10A Chapter 5 - Products and Factors PDF

Number and Algebra
5
Products
and factors
In 825 CE, the Persian mathematician al-Khwarizmi used the
Arabic word ‘al-jabr’ to describe the process of adding equal
quantities to both sides of an equation. When al-Khwarizmi’s
book was translated into Latin and introduced to Europe,
‘al-jabr’ became ‘algebra’ and the word was adopted as the
name for the branch of mathematics that uses formulas to
describe number patterns and relationships in our world.
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S A D V A N C E D
for the A ustralian Curriculum 10 þ10A
Shutterstock.com/Ko.Yo
n Chapter outline n Wordbank
Proficiency strands binomial An algebraic expression that consists of two
5-01 The index laws U F R C terms; for example, 4a þ 9, 3 y, x 2 4x
5-02 Fractional indices* U F R C
5-03 Adding and subtracting U F R C binomial product Binomials multiplied together;
algebraic fractions for example, (x þ 9)(3x 4).
5-04 Multiplying and dividing U F R C index laws Rules for simplifying algebraic expressions
algebraic fractions involving powers of the same base, for example,
5-05 Expanding and factorising U F R C
a m 4 a n ¼ a m–n.
expressions
5-06 Expanding binomial products U F R C perfect square A square number or an algebraic
5-07 Factorising special binomial U F R C expression that represents one; for example, 64, (x þ 9) 2
products*
quadratic expression An algebraic expression in which
5-08 Factorising quadratic U F R C
expressions the highest power of the variable is 2; for example,
5-09 Factorising quadratic U F R C 2x 2 þ 5x 3 or x 2 þ 2
expressions of the form
ax2 þ bx þ c*
5-10 Mixed factorisations* F R C
5-11 Factorising algebraic fractions* U F R C
*STAGE 5.3
9780170194662
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Products and factors
n In this chapter you will:

• apply index laws to numerical expressions with integer indices
• apply index laws to algebraic expressions with integer indices
• simplify algebraic products and quotients using index laws
• expand binomial products and factorise monic quadratic expressions using a variety of
strategies
• interpret and use zero and negative indices
• (STAGE 5.3) interpret and use fractional indices
• add, subtract, multiply and divide simple algebraic fractions
• (STAGE 5.3) add and subtract algebraic fractions with binomial numerators
• expand and factorise algebraic expressions
• expand and factorise algebraic expressions involving terms with indices
• (STAGE 5.3) expand special binomial products such as (a þ b) 2, (a b) 2, (a þ b)(a b)
• (STAGE 5.3) factorise algebraic expressions using grouping in pairs, perfect squares, the
difference of two squares and quadratic expressions of the form ax 2 þ bx þ c
• (STAGE 5.3) factorise and simplify expressions involving algebraic fractions
SkillCheck
Worksheet
1 Simplify each expression.
StartUp assignment 4
a g4 3 g5 b r8 4 r2 c (d 5) 3 d (k) 2
MAT10NAWK10024
e h 3 h9 f m5 4 m g a1 h a0
i 3e 2 3 2e 5 j 18n 6 4 6n 2 k (10w 3) 3 l 25q 0
3
m (vw) 5 n v o y 1 p y 2
w
2 Evaluate each expression.
7p 10p y
a a þ 3a b c 8 3 5t d x 4
5 4 2 3 t 24 14 2
3 Expand each expression.
a 6m(3m þ 11) b 5(3g 8)
4 Factorise each expression.
a 4x þ 24 b 20 15a c q2 þ q
d 18a 2 12a e 2y 30 f 18w þ 24
5 Find two numbers whose:
a product is 18 and sum is 9 b product is 8 and sum is 6
c product is 20 and sum is 1 d product is 16 and sum is 6
154 9780170194662
Worksheet
5-01 The index laws Index laws review
MAT10NAWK10025
Summary Animated example
Index laws
When multiplying terms with the same base, add the powers MAT10NAAE00001
þ n
am 3 an ¼ am Video tutorial
When dividing terms with the same base, subtract the powers Numbers and powers
MAT10NAVT00001
am
am 4 an ¼ ¼ amn
an
When raising a term with a power to another power, multiply the powers
ðam Þn ¼ am 3 n
When raising a product of terms to a power, raise each term to that power
ðabÞn ¼ an bn
When raising a quotient of terms to a power, raise each term to that power
a n an
¼ n
b b
Any number raised to the power of zero is equal to 1
a0 ¼ 1
A number raised to a negative power gives a fraction (with a numerator of 1)
1
an ¼
an
A number raised to a power of 1 gives its reciprocal
1
a1 ¼
a
a 1 b
¼
b a
A number raised to a power of n gives its reciprocal raised to the power of n. Stage 5.3
a n bn bn
¼ ¼ n
b a a
9780170194662 155
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Example 1
Simplify each expression.
4
6 12
a 24e n4 b (4d 4q 2r) 3 c 2c2
8en d
d 31x 0 (31x) 0 e 9x -1 f (4q) 3
Solution
4 4
a 24e6 n12 3 24e6 n12 b ð4d 4 q2 rÞ3 ¼ 43 d 4 3 3 q2 3 3 r3 c 2c2 2c2
¼ ¼
8en4 1 8 en
4
¼ 64d 12 q6 r3 d d4
4 234
5 8
¼ 3e n 2 c
¼
d4
16c8
¼ 4
d
1 3 1
d 31x0 ð31xÞ0 ¼ 31 3 1 1 e 9x1 ¼ 9 3 f ð4qÞ ¼
x ð4qÞ3
¼ 30 9 1
¼ ¼
x 64q3
Stage 5.3
Example 2
3
Simplify 2 .
3r
Solution
3 3
2 3r
¼
3r 2
27r3
¼
8
Exercise 5-01 The index laws

See Example 1 1 Simplify each expression.
a 3p 2 3 2p 5 b 20w 9 4 4w 3 c (m 3) 10
d (3q 3) 2 e 5n 8t 3 6n 8t 4 f 32x 6y 8 4 8xy 4
45a15 b5
g 5e 4g 3 3 (e 6g) h i (10y 10) 2
5a5
36pq3 r6
j (4p) 3 k l 9u 3v 3 6uv 2w 8
24qr2
3 5
a (l 3m 5) 6 b n c 7x 0 d w2
2 t3
0 4
e 2 f (8ky 5) 2 g (16a) 0 16a 0 h 2b
3 3d
4 3
3 5 3
i (5d y ) j 3k k 9(a 2b 3) 0 l (3p 2q 3r 4) 4
10
156 9780170194662
3 Evaluate each expression.
a 40 b (4) 0 c 7 3 20 d (7 3 2) 0
e (2) 3 f (3) 2 g (5 2) 2 h 24 3 23
i (7 2) 0 j 45 4 42 k 42 4 45 l 10 3 4 10 3
0
m 52 4 50 n 10 2 4 10 2 o 12 p 10 2 3 10 2
4 Express each of the terms below as fractions.
a 5 2 b 2 5 c 20 1 d 10 3
5 Simplify each expression using a positive index.
a 8 7 b 3 5 c y 1 d x 3
e (5b) 2 f 5b 2 g (ab) 1 h ab 1
i 11t 3
j (11t) 3
k p 3q 5 l mw 3
6 5 3
3 4
m 8u v n 2r y o 10e 1f p 12 k 4n 7
1
k m 1
a 4h 2 b c (4h) 2 d
1 3 1 21
e 5 f 2r g m 3np 2 h 5b
3g3 3t 4a2
5 4 2 3 Stage 5.3
4 5
a b c 2 14 d 1 25
3
2 43 4 2 See Example 2
k 3 a2 4
e f g h
3 x 4 3g 3
2 2 3
2 5 3
i 2d j h
3 k 5d4 l 3c3
5t m 3p 4a2
a (10x 10y) 3 3 5x 2y 3 (10x 10y45x
b 4
2 3 3
y ) (3q 5r 34 6qr 2) 2
c
5 6 4
d 3q 5r 3 4 (6qr 2) 2 e 4a x f 4a5 x6
a6 x2 a6 x2
g (4p 3h) 2 3 (2p 6h 9) h (4p 3h) 2 4 (2p 6h 9) i [4p 3h 3 (2p 2h 9)] 2
Investigation: Videos going viral
Use a spreadsheet to help you with this investigation.

