jus, sed seisina, facit stipitem – Not right, but seisin makes a stock (from which the
inheritance must descend)

448.Non refert quid notum sit judici si notum non sit in forma judicii – It matters not what
is known to the judge if it is not known judicially

449.Non Sequitur – A statement (such as a response) that is inconsistent or does not follow
logically from or is not clearly related to anything previously said.

450.Noscitur a sociis – Word construed with reference to accompanying or associated words or

where a particular word or phrase is ambiguous in itself or is equally susceptible of
various meanings, its correct construction may be made clear and specific by
considering the company of words in which it is found or with which it is
associated

451.Nova constitutio futuris formam imponere debet non praeteritis – A new statute should
affect the future, not the past

452.Nullum crimen sine poena, nulla poena sine lege –There is no crime without a penalty,
and there is no penalty without a law

453.Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege – There is no crime when there is no law punishing
the same

454.Nullum tempus occurit regi – There can be no legal right as against the authority that
makes the law on which the right depends

455.Nullum tempus occurrit regi – No time runs against the king

456.Nullus commodum capere potest ex sua injuria propria – No one can derive an
advantage from his own wrong

457.Nullus commodum potest de injuria propriasua – No man should be allowed to take

advantage of his own wrong

458.Nullus recedat e curia cancellaria sine remedio – No one should depart from a Court of
Chancery without a remedy

459.Nulum crimen, nulla poena sine lege – there is no crime when there is no law punishing
the same

460.Nunc pro tunc – Now for then. A ruling nunc pro tunc applies retroactively to correct an
earlier ruling.

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 O
461.Obiter dictum – Things said by the way. It is generally used in law to refer to an opinion or
non –necessary remark made by a judge. It does not act as a precedent. In other
words, Obiter dictum means “that which is said in passing,” an incidental
statement. Specifically, in law, it refers to a passage in a judicial opinion which is not
necessary for the decision of the case before the court. Such statements
lack the force of precedent but may nevertheless be significant.

462.Omne sacramentum debet esse de certa scientia – Every oath ought to be of certain
knowledge

463.Omnia delicta in aperto leviora sunt – All crimes (committed) in the open are
(considered) lighter

464.Omnia praesumuntur contra spoliatorem – All things are presumed against a wrongdoer

465.Omnis innovatio plus novitate perturbat quam utilitate prodeat – Every innovation
disturbs more by its novelty than it benefits by its utility

466.Onus probandi – Burden of proof

467.Optima legum interpres est consuetudo – The best interpreter of laws is custom

468.Optima statuti interpretatrix est ipsum statutum – The best interpreter of a statute is the
statute itself

469.Optimus interpres rerum usus – The best interpreter of the law is usage

P
470.Pacta privata juri publico non derogare possunt – Private contracts cannot derogate from
public law

471.Pacta Sunt Servanda – Agreements must be kept. or Agreements are legally binding

472.Palimony – Money which a man pays to a woman with whom he has been living and from
whom he is separated. Palimony has slightly different meanings in different
jurisdictions

473.Par delictum – Equal fault

474.Pari Materia – Relating to the same matter

475.Pari passu – On an equal footing

476.Particeps criminis – A participator in the actual crime/partner in crime

477.Partus sequitur ventrem – The offspring follows the mother

478.Pater est quem nuptiae demonstrant – The father is he whom the marriage points out

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479.Peccata contra naturam sunt gravissima – Wrongs against nature are the most serious

480.Pendente lite nihil innovetur – During litigation nothing should be changed

481.Per curiam (decision or opinion) – In the opinion of the court. In other words, the decision
is made by the court (or at least, a majority of the court) acting collectively

482.Per incuriam – Because of lack of care

483.Per minas – By means of menaces or threats

484.Per quod – By reason of which

485.Per se – By itself

486.Persona non grata – Person not allowed in a country/Person not wanted in a

country/Person prohibited in a country

487.Post mortem – After death

488.Potior est in tempore, potior est in jure – He who is first in time is preferred in right

489.Praeter Intentionem – Different from that which was intended

490.Prima facie – On the face of it/ Sufficient to establish a fact or raise a presumption unless
disproved or rebutted

491.Prima impressionis – On first impression

492.Privilegia recipient largam interpretationem voluntati consonam concedentis –

Privileges are to be interpreted in accordance with the will of him who grants them

493.Pro hac vice – For this occasion

494.Pro rata – In proportion

495.Pro tanto – So far, to that extent

496.Pro tempore – For the time being

497.Publici juris – Of public right

Q
498.Quaeitur – The question is raised

499.Quando aliquid prohibetur ex directo, prohibetur et per obliquum – What is prohibited

directly is prohibited indirectly

500.Quantum – How much, an amount

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501.Quantum meruit – What one has earned. or The amount he deserves. In other words, a
reasonable sum of money to be paid for services rendered or work done when the
amount due is not stipulated (specified, written down) in a legally enforceable
contract

