North South University

Submitted to:
Dr.Faisal Rahman (FsR)

Submitted By:

Name: Probir Saha

ID : 1311625630
Sec : 15
Department: BBA
EBOLA
Ebola:

Ebola virus disease (EVD), Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) or simply Ebola is a disease of

humans and other mammals caused by an Ebola virus. Symptoms start two days to three weeks
after contracting the virus, with a fever, sore throat, muscle pain and headaches.

History:

The Ebola virus causes an acute, serious illness which is often fatal if untreated. Ebola virus
disease (EVD) first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, one in Nazr, Sudan, and the
other in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. Ebola virus was first introduced as a possible
new "strain" of Marburg virus in 1977 by two different research teams. At the same time, a third
team introduced the name Ebola virus. In 2000, the virus name was changed to Zaire Ebola
virus, and in 2002 to Zaire Ebola virus. However, most scientific articles continued to refer to
Ebola virus or used the terms Ebola virus and Zaire Ebola virus in parallel. Consequently, in
2010, the name Ebola virus was reinstated.[1] Previous abbreviations for the virus were EBOV-Z
(for Ebola virus Zaire) and most recently ZEBOV (for Zaire Ebola virus or Zaire Ebola virus). In
2010, EBOV was reinstated as the abbreviation for the virus.[1]
Distribution and Determines:

Animals infected with the virus, which may lead to infection The virus may be acquired upon
contact with (usually the monkey or the fruit-eating bat Fruit bat ) of the blood or body juice of
the contact with. [1] There were no infections in the natural environment of air. [ ii]It is believed
that vampires themselves are not infected and spread the disease carries. Once the infection
occurs in the human body may be infected. Surviving male sperm to be transported through this
disease up to two months. Symptoms are usually the same type to roganirupana other diseases,
such as malaria , cholera and other viral fever hemorejika parameters are omitted. Make sure to
test blood samples roganirupanake viral antibodies , viral RNA , or will be for the virus
Sign and Symptoms of Ebola:

Fever (greater than 38.6°C or 101.5°F)

Severe headache

Muscle pain

Weakness

Diarrhea

Vomiting

Abdominal (stomach) pain

Unexplained hemorrhage (bleeding or bruising)

Symptoms may appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after exposure to Ebola, but the average is 8 to 10
days.

Recovery from Ebola depends on good supportive clinical care and the patient’s immune response.
People who recover from Ebola infection develop antibodies that last for at least 10 years.
Diagnosis:

It can be difficult to distinguish EVD from other infectious diseases such as malaria, typhoid fever and
meningitis. Confirmation that symptoms are caused by Ebola virus infection are made using the following
investigations:

Antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Antigen-capture detection tests

Serum neutralization test

Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay

Electron microscopy

Virus isolation by cell culture.

Samples from patients are an extreme biohazard risk; laboratory testing on non-inactivated samples
should be conducted under maximum biological containment conditions.
Disease transmission:

Human-to-human transmission occurs only via direct contact with blood or body fluid from an
infected person (including embalming of an infected dead body), or by contact with objects
contaminated by the virus, particularly needles and syringes.[22][23] Other body fluids that may
transmit ebolaviruses include saliva, mucus, vomit, feces, sweat, tears, breast milk, urine, and
semen. Entry points include the nose, mouth, eyes, or open wounds, cuts and abrasions.
[24]
 Transmission from other animals to humans occurs only via contact with, or consumption of,
an infected mammal, such as a fruit bat, or ape. The potential for widespread EVD infections in
countries with medical systems capable of observing the correct medical isolation procedures
where needed is considered low as the disease is only spread by direct contact with the secretions
from someone who is showing signs of infection.
Prevention:
There is no FDA-approved vaccine available for Ebola.

If you travel to or are in an area affected by an Ebola outbreak, make sure to do the following:

Practice careful hygiene. For example, wash your hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based
hand sanitizer and avoid contact with blood and body fluids.

Do not handle items that may have come in contact with an infected person’s blood or body
fluids (such as clothes, bedding, needles, and medical equipment).

Avoid funeral or burial rituals that require handling the body of someone who has died from
Ebola.

Avoid contact with bats and nonhuman primates or blood, fluids, and raw meat prepared from
these animals.

Avoid hospitals in West Africa where Ebola patients are being treated. The U.S. embassy or
consulate is often able to provide advice on facilities.

After you return, monitor your health for 21 days and seek medical care immediately if you
develop symptoms.

Healthcare workers who may be exposed to people with Ebola should follow these steps:

Wear protective clothing, including masks, gloves, gowns, and eye protection.

Practice proper infection control and sterilization measures. For more information, see “Infection
Control for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers in the African Health Care Setting”.

Isolate patients with Ebola from other patients.

Avoid direct contact with the bodies of people who have died from Ebola.