With the invention of social media, we can
now communicate with each other
instantly. However, what often starts t = 0 s, 1 view
off as a simple message between friends

or an online video posting can quickly
t = 10 s, 2 views
multiply at an alarming rate and
‘go viral’ (spread like a virus).
Suppose a video is shared with a friend
who 10 seconds later shares it with two
other friends. This occurs every 10 seconds so t = 20 s, 4 views
that every 10 seconds the number of views doubles.
9780170194662 157
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 Use a spreadsheet to calculate the total number of views after:

a 30 s b 40 s c 1 min d 1 min 30 s
e 2 min f 3 min g 4 min h 5 min
2 Find how long it will take until the total number of views reaches:
a 64 b 256 c over 500 d over 1000
e over 3000 f over 10 000 g over 1 million h over 4 million
3 Use the spreadsheet’s Graph Option to graph the viral pattern. Describe the graph’s
shape.
Stage 5.3
Puzzle sheet
5-02 Fractional indices
Indices squaresaw
MAT10NAPS00002 Summary
pffiffiffi
Any number raised to the power of 1 is the square root of that number
Puzzle sheet 1
a2 ¼ a
Exponential equations 2
1 p ffiffiffi 1
MAT10NAPS00040 a3 ¼ 3 a Any number raised to the power of is the cube root of that number
3
pffiffiffi
Any number raised to the power of 1 is the nth root of that number
1
an ¼ n a
n
pffiffiffi m pffiffiffiffiffiffi
Any number raised to the power of m is the nth root of that number
m
a n ¼ ð n aÞ or n am
n
raised to the power m.
Note: Taking the root first often makes the calculation simpler.
Example 3
Evaluate each expression.
1 1 1
a 7292 b 5123 c 65618
Solution
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
a 7292 ¼ 729 b 5123 ¼ 3
512
¼ 27 ¼8
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1
c 6561 ¼ 8 6561
8 Enter on calculator: 8 6561 =
8
¼3 because 3 ¼ 6561
Summary
On a calculator, the nth root key is or , found by pressing the SHIFT or 2ndF key
before pressing or yx respectively.
158 9780170194662
Stage 5.3
Example 4
Evaluate each expression.
2 1 3
a 83 b 643 c 164
Solution
2 pffiffiffi2 1 1 3 1
a 83 ¼ 3
8 b 64 3 ¼ 13 c 16 4 ¼ 34
64 16
¼ 22 1ffiffiffiffiffi 1
¼ pffiffiffiffiffi
¼p3 4
3
64 16
¼4
¼1 ¼ 13 ¼ 1
4 2 8
Example 5
4
Evaluate 4207 correct to two decimal places.
Solution
4
4207 ¼ 31:550 016 78 . . . Enter on a calculator: 420 4 7 =
31:55
Example 6
Write each expression using a fractional index.
pffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi 1ffiffiffiffiffi
a w9 b 5 k2 c p7
y5
Solution
pffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 p ffiffiffiffiffi 1
a w9 ¼ w9 2 b 5
k2 ¼ k2 5 c p1ffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 1 1
9 2
7
y5 ðy5 Þ7
¼ w2 ¼ k5
¼ 15 or y7
5
y7
Example 7
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
35
ð16r2 Þ3
4
a b ð32a5 Þ
Solution
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3 b 32a5 5 ¼
3
a 1
ð16r2 Þ3 ¼ 16r2 4
4
3
3 3
ð32a5 Þ5
¼ 164 r2 3 4 ¼ 3 15 3 3
¼ 8r2
3 325 a 5
¼ 13
8a
9780170194662 159
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Stage 5.3
Exercise 5-02 Fractional indices
See Example 3 1 Evaluate each expression.
1 1 1 1
a 642 b 273 c 6252 d 10003
1 1 1 1
e 164 f ð0:000 32Þ5 g ð0:01Þ2 h 5129
1 1 1 1
i ð8Þ3 j ð729Þ3 k 2568 l 31255
2 Write each expression using a radical (root) sign.
1 1 1 1
a 102 b 123 c g2 1 d m4
1 1 1
e ð8rÞ2 f ð6hÞ6 g ð5j8 Þ5 h ð90abÞ9
3 Write each expression using a fractional index.
pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
a 5 b 3 100 c 4 20 5
d p 400
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi
e a f 3q g 7 xy h 6 36w
See Example 4 4 Evaluate each expression.
5 3 3 2
a 83 b 814 c 2564 d 1253
1 1 1 1
e 83 f 643 g 646 h 814
2 5 3 2
i 10003 j 1287 k 4002 l 31255
See Example 5 5 Evaluate each expression correct to two decimal places.
1 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
a 3003 b 2152 c 3 144 d 5 1000
3 7 5 2
e 154 f 85 g 504 h 63
See Example 6 6 Write each expression using a fractional index.
pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 ffi
a 5 n2 b d5 c 6 p18 d p
4
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
m16
p
3
ffiffiffiffiffi p
5
ffiffiffiffiffi 1ffiffiffiffiffi 1
e a5 f a3 g p
4 3
h p ffiffiffiffiffi
3 4
x x
3
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi3
2
ð243d 10 Þ3
5
a ð16x4 Þ4 b ð8yÞ3 c d 64m8
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi !2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi5
e 4
81r4 f
5
ð1024h10 Þ3 1
g pffiffiffiffiffiffi h p 1
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi4
3
8s6
4
256p12
23 34 3 2
i 125n6 j ð625t 2 Þ k ð49a4 b10 Þ2 l 1000x3 y6 3
Adding and subtracting algebraic