502.Qui facit per alium, facit per se – He who acts through another acts himself

503.Qui haeret in litera, haeret in cortice – He who stices to the letter, sticks to the bark

504.Qui in utero est, pro jam nato habetur, quoties de ejus commodo quaeritur – He who is
in the womb is considered as already born as far as his benefit is considered

505.Qui non habet potestatem alienandi, habet necessitatem retinendi – He who has not the
power of alienating is under the necessity of retaining

506.Qui non habet, ille non dat – He who has not, does not give

507.Qui non improbat, approbat – He who does not disapprove, approves

508.Qui non obstat quod obstare potest facere videtur – He who does not prevent what he is
able to prevent, is considered as committing the thing

509.Qui non prohibet quod prohibere potest assentire videtur – He who does not prohibit
when he is able to prohibit, is in fault

510.Qui peccat ebrius, luat sobrius – He who does wrong when drunk must be punished when
sober

511.Qui potest et debet vetare et non vetat jubet – He who is able and ought to forbit and
does not, commands

512.Qui prior est tempore potior est jure – He who is prior in time is stronger in right

513.Qui sentit commodum, sentire debet et onus – He who derives a benefit ought also to
bear a burden

514.Qui tacet consentire videtur – He who is silent appears to consent

515.Quid pro quo – Consideration something for something

516.Quidcquid plantatur solo, solo cedit – Whatever is planted in or affixed to the soil,
belongs to the soil

517.Quo warranto – By what authority. A writ calling upon one to show under what authority
he holds or claims a public office

518.Quod ab initio non valet, in tractu temporis non convalescit – What is not valid in the
beginning does not become valid by time

519.Quod constat curiae opere testium non indiget – What appears to the Court needs not the
help of witnesses

520.Quod necessarie intelligitur, id non deest – What is necessarily understood is not wanting

521.Quod necessitas cogit, defendit – What necessity forces it justifies

522.Quod non apparet, non est – What does not appear, is not

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523.Quod non habet principium non habet finem – What has no beginning has no end

524.Quod per me non possum, nec per alium – What I cannot do through myself, I cannot do
through another

525.Quod prius est verius est; et quod prius est tempore potius est jure – What is first is
more true; and what is prior in time is stronger in law

526.Quod vanum et inutile est, lex non requirit – The law does not require what is vain and
useless

527.Quoties in verbis nulla est ambiguitas, ibi nulla expositio contra verba expressa fienda
est – When there is no ambiguity in words, then no exposition contrary to the
expressed words is to be made

R
528.Ratihabito mandato aquiparatur – Legislative ratification is equivalent to a mandate

529.Ratio decidendi – Principle or reason underlying a court judgement. or The rule of law on
which a judicial decision is based.

530.Ratio est legis anima, mutata legis ratione mutatur et lex – Reason is the soul of the law;
when the reason of the law changes the law also is changed

531.Ratio legis – Interpretation according to the spirit

532.Ratio legis est anima – the reason of the law is its spirit

533.Ratio legis est anima legis – The reason of the law is its soul

534.Ration Decidendi – The rule of law on which a judicial decision is based

535.Re – In the matter of

536.Agnitio est maioribus motivator – Recognition is the greatest motivator

537.Reddendo singula singulis – Referring each to each; referring each phrase or expression to
its appropriate object; or let each be put in its proper place

538.Reprobata pecunia leberat solventem – Money refused releases the debtor

539.Res – Matter, affair, thing, circumstance

540.Res gestae – Things done

541.Res integra – A matter untouched by decision

542.Res inter alios acta alteri nocere non debet – Things done between strangers ought not to
affect a third person, who is a stranger to the transaction

543.Res ipsa loquitor – The thing speaks for itself

544.Res Judicata – A case which has already been decided

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545.Res judicata accipitur pro veritate – A thing adjudged is accepted for the truth

546.Res Judicata Pro Veritate Accipitur – It means that a judicial decision must be accepted
as correct

547.Res nulis – Nobody s property

548.Respondeat superior – Let the principal answer

549.Rex est major singulis, minor universis – The King is greater than individuals, less than
all the people

550.Rex non debet judicare sed secundum legem – The King ought not to judge but according
to the law

551.Rex non protest peccare – The king can do no wrong

552.Rex nunquma moritur – The King never dies

553.Rex quod injustum est facere non potest – The King cannot do what is unjust

S
554.Salus populi est suprema lex – The safety of the people is the supreme law

555.Scienter – Knowingly

556.Scire facias – That you cause to know

557.Scribere est agere – To write is to act

558.Se defendendo – In self defence

559.Secus – The legal position is different, it is otherwise

560.Semper praesumitur pro legitimatione puerorum – Everything is presumed in favor of

the legitimacy of children

561.Semper praesumitur pro matriomonio – It is always presumed in favor of marriage