Notify health officials if you have had direct contact with the blood or body fluids, such as but
not limited to, feces, saliva, urine, vomit, and semen of a person who is sick with Ebola. The
virus can enter the body through broken skin or unprotected mucous membranes in, for example,
the eyes, nose, or mouth

Prognosis:
Ebola virus disease has a high risk of death in those infected which varies between 25 percent
and 90 percent of those infected. As of September 2014, the average mortality among those
infected is 50%. The risk of death was 90% in the 2002–2003 Republic of the
Congo outbreak. There are indications based on variations between countries that early and
effective treatment of symptoms may reduce the risk of death

If an infected person survives, recovery may be quick and complete. Prolonged cases are often
complicated by the occurrence of long-term problems, such as inflammation of the testicles, joint
pains, muscle pains, skin peeling, or hair loss. Eye symptoms, such as light sensitivity, excess
tearing, iritic, iridocyclitis, thyroiditis, and blindness have also been described. EBOV and
SUDV may be able to persist in the semen of some survivors for up to seven weeks, which could
give rise to infections and disease via sexual intercourse.
Treatment:
Standard support:

No Ebola virus-specific treatment is currently approved. However, survival is improved by early

supportive care with rehydration and symptomatic treatment. Treatment is primarily

supportive in nature. These measures may include management of pain, nausea, fever

and anxiety, as well as rehydration via the oral or by intravenous route. Blood products such
as packed red blood cells, platelets or fresh frozen plasma may also be used. Other regulators of
coagulation have also been tried including heparin in an effort to prevent
disseminated and clotting factors to decrease bleeding. Antimalarial
medications and antibiotics are often used before the diagnosis is confirmed, though there is no
evidence to suggest such treatment is in any way helpful.

Intensive care:

Intensive care is often used in the developed world. This may include maintaining blood volume and
electrolytes (salts) balance as well as treating any bacterial infections that may develop. Dialysis may be
needed for kidney failure while oxygenation may be used for lung dysfunction.

Alternative medicine:

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advises people to be careful of advertisements

making unverified or fraudulent claims of benefits supposedly gained from various anti-Ebola
products. The FDA has already sent out at least one letter of warning to a seller of colloidal
silver who made unverified claims of Ebola related benefits, supposedly derived from the use of
their products.
WHO recommendation:

WHO aims to prevent Ebola outbreaks by maintaining surveillance for Ebola virus disease and
supporting at-risk countries to developed preparedness plans. The document provides overall
guidance for control of Ebola and Marburg virus outbreaks:

Ebola and Marburg virus disease epidemics: preparedness, alert, control, and evaluation

When an outbreak is detected WHO responds by supporting surveillance, community

engagement, case management, laboratory services, contact tracing, infection control, logistical
support and training and assistance with safe burial practices.

WHO has developed detailed advice on Ebola infection prevention and control:

Infection prevention and control guidance for care of patients with suspected or confirmed Filo
virus hemorrhagic fever in health-care settings, with focus on Ebola

Table: Chronology of previous Ebola virus disease outbreaks

Year Country Ebolavirus Cases Deaths Case

species fatality
2012 Democratic Republic Bundibugyo 57 29 51%
of Congo
2012 Uganda Sudan 7 4 57%
2012 Uganda Sudan 24 17 71%
2011 Uganda Sudan 1 1 100%
2008 Democratic Republic Zaire 32 14 44%
of Congo

2007 Uganda Bundibugyo 149 37 25%

2007 Democratic Republic Zaire 264 187 71%
of Congo
2005 Congo Zaire 12 10 83%
2004 Sudan Sudan 17 7 41%
2003 (Nov-Dec) Congo Zaire 35 29 83%

2003 (Jan-Apr) Congo Zaire 143 128 90%

2001-2002 Congo Zaire 59 44 75%

2001-2002 Gabon Zaire 65 53 82%
 2000 Uganda Sudan 425 224 53%
1996 South Africa (ex- Zaire 1 1 100%
Gabon)
1996 (Jul-Dec) Gabon Zaire 60 45 75%

1996 (Jan-Apr) Gabon Zaire 31 21 68%

1995 Democratic Republic Zaire 315 254 81%

of Congo
1994 Cote d'Ivoire Taï Forest 1 0 0%
1994 Gabon Zaire 52 31 60%
1979 Sudan Sudan 34 22 65%
1977 Democratic Republic Zaire 1 1 100%
of Congo
1976 Sudan Sudan 284 151 53%
1976 Democratic Republic Zaire 318 280 88%
of Congo

Conclusion:
Steps taken to stop entry of Ebola Virus:

Bangladesh has taken steps to counter possible Ebola threats in an effort to prevent the human
disease virus from entering the country.

Despite the low risk in the country of an outbreak of the disease, Bangladesh authorities have
decided to deploy medical teams at all airports, land ports and sea ports.

Apart from this, Mustaq Hossain, spokesman of the Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control
and Research under the Health Ministry, told Xinhua Tuesday that doctors across the country
have been asked to look out for patients exhibiting early symptoms of the disease.

He said the Bangladeshi government has declared a 90-day surveillance period in line with the
World Health Organization standards.

During the 90-day period, incoming travelers from Ebola- affected countries would be most
rigorously scanned.
The government has also formed a committee headed by Health Secretary MM Neazuddin to
oversee the surveillance activities, he said.

An isolation ward has been set up at a hospital near Dhaka’s premier airport to treat anyone
affected by the deadly virus, Hossain said, adding that travelers suspected of suffering from
Ebola will be advised to contact the hospital.

The virus has recently spread in some West African countries and killed hundreds of people.
The symptoms include fever, headaches, joint and muscle pain and lack of appetite.