Video tutorial
Algebraic fractions
5-03 fractions
MAT10NAVT10007
Summary
To add or subtract fractions, convert them (if needed) so that they will have the same
denominator, then simply add or subtract the numerators.
160 9780170194662
Example 8
a a 2x x 5 7
a þ b c þ
2 3 5 3 y 2y
Solution
a a þ a ¼ 33a þ 23a Common denominator ¼ 2 3 3 ¼ 6
2 3 332 233
3a 2a
¼ þ
6 6
5a
¼
6
b 2x x ¼ 3 3 2x 5 3 x
5 3 335 533
6x 5x
¼
15 15
x
¼
15
c 5 7 2 35 7 The lowest common denominator is 2y.
þ ¼ þ
y 2y 2y 2y
10 7
¼ þ
2y 2y
17
¼
2y
Stage 5.3
Example 9
Animated example
Algebraic fractions
a 2x þ 5 þ x 4 b xxþ1 MAT10NAAE00003
6 3 3 5
Solution Video tutorial
Algebraic fractions
a 2x þ 5 x 4 2x þ 5 2ðx 4Þ b x x þ 1 5x 3ðx þ 1Þ
þ ¼ þ ¼ MAT10NAVT00003
6 3 6 6 3 5 15 15
2x þ 5 2x 8 5x 3x þ 3
¼ þ ¼
6 6 15 15
2x þ 5 þ 2x 8 5x 3x 3
¼ ¼
6 15
4x 3 2x 3
¼ ¼
6 15
9780170194662 161
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Exercise 5-03 Adding and subtracting algebraic

fractions
7y 5y
a nn b 3c þ c c 4r þ r d
2 7 2 5 7 2 8 3
4t y 3y 11t
e þ t f g 5t h 3a þ 4a
3 9 16 8 12 9 10 15
p 3 5u 3u 4 1
i þ j k l 7e 3e
z z 8g 8g 9f 9f 10 10
m 5þ3 n 7 1 o 5 þ 3 p 6 4
t r 4h h 3b 4b 2n 3p
m n 5t 2t 2a 3h d r
a b c þ d
8 5 4 5 15 10 16 24
e 3c c f 2d r g 3h þ 2a h 5 þ 4w
2 5 11 3 5 3 6 5
i 3 þ 2a j 7e 2e k m n l 2k þk
4 7 8 3 2 7 5 6
Stage 5.3 3 Simplify each expression.
yþ3 y1
a mþ3þm2 b xþxþ2 c þ
See Example 9 5 4 5 3 4 3
d x1þx2 e mþ6mþ2 f k þ3k1
4 5 5 3 10 7
g k 1 k h 3x 1 þ 9
2x i 2m þ 5 1
m
2 3 4 5 4 9
1m m2 9 2k k 5 8 3x 2x þ 5
j k l
5 7 3 2 2 3
Worksheet
Multiplying and dividing algebraic
Algebraic fractions
MAT10NAWK10026
5-04 fractions
Summary
• To multiply fractions, cancel any common factors, then multiply the numerators and
denominators separately.
a b
• To divide by a fraction , multiply by its reciprocal .
b a
Video tutorial Example 10

Algebraic fractions
MAT10NAVT10007 Simplify each expression.

xy
a 3x 3 2x b 4 3 3k c 24 3 d 4 3x
4 9 k 16 v w 5 25
162 9780170194662
Solution
1 1
a 3x 3 2x ¼ 3x 3 2x 3x 2x 3x 2x b 4 3k 1
4 3k
or 3 ¼ 2 3 3 ¼ 3
4 9 439 4 9 4 93 k 16 k 164
6x2 x2 3
¼ ¼ ¼
36 6 4
x2
¼
6
5
c 24 3¼23w d xy 3x x y 25
4 ¼ 3
v w v 3 5 25 5 1 3x
2w 5y
¼ ¼
3v 3
Exercise 5-04 Multiplying and dividing algebraic

fractions
1 Simplify each product. See Example 10
a m33 b w3k c 437 d 2 33

5 4 6 2 p t 5y q
e d 3 9 f 12 32 g 2x 3 9 h 6 3 10b
3 e v 3 3 8y 5b 18
d e 4ad 3d 5p 8r 20a 9a
i 3 j 3 k 3 l 3
e g 9 16a 4r 15p 3k 5k
2 Simplify each quotient.
y
a x4 b t 4r c k4k d h4k
2 5 18 3 2 8 k h
3y 2y q 3q
e 4 f 4 g 4t 4 3t h 5m 4 2m
5 d 4 4 9 4 n 3n
2
3p p 8y 32y2
i 8a 4 2a j 3 4 b k 4 l 4
3c 9c 2ab 6a 2 4 5 3g
xy 5 a c b 5 2
a 3 b 3 3 c 4
z y b b 3a 2g g
5ty 5ky
d 54 3 e 4t 4 3 f 3
5b 9 k t
g 5p 4 7 h 7 3 1 i s 4 5s 3 3s
10pt h 42h 3 2 7
j 5mn 3 4d 3 1 k 8ac 4 4w 4 2c l 2u 4 3 4 8x
2d n 15mn w 9c 3w 7y 4xy 21y
9780170194662 163
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Mental skills 5 Maths without calculators
Multiplying by 9, 11, 99 and 101

We can use expanding when we multiply by a number near 10 or near 100.
1 Study each example.
a 25 3 11 ¼ 25 3 ð10 þ 1Þ b 14 3 9 ¼ 14 3 ð10 1Þ
¼ 25 3 10 þ 25 3 1 ¼ 14 3 10 14 3 1
¼ 250 þ 25 ¼ 140 14
¼ 275 ¼ 126
c 32 3 12 ¼ 32 3 ð10 þ 2Þ d 7 3 99 ¼ 7 3 ð100 1Þ
¼ 32 3 10 þ 32 3 2 ¼ 7 3 100 7 3 1
¼ 320 þ 64 ¼ 700 7
¼ 384 ¼ 693
e 27 3 101 ¼ 27 3 ð100 þ 1Þ f 18 3 8 ¼ 18 3 ð10 2Þ

¼ 27 3 100 þ 27 3 1 ¼ 18 3 10 18 3 2
¼ 2700 þ 27 ¼ 180 36
¼ 2727 ¼ 144
2 Now evaluate each product.

a 16 3 11 b 33 3 11 c 29 3 9 d 45 3 9
e 62 3 11 f 7 3 101 g 18 3 101 h 36 3 99
i 19 3 8 j 45 3 12 k 21 3 102 l 6 3 98
m 32 3 9 n 7 3 99 o 39 3 101 p 71 3 12
Worksheet
Expanding and 5-05 Expanding and factorising expressions

factorising
MAT10NAWK10027 Expanding and factorising are inverse operations.