562.Sententia interlocutoria revocari potest, definitiva non potest – An interlocutory order

can be revoked, a final order cannot be

563.Servitia personalia sequuntur personam – Personal services follow the person

564.Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas – So use your own as not to injure another s property

565.Simplex commendatio non obligat – A simple recommendation does not bind

566.Sine die – With no appointed date for resumption

567.Sine qua non – “without which nothing”. An essential condition; a thing that is absolutely
necessary. Basically a component of an argument that, if debunked, causes the
entire argument to crumble.

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568.Stare decisis – To stand by decisions (precedents)

569.Stare decisis et non quieta movere – Follow past precedents and do not disturb what has
been settled

570.Status quo – State of things as they are now

571.Statuta pro publico commodo late interpretandtur – statutes made for the public good
ought to be literally construed

572.Stet – Do not delete, let it stand

573.Sub modo – Within limits or subject to a modification or qualification

574.Sub nomine – Under the name of

575.Sub silentio – In silence

576.Sublata causa, tollitur effectus – The cause being removed, the effect ceases

577.Sublato fundamento, cadit opus – The foundation being removed, the structure falls

578.Subsequens matrimonium tollit peccatum praecedens – A subsequent marriage removes

the preceding wrong

579.Suggestio falsi – The suggestion of something which is untrue

580.Sui generis – Unique

581.Summa ratio est quae pro religione facit – The highest reason is that which makes for
religion, ie religion dictates

582.Suo Motu – On its own motion.

583.Suppressio veri – The suppression of the truth

584.Suppressio veri expressio falsi – A suppression of truth is equivalent to an expression of

falsehood

585.Surplusagium non nocet – Surplusage does not vitiate a statute

T
586.Talis qualis – Such as it is

587.Terra firma – Solid ground

588.Testamenta latissimam interpretationem habere debent – Testaments ought to have the

broadest interpretation

589.Traditio loqui chartam facit – Delivery makes a deed speak

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590.Transit terra cum onere – The land passes with its burden

U
591.Uberrima fides (sometimes uberrimae fidei) – Utmost good faith

592.Ubi eadem ratio ibi idem jus, et de similibus idem est judicium – When there is the same
reason, then the law is the same, and the same judgment should be rendered as to
similar things

593.Ubi jus ibi remedium – Wherever there is a right, there is a remedy/ For every wrong there
is a remedy

594.Ubi lex non distinguit, nec nos distinguere debemus – Where the law does not
distinguish, we should not distinguish

595.Ubi non est principalis, non potest esse accessorius – Where there is no principal, there
can be no accessory

596.Ubi nullum matrimonium, ibi nulla dos es – Where there is no marriage, there is no
dower

597.Ultima voluntas testatoris est perimplenda secundum veram intentionem suam – The
last will of a testator is to be fulfilled according to his true intentio

598.Ut poena ad paucos, metus ad omnes, perveniat – That punishment may come to a few,
the fear of it should affect all

599.Ut res magis valeat quam pereat – It is better for a thing to have effect than to be made
void

600.Utile per inutile non vitiatur – What is useful is not vitiated by the useless

V
601.Verba Accipienda sunt secundum subjectam materiam – A word is to be understood
in the context in which it is used

602.Verba chartarum fortius accipiuntur contra preferentem – The words of deeds are
accepted more strongly against the person offering them

603.Verba debent intelligi cum effectu – Words ought to be understood with effect

604.Verba intentioni, non e contra, debent inservire – Words ought to serve the intention, not
the reverse

605.Verba legis – the language of the law

606.Verba legis non est recedendum – From the words of the statute there should be no
departure

607.Verbatim – Word by word, exactly

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608.Veto – Ban or order not to allow something to become law, even if it has been passed by a
parliament.

609.Vi et armis – With the force and arms

610.Via antiqua via est tuta – The old way is the safe way

611.Vice versa – The other way around

612.Vide – See

613.Vigilantibus non dormientibus jura subveniunt – The laws serve the vigilant, not those
who sleep

614.Vir et uxor consentur in lege una persona – A husband and wife are regarded in law as
one person

615.Vis major – Act of God

616.Visitationem commendamus – We recommend a visitation

617.Volens – Willing

618.Volenti non fit injuria – Damage suffered by consent gives no cause of action

619.Voluntas in delictis non exitus spectatur – In offences the intent and not the result is
looked at

620.Voluntas reputatur pro facto – The will is taken for the deed

621. Vox populi – Voice of the people or the opinion of the majority of the people

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