Puzzle sheet
When 4(2y þ 5) is expanded, the answer is 8y þ 20.
When 8y þ 20 is factorised, the answer is 4(2y þ 5).
The distributive law
MAT10NAPS00008
Summary
Skillsheet
Algebra using diagrams

Expanding an expression
MAT10NASS10009
Multiply each term inside the brackets by the term outside.
Skillsheet
a(b þ c) ¼ ab þ ac
HCF by factor trees
a(b c) ¼ ab ac
MAT10NASS10010
164 9780170194662
Example 11
Skillsheet
Expand each expression. Factorising using
diagrams
a 3x(4y þ 8x) b 5(3w 6)
MAT10NASS10011
Solution Technology
GeoGebra: Simplifying
a 3x(4y + 8x) = 12xy + 24x2 b –5(3w – 6) = –15w + 30 expressions
MAT10NATC00003
Worksheet
Example 12
Algebra 4
Expand and simplify by collecting like terms. MAT10NAWK00009
2 3
a 6n (2 þ n) þ 5n b 2b(b 5) (3 b)
Solution
a –6n2(2 + n) + 5n3 = –12n2 – 6n3 + 5n3 Expanding

= –12n2 – n3 Collecting like terms to simplify
b 2b(b – 5) – (3 – b) = 2b2 – 10b – 3 + b Expanding

= 2b2 – 9b – 3 Collecting like terms to simplify
Summary
Factorising an expression
• Find the HCF of the terms and write it outside the brackets
• Divide each term by the HCF and write the answers inside the brackets
ab þ ac ¼ a(b þ c) ab ac ¼ a(b c)
• To check that the factorised answer is correct, expand it
Example 13
Factorise each expression.
a 25b 2 20ab b x(4 þ y) þ 2(4 þ y) c b 2 þ 8b
Solution
a The HCF of 25b 2 and 20b is 5b. Rewrite the expression
) 25b2 20b ¼ 5b 3 5b 5b 3 4 using the HCF 5b.
¼ 5bð5b 4Þ Write the HCF at the
front of the brackets.
9780170194662 165
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
b The HCF of x(4 þ y) þ 2(4 þ y) is (4 þ y).

) xð4 þ yÞ þ 2ð4 þ yÞ ¼ ð4 þ yÞ 3 x þ ð4 þ yÞ 3 2
¼ ð4 þ yÞðx þ 2Þ
c When factorising expressions that begin with a
negative term, we use the ‘negative’ HCF.
The highest ‘negative’ common factor of b 2 and 8b is b.
) b2 þ 8b ¼ ðbÞ 3 b þ ðbÞ 3 ð8Þ (b) 3 (8) ¼ þ 8b
¼ ðbÞ½b þ ð8Þ
¼ bðb 8Þ
Example 14
a 8a 3 þ 4a 2 b 20h 3k þ 25h 4k 10h 2k
Solution
a The HCF of 8a 3 and 4a 2 is 4a 2.
) 8a3 þ 4a2 ¼ 4a2 3 2a þ 4a2 3 1 Rewrite the expression using the
2
¼ 4a ð2a þ 1Þ HCF 4a 2.
b The HCF is 5h 2k.
) 20h3 k þ 25h4 k 10h2 k ¼ 5h2 k 3 4h þ 5h2 k 3 5h2 5h2 k 3 2:
¼ 5h2 kð4h þ 5h2 2Þ
Exercise 5-05 Expanding and factorising expressions

See Example 11 1 Expand each expression.
a 4(h þ 6) b 3(r þ 10) c 7(x 9y) d 4(a 5z)
e (2 t 2) f 10e(2e þ 3) g 6y(1 þ 7y) h 4xy(3xy 1)
i 8rt(2t r) j 3ab(4b 7a) k 6h 2(1 3h) l 5x(5x 2 þ 4y)
2 Expand 5u(8 þ 2u). Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 3u 3u 2 B 40u þ 10u 2 C 40u 10u 2 D 40u 3u 2
3 Use the substitution x ¼ 2 to test whether each equation is correct or incorrect.
a 4(x þ 10) ¼ 4x þ 40 b 5(x 1) ¼ 5x 6 c x(3 x) ¼ 3x x 2
See Example 12 4 Expand and simplify by collecting like terms.
a 7m(2m þ 3) þ m 2 b 3e(1 5e) 6e c 9w 3 3w(5 þ 2w 2)
d 24x 3 5x 2(2x 2 5x) e t(t þ 4) þ 3(t þ 4) f 4(3 h) h(7 þ 2h)
g 3x 2(2x þ 5) þ 4(2 þ 5x 2) h v(2v þ 3) þ 6(v þ 1) i 3(1 2w) w(2 w)
j 3y(3y 7) 5(3y 7) k 3m(m þ 5m 2) m 2(1 m) l 4x(2y þ 5) 6y(10 2x)
166 9780170194662
5 Factorise each expression. See Example 13
2
a 24x þ 30 b 36 27a c x þx
d 30y 20y 2 e 36d 2 þ 24d f 16r 2 12r
g a(a 3) þ 6(a 3) h t(8 þ t) 3(8 þ t) i b(3b þ 5) 2(3b þ 5)
j q 2 36q k 6t þ 10t 2 l 3y 2 6xy
m hn 2 þ h 2n n 20e 2 22e o 45m 2 54m
6 Factorise 10kr þ 4rn. Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 2r(5k 4n) B 2r(5k 2n) C 5r(2k 2n) D 2r(5k þ 2n)
a 12x 2y 16xy b 18p 2r þ 16pr c 36m 2n 108mn 2
d 36ab 2c 144bc e 48v 2w þ 64vw 2 f 75g 3h 2 125gh
g 4p 3 8p 2 þ p h 6mn 2 þ 3mn þ 48m 2n i 32p 3g þ 8pg 2 8pg
j 18a 5 12a 2 þ 15a 4
Just for the record CAPTCHA

For security purposes on an Internet website, have you ever been asked to enter letters, words
or numbers that have been displayed in a wavy, difficult-to-read format like the one below?
This process is called CAPTCHA, which stands for Completely Automated Public Turing
test to tell Computers and Humans Apart. It is designed to ensure that the person accessing
the website is a human and not another computer that could be hacking into the site, sending
spam or viruses. CAPTCHA uses optical character recognition (OCR), which is a technology
that can convert images of text into editable text.
Worksheet
5-06 Expanding binomial products Mixed expansions
MAT10NAWK10028
(k þ 3) and (k 7) are called binomial expressions because each expression has exactly two terms
Puzzle sheet
(binomial ¼ ‘2 terms’). (k þ 3)(k 7) is called a binomial product because it is a product
Expanding binomials
(multiplication answer) of two binomial expressions.
MAT10NAPS00007
Example 15 Puzzle sheet
Trinominoes
a (k þ 3)(k 7) b (3t 1)(2t 5)
MAT10NAPS00022
Solution Worksheet
a ðk þ 3Þðk 7Þ ¼ kðk 7Þ þ 3ðk 7Þ Each term in (k þ 3) is multiplied by (k 7). Algebra 2
¼ k 2 7k þ 3k 21 Expanding. MAT10NAWK00007
¼ k 2 4k 21 Simplifying.
9780170194662 167
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
One way of remembering which pairs of terms to multiply together in a binomial product is
called the FOIL method, as shown below.
O
F
(k k – 7) = k 2 – 7k
k + 3)(k k + 3k
k – 21
2
I = k – 4k k –21
L
• F means multiply the first terms: k 3 k ¼ k 2
• O means multiply the outside terms: k 3 (7) ¼ 7k
• I means multiply the inside terms: 3 3 k ¼ 3k
• L means multiply the last terms: 3 3 (7) ¼ 21
b (3t – 1)(2t – 5) = 6t2 – 15t – 2t + 5 Using FOIL.

= 6t2 – 17t + 5 Simplifying.
Summary
Expanding a binomial product

Multiply each term in the first binomial by each term in the second binomial.
(a þ b)(c þ d) ¼ ac þ ad þ bc þ bd
a+b
a b
c ac bc
c+d
d ad bd
Stage 5.3 Perfect squares

Worksheet The special binomial product where a binomial is multiplied by itself, for example,
Special products
(x þ 4)(x þ 4) ¼ (x þ 4) 2 or (2a 9)(2a 9) ¼ (2a 9) 2, is called a perfect square.
16, 49, v 2 and (x þ 4) 2 are called perfect squares because they are square numbers. The rule for
MAT10NAWK10086
expanding the perfect square of a binomial is:
Summary
(a þ b) 2 ¼ a 2 þ 2ab þ b 2
(a b) 2 ¼ a 2 2ab þ b 2
Video tutorial Example 16

Special binomial
products Expand each perfect square.
MAT10NAVT10006
a (n 5) 2 b (k þ 4) 2 c (3y 8) 2
168 9780170194662
Solution Stage 5.3
2
a ðn 5Þ ¼ n2 2 3 n 3 5 þ 52 1st term squared double product
¼ n2 10n þ 25 þ 2nd term squared
2
b ðk þ 4Þ ¼ k 2 þ 2 3 k 3 4 þ 42 c ð3y 8Þ2 ¼ ð3yÞ2 2 3 3y 3 8 þ 82
¼ k 2 þ 8k þ 16 ¼ 9y2 48y þ 64
Difference of two squares

The special binomial product where the sum of two terms is multiplied by their difference, for
example, (x þ 4)(x 4) or (2a 9)(2a þ 9), is called a sum by a difference or a difference by
a sum. The rule for expanding a sum by a difference is:
Summary
(a þ b)(a b) ¼ a 2 b 2
The answer is called the difference of two squares.

When the sum of two terms is multiplied by their difference, the answer is the square of the first
term minus the square of the second term (the difference of two squares).
Example 17 Video tutorial
Special binomial
products
Expand each expression.
MAT10NAVT10006
a (d þ 3)(d 3) b (2 þ r)(2 r) c (7x þ 2)(7x 2) d (4k 5p)(4k þ 5p)
Solution
a ðd þ 3Þðd 3Þ ¼ d 2 32 b ð2 þ rÞð2 rÞ ¼ 22 r2
¼ d2 9 ¼ 4 r2
c ð7x þ 2Þð7x 2Þ ¼ ð7xÞ2 22 d ð4k 5pÞð4k þ 5pÞ ¼ ð4kÞ2 ð5pÞ2
¼ 49x2 4 ¼ 16k 2 25p2
Example 18
Expand and simplify each expression.
a x(5y x) 2 b (m 2) 2 (m 2)(m þ 2)
Solution
a xð5y xÞ2 ¼ xð25y2 10xy þ x2 Þ b ðm 2Þ2 ðm 2Þðm þ 2Þ
¼ 25xy2 10x2 y þ x3 ¼ m2 4m þ 4 ðm2 4Þ
¼ m2 4m þ 4 m2 þ 4
¼ 4m þ 8
9780170194662 169
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Exercise 5-06 Expanding binomial products

See Example 15 1 Expand each binomial product.
Puzzle sheet
a (m þ 4)(m þ 3) b (w þ 5)(w þ 5) c (y þ 12)(y 12)
d (a 8)(a þ 3) e (b 2)(9 þ b) f (u 8)(u 7)
squaresaw
g (15 k)(k þ 1) h (r 11)(r 7) i (6 c)(3 c)
j (t 1)(t þ 2) k (x 4)(x þ 10) l (n þ 11)(9 n)
MAT10NAPS10087
2 Expand (b þ 7) 2. Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
Worksheet
A b 2 þ 49 B b 2 þ 49b C b 2 þ 7b þ 49 D b 2 þ 14b þ 49
Mixed expansions
3 Expand each binomial product.
MAT10NAWK10089
a (x þ 3)(2x þ 5) b (3e þ 7)(3e þ 7) c (10 þ 3p)(p 1)
d (7d 2)(7d 2) e (2f 2)(3f þ 5) f (4m 5)(5 þ 3m)
g (3 h)(2 þ 5h) h (4p 5)(4p 5) i (2m 3)(4 5m)
j (6t þ 1)(2t 1) k (5y 5)(5y þ 5) l (6 7a)(7a 6)
Stage 5.3 4 Copy and complete the expansion of each perfect square.
a (y þ 4) 2 ¼ y 2 þ _____ þ 16 b (w 10) 2 ¼ _____ 20w þ 100
See Example 16 c (g þ m) 2 ¼ g 2 þ 2gm þ _____ d (u 7) 2 ¼ u 2 _____ þ 49
e (k 9) 2 ¼ k 2 _____ þ 81 f (8 þ 5f) 2 ¼ 64 _____ þ 25f 2
g (2d þ 3) 2 ¼ _____ þ _____ þ 9 h (6a þ 1) 2 ¼ _____ þ 12a þ _____
5 Expand each perfect square.
a (h þ 7) 2 b (k 5) 2 c (x 1) 2 d(q þ 10) 2
e (5 h) 2 f (7 þ k) 2 g (x w) 2 h(a þ g) 2
i (2m 3) 2 j (5x 6) 2 k (9a þ 2) 2 l(5 þ 7b)
2
2
m (4 5p) 2 n (11 2c) 2 o (8a 3y) 2 p 1þ1

2 2 y
1 3
q t r þw
t w
See Example 17 6 Expand each expression.
a (k þ 3)(k 3) b (y 8)(y þ 8) c (w þ 11)(w 11)
d (7 m)(7 þ m) e (9 k)(9 þ k) f (3d þ 5)(3d 5)
g (5r þ 4)(5r 4) h (4p 7)(4p þ 7) i (3 8k)(3 þ 8k)
j (2 þ 9m)(2 9m) k (9k 4l)(9k þ 4l) l (7n þ 8m)(7n 8m)

m tþ1 t1 n w2 wþ2 o 11 1þ1
t t 3 3 r r
7 Expand each expression.
a (3t d) 2 b (2e 1)(1 þ 2e) c (5a þ 4)(5a 4)
d (2 p)(p 2) e (10 6y)(10 þ 6y) f (h 3g) 2

g (2x 3y)(y þ 3x) h (7a 4b)(7a þ 4b) i u1 uþ1
u u
See Example 18 8 Expand and simplify each expression.
a (3x þ 1)(2 x) þ 2x b 16 þ (4k 8)(4k þ 8)
c 7xy (2x 3)(y þ 3) d 6y þ (y 3) 2 þ 9
e (2m n) 2 þ (2m þ n) 2 f (2h þ 3) 2 (2h 3)(2h þ 3)
g (x 2)(x þ 3) (x 2)(x þ 2) h 2(b 1) 2 (2b 1) 2
170 9780170194662
Stage 5.3
Investigation: Squaring a number ending in 5
Study this mental short cut for squaring a number ending in 5.

• To evaluate 352, calculate 3 3 4 ¼ 12, add ‘25’ to the end: 352 ¼ 1225.
• To evaluate 752, calculate 7 3 8 ¼ 56, add ‘25’ to the end: 752 ¼ 5625.
• To evaluate 1052, calculate 10 3 11 ¼ 110, add ‘25’ to the end: 1052 ¼ 11 025.
Let n stand for the tens digit of the number ending in 5 being squared.
Expand (10n þ 5)2 and investigate why the above method works.
Puzzle sheet
5-07 Factorising special binomial products Grouping
MAT10NAPS00021
Factorising by grouping in pairs

An algebraic expression with four terms can often be factorised in pairs, that is, two terms at a
time, to make a binomial product.
Example 19
a 3mk þ 5pd þ 3md þ 5pk b 3dy 2gy þ 9hd 6gh c 12aw 8cw þ 30ax 20cx
Solution
a 3mk þ 5pd þ 3md þ 5pk ¼ 3mk þ 3md þ 5pd þ 5pk Grouping into pairs.
¼ 3mðk þ dÞ þ 5pðd þ kÞ Factorising each pair.
¼ ðk þ dÞð3m þ 5pÞ Factorising again.
b 3dy þ 2gy 9hd 6gh ¼ yð3d þ 2gÞ 3hð3d þ 2gÞ Factorising each pair.
¼ ð3d þ 2gÞðy 3hÞ Factorising again.
c 12aw þ 20cx 8cw 30ax ¼ 2ð6aw þ 10cx 4cw 15axÞ Factorising all terms first.
¼ 2ð6aw 15ax 4cw þ 10cxÞ Grouping into pairs.
¼ 2½3að2w 5xÞ 2cð2w 5xÞ Factorising each pair.
¼ 2ð2w 5xÞð3a 2cÞ Factorising again.
Puzzle sheet
Factorising the difference of two squares Difference of two
You should recall the product (a þ b)(a b) ¼ a 2 b 2. perfect squares
If we use this rule in reverse, then the factors of a 2 b 2 are (a b) and (a þ b). MAT10NAPS00019
Puzzle sheet
Summary
Mixed factorisations
2 2
a b ¼ (a þ b)(a b) MAT10NAPS00023
9780170194662 171
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Stage 5.3
Example 20
a y2 9 b 25 36d 2 c 48m 2 3x 2 d w4 w2
Solution
a y2 9 ¼ y2 32 b 25 36d 2 ¼ 52 ð6dÞ2
¼ ðy þ 3Þðy 3Þ ¼ ð5 þ 6dÞð5 6dÞ
c 48m2 3x2 ¼ 3ð16m2 x2 Þ d w4 w2 ¼ w2 ðw2 1Þ
¼ 3½ð4mÞ2 x2 ¼ w2 ðw þ 1Þðw 1Þ
¼ 3ð4m þ xÞð4m xÞ
Exercise 5-07 Factorising special binomial products

See Example 19 1 Factorise each expression.
a 3px þ 2qx þ 3py þ 2qy b 2wh þ 2wk 3uh 3uk
c 15mk þ 20mg þ 6nk þ 8ng d 4yx 8ay þ 7ax 14a 2
e 2ak 5af þ 8k 20f f cd þ cy hd hy
g 4am þ 4at þ 4em þ 4et h 3yk 6by þ 12k 24b
i 3mn 6m þ pn 2p j 9p 2 27 þ qp 2 3q
k fg fh 10g þ 10h l 9kl 12ml þ 9kn 12mn
m 2p 2c p 2 þ pc n l 3 þ lm 2 3l 2 3m 2
o a(x þ 1) þ y(x þ 1) ka ky p p(a b) 2q(a b) þ 3qp 6q 2
See Example 20 2 Factorise each expression.
a d 2 16 b x 2 25 c p 2 121 d y 2 81
e 25 t 2 f 100 k 2 g 4r 2 9d 2 h 25g 2 4e 2
i 144 49m 2 j 81y 2 16k 2 k 1 81d 2 l m 2 4n 2
m y2 z2 n 49 16m 2 o b 2 121d 2 p 36c 2 25k 2
2
q 16 81h r 25a 2 64m 2 s 100 49n 2 t 121p 2 144q 2
1
u 25c 2
v 4t 2 1 w 25h2 2 14 x 1 m 2n 2
4 9
a 4m 2 16p 2 b 3d 2 27 c y 3 25y d 18 50g 2
e k 16k 3 f 50q 2 2 g 3d 2 12v 2 h 5t 5 125t 3
i 2a 2b 2 2 j x 2y 2 x 2w 2 k 192f 2 108g 2 l 45d 2 5
4
m 2x 2 8a 2 n 100 25w 2 o 1 14 80e2 p 9c2 6 14
1 m2 n2 w2 9u2
a c2 b c d k 4 25
16 16 9 25 16
2 2
e 16a 25b f t 4 81 g 10 000 n 4 h (x þ y) 2 x 2
49 4
i (p 2q) 2 (2p þ q) 2 j x2 y2 k (a þ b) 2 (a b) 2
4 36
172 9780170194662
Puzzle sheet
5-08 Factorising quadratic expressions Factorominoes
MAT10NAPS10029
A quadratic expression is an algebraic expression in which the highest power of the variable is 2,
Puzzle sheet
such as x 2 5x þ 7, x 2 15, 2x 2 3x þ 9 and 4x 2 þ 7x.
A quadratic expression such as x 2 5x þ 7 is called a trinomial because it has three terms. Trinominoes
The expansion of (x þ 2)(x þ 4) is x 2 þ 6x þ 8, a quadratic trinomial. MAT10NAPS00022
[ The factorisation of x 2 þ 6x þ 8 is (x þ 2)(x þ 4).

Worksheet
Simplifying algebraic
Summary fractions
MAT10NAWK10030
In the factorisation of a quadratic trinominal such as x 2 þ 6x þ 8:
• each factor must have an x term to give x 2 x 2 + 6x + 8 = (x + 2)(x + 4)
• 2 þ 4 ¼ 6, which is the coefficient of x, the number in x 2 + 6x + 8 = (x + 2)(x + 4)

front of the x
• 2 3 4 ¼ 8, which is the constant term with no x x 2 + 6x + 8 = (x + 2)(x + 4)
Video tutorial
Example 21
Factorising quadratic
expressions
Factorise each quadratic expression.
MAT10NAVT10016
a x 2 þ 7x þ 12 b x 2 þ 9x þ 8
Solution
a Find the two numbers that have a Pair of Product Sum
sum of 7 and a product of 12. numbers
It is best to test numbers that have a 6, 2 6 3 2 ¼ 12 6þ2¼8
product of 12 and then check if their 3, 4 3 3 4 ¼ 12 3þ4¼7
sums equal 7.
The correct numbers are 3 and 4.
[ x 2 þ 7x þ 12 ¼ (x þ 3)(x þ 4)
b Find two numbers with a sum of 9 Pair of Product Sum
and a product of 8. numbers
Test numbers that have a product of 8 4, 2 432¼8 4þ2¼6
and check if their sums equal 9. 1, 8 138¼8 1þ8¼9
The correct numbers are 1 and 8.
[ x 2 þ 9x þ 8 ¼ (x þ 1)(x þ 8)
9780170194662 173
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Summary
Factorising quadratic expressions of the form x 2 þ bx þ c

• Find two numbers that have a sum of b and a product of c
• Use these two numbers to write a binomial product of the form (x ___ )(x ___ )
Video tutorial
Example 22
expressions
MAT10NAVT10016
a x2 þ x 6 b a 2 2a 15 c y 2 6y þ 8
Solution
a x2 þ x 6
Find two numbers that have a product of 6 and a sum of 1.
Since the product is negative, one of the numbers must be negative.
They are þ3 and 2.
[ x 2 þ x 6 ¼ (x þ 3)(x 2)
b a 2 2a 15
Product ¼ 15, sum ¼ 2.
Since the product is negative, one of the numbers must be negative.
They are 5 and þ3.
[ a 2 2a 15 ¼ (a 5)(a þ 3)
c y 2 6y þ 8
Product ¼ 8, sum ¼ 6.
Since the sum is negative, one of the numbers must be negative.
Since the product is positive, both of the numbers must be negative.
They are 4 and 2.
[ y 2 6y þ 8 ¼ (y 4)(y 2)
Exercise 5-08 Factorising quadratic expressions

See Example 21 1 Find two numbers whose:
a product is 24 and sum is 11 b product is 10 and sum is 3
c product is 15 and sum is 2 d product is 12 and sum is 7
See Example 22 2 Factorise each quadratic expression.
a x 2 þ 8x þ 15 b d 2 þ 9d þ 14 c m 2 þ 12m þ 27
d e 2 þ 5e þ 6 e h 2 þ 4h þ 4 f n 2 þ 11n þ 10
g n 2 2n 3 h r 2 5r 14 i h 2 3h 4
j w 2 7w 18 k f 2 6f 27 l a 2 4a 12
m x 2 þ 3x 4 n t 2 þ 5t 24 o m 2 þ 2m 15
p a2 þ a 2 q k 2 þ 5k 14 r w 2 þ 4w 12
s p 2 10p þ 24 t n 2 3n þ 2 u r 2 6r þ 9
v m 2 þ 4m þ 4 w p 2 20p þ 100 x c 2 10c þ 25
174 9780170194662
Stage 5.3
Factorising quadratic expressions of
5-09 the form ax 2 þ bx þ c Puzzle sheet

squaresaw
MAT10NAPS10087
We have factorised quadratic expressions of the type x 2 þ bx þ c. For example, the factorisation
of x 2 þ 6x þ 8 is (x þ 2)(x þ 4). Puzzle sheet
2 2
We will now factorise quadratic expressions of the type ax þ bx þ c, such as 6x þ 19x þ 15, Factorising puzzle
where x 2 has a coefficient. MAT10NAPS10090
Technology worksheet
Example 23 Excel worksheet:
Factorising trinomials
Factorise each quadratic expression. MAT10NACT00011
2 2
a 3g þ 12g 36 b 48 8p p Technology worksheet
Solution Excel spreadsheet:

Factorising trinomials
a 3g 2 þ 12g 36 ¼ 3ðg2 þ 4g 12Þ Taking out the HCF of 3 first. MAT10NACT00041
¼ 3ðg 2Þðg þ 6Þ Product ¼ 12, sum ¼ 4
Puzzle sheet
Perfect squares
b 48 8p p2 ¼ p2 8p þ 48 Rearranging the terms to make the
MAT10NAPS00020
p 2 term first.
¼ 1ðp2 þ 8p 48Þ Taking out a common factor of 1. Puzzle sheet
¼ ðp þ 12Þðp 4Þ Product ¼ 48, sum ¼ 8 Trinominoes
MAT10NAPS00022
Video tutorial
Example 24
2 expressions
Factorise 3x þ 8x þ 4. (Advanced)
MAT10NAVT10017
Solution
Video tutorial
There is no HCF, so we need to split up the middle term 8x.
Advanced algebra and
Find two numbers that have a product of 12 and a sum of 8. functions
sum of 8
MAT10NAVT00007
2 2
3x + 8x + 4 = 3x + 8x + 4
product of 12 (3 × 4)
The two numbers are þ6 and þ2, so we will split 8x into 6x

and 2x.
) 3x2 þ 8x þ 4 ¼ 3x2 þ 6x þ 2x þ 4
¼ 3xðx þ 2Þ þ 2ðx þ 2Þ Factorising by grouping in pairs.
¼ ðx þ 2Þð3x þ 2Þ Factorising again.
9780170194662 175
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Stage 5.3
Summary
Factorising quadratic trinomials of the form ax 2 þ bx þ c with no HCF

• find two numbers that have a sum of b and a product of ac
• use these two numbers to split the middle term bx into two terms
• factorise by grouping in pairs
Example 25
a 3x 2 11x þ 10 b 4x 2 3x 7 c 6t 2 þ t 12
Solution
a 3x 2 11x þ 10
3 3 10 ¼ 30. Find two numbers that have a product
of 30 and a sum of 11.
Since the sum is negative, one of the numbers must
be negative.
Since the product is positive, both of the numbers
must be negative.
They are 6 and 5. Split 11x into 6x and 5x.
3x2 11x þ 10 ¼ 3x2 6x 5x þ 10
¼ 3xðx 2Þ 5ðx 2Þ Factorising by grouping in pairs.
¼ ðx 2Þð3x 5Þ
2
b 4x 3x 7
4 3 (7) ¼ 28. Find two numbers with a product
of 28 and a sum of 3.
Since the product is negative, one of the numbers
must be negative.
They are 7 and 4.
4x2 3x 7 ¼ 4x2 7x þ 4x 7
¼ xð4x 7Þ þ 1ð4x 7Þ
¼ ð4x 7Þðx þ 1Þ
c 6t 2 þ t 12
6 3 (12) ¼ 72. Find two numbers with a
product of 72 and a sum of 1.
They are 8 and þ9.
6t 2 þ t 12 ¼ 6t 2 8t þ 9t 12
¼ 2tð3t 4Þ þ 3ð3t 4Þ
¼ ð3t 4Þð2t þ 3Þ
176 9780170194662
Example 26 Stage 5.3

a 24k 2 54k 15 b 14 þ 29d 15d 2
Solution
a 24k 2 54k 15 ¼ 3ð8k 2 18k 5Þ Taking out the HCF of 3 first.
2
¼ 3ð8k 20k þ 2k 5Þ Product ¼ 40, sum ¼ 18
¼ 3½4kð2k 5Þ þ 1ð2k 5Þ
¼ 3ð2k 5Þð4k þ 1Þ
b 14 þ 29a 15a 2 ¼ 15a 2 þ 29a þ 14 Rearranging the terms to make the a 2 term first.
¼ ð15a 2 29a 14Þ Taking out a common factor of 1.
2
¼ ð15a þ 6a 35a 14Þ Product ¼ 210, sum ¼ 29
¼ ½3að5a þ 2Þ 7ð5a þ 2Þ
¼ ð5a þ 2Þð3a 7Þ
Exercise 5-09 Factorising quadratic expressions

of the form ax 2 þ bx þ c
1 Factorise each quadratic expression. Look for the highest common factor first. See Example 23
2 2 2 4 3 2
a 3m þ 9m þ 6 b 2y þ 2y 4 c 5t 10t 400 d 5e þ 25e 120e
e x 3 x 2 110x f 4b 2 4b 168 g 4w 2 þ 4w 48 h 3a 3 9a 2 12a
i 2e 2 þ 18e þ 40 j 24 5t t 2 k 42 þ u u 2 l 28 þ 3x x 2
2 2 2
m 12 b b n 7k 12 k o 12x 35 x
2 Factorise each quadratic expression. See Example 24
2 2 2 2
a 6d þ 19d þ 15 b 8m þ 10m þ 3 c 2y þ 17y þ 35 d 2d þ 27d þ 70
e 2w 2 þ 31w þ 15 f 4e 2 þ 15e þ 9 g 8f 2 þ 14f þ 3 h 3d 2 þ 5d þ 2
i 2b 2 þ 9b þ 7 j 5y 2 þ 16y þ 11 k 8g 2 þ 26g þ 15 l 6a 2 þ 23a þ 21
3 Factorise each quadratic expression. See Example 25
a 4k 2 11k þ 6 b 6w 2 17w þ 5 c 5p 2 19p þ 12 d 4g 2 28g þ 49
e 12f 25f þ 12 f 4h 2 36h þ 81
2
g 5y 2 6y 11 h 4d 2 d 5
i 2m 2 3m 9 j 8a 2 2a 3 k 15u 2 7u 4 l 9c 2 12c 5
2
m 5m þ 2m 7 n 6g 2 þ g 12 o 3p 2 þ 4p 4 p 7w 2 þ 6w 1
2
q 5y þ 14y 3 r 3n 2 þ 10n 8
4 Factorise each of the perfect squares below.
a 81w 2 180w þ 100 b 4y 2 þ 8y þ 4 c 25h 2 40h þ 16
5 Factorise each quadratic expression by first taking out a common factor. See Example 26
a 9m 2 þ 30m 24 b 4y 2 6y 10 c 30k 2 þ 25k 30 d 12w 2 44w 16
2 2
e 12t þ 20t 8 f 25q 5q þ 6 g 12m þ 14m 4 h 20 h 12h 2
2
2 2
i 18 þ 48c þ 24c j 15 þ 9z 6z k 12d 2 þ 2d 30 l 22x 12 6x 2
9780170194662 177
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Stage 5.3 6 Factorise each quadratic expression.

a 7w 2 8w þ 1 b 4h 2 7h 15 c 8x 2 2x 3 d 5r 2 þ 26r þ 5
e 2d 2 15d þ 7 f 6n 2 7n 3 g 8 6m 9m 2 h 3 2c 5c 2
i 15g 2 þ 19g þ 6 j 15 þ 14q 8q 2 k 3x 2 13x þ 14 l 16 8d 3d 2
Puzzle sheet
Factoronimoes 5-10 Mixed factorisations

MAT10NAPS10029
Puzzle sheet Summary

Mixed factorisations
MAT10NAPS00023 Factorisation strategies

• Look for any common factors and factorise first.
• If there are two terms, try factorising using the difference of two squares.
• If there are three terms, try factorising as a quadratic trinomial.
• If there are four terms, try factorising by grouping in pairs.
Algebraic expression
Take out any common

factors
Two terms Three terms Four terms
Factorise if difference If quadratic trinomial, Try to factorise by

of two squares try to factorise grouping in pairs
Example 27
a 5k 2 125 b 4y 2 þ 32d 2 c 24u 2 68u þ 20 d a 3 2a 2 4a þ 16
Solution
a 5k 2 125 ¼ 5ðk 2 25Þ Taking out the HCF of 5 first.
¼ 5ðk þ 5Þðk 5Þ Difference of two squares
b 4y 2 þ 32d 2 ¼ 4(y 2 þ 8d 2) Two terms but not a difference of two squares.
2 2
c 24u 68u þ 20 ¼ 4ð6u 17u þ 5Þ Taking out the HCF of 4 first.
2
¼ 4ð6u 2u 15u þ 5Þ Product ¼ 30, sum ¼ 17
¼ 4½2uð3u 1Þ 5ð3u 1Þ Factorising each pair.
¼ 4ð3u 1Þð2u 5Þ Factorising again.
178 9780170194662
d a3 2a2 4a þ 8 ¼ a2 ða 2Þ 4ða 2Þ Factorising by grouping in pairs. Stage 5.3
¼ ða 2Þða2 4Þ
¼ ða 2Þða þ 2Þða 2Þ Difference of two squares
¼ ða 2Þ2 ða þ 2Þ
Exercise 5-10 Mixed factorisations

a m 2 þ 16m þ 64 b 3d 2 3 c 3d 2 þ 4d 15
d 3k 15 5h þ hk e 25y 2 64 f 100f 2 64
g q 2 þ 3q 3pq h 3 þ 2g g 2 i 24b 2 þ 44b 40
j 25r 2 1 k b3 þ b2 þ b þ 1 l 4x 2 20x þ 25
m 4 d 5d 2 n b3 b2 b þ 1 o 8 2v 2
p mn 2 þ mnp þ 3mn þ 3mp q 2w 2 24w þ 72 r 36h 2 þ 12h þ 1
s 15r 2 31rt 24t 2 t 4d 2 þ 4d þ 1 u 9g 2 36k 2
a e 3 3e 2 10e b 5(p þ q) 2 125(p q) 2 c 28x 2 7
d a 2 b 2 þ 4a 4b e c 3 2c 2 4c þ 8 f 6a 2 þ 13a 5
g t 2 3t þ 5t 35 h 18p 2 þ 24p þ 8 i 1 2a 24a 2
j 9x 2 27x þ 18x 54 k 2a 2b 6ab 3a þ 9 l 2a 2 þ 12a þ 18
m 25u 2 10u þ 1 n 4k 2 5k 21 o 48 3w 2
p 3 27s 2 q k 3 þ 4k 2 16k 64 r 5y 3 10y 2 þ 15y
s m 3n 4mn t 8 2a 2 u 32c 2 40c 12
5-11 Factorising algebraic fractions NSW
Example 28
a
12x þ 8y
b 30m 2 18 c 2h2 þ 8h 2
d 5k2 þ 9k 2
4 25m 9 3h 12 k þ 7k þ 2
Solution
a 12x þ 8y 4 ð3x þ 2yÞ b 30m 18 6ð5m 3Þ
¼ ¼
4 4 25m2 9 ð5m þ 3Þð5m 3Þ
¼ 3x þ 2y 6
¼
5m þ 3
c 2h2 þ 8h 2hðh þ 4Þ d 5k 2 þ 9k 2 ð5k 1Þðk þ 2Þ

¼ ¼
3h 12 3ðh þ 4Þ k 2 þ 7k þ 2 ðk þ 2Þðk þ 5Þ
2h 5k 1
¼ ¼
3 k þ5
9780170194662 179
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Stage 5.3 Example 29

5 2 6m m2 16 h2 þ 5h þ 6 h2 þ 2h
a 2 2 b 2 3 c 2
4 2
x þx2 x x m þ 4m 9 h þ 4h þ 3 h 2h 3
Solution
a 5 2 5 2 Factorising denominators
¼
x2 þ x 2 x2 x ðx þ 2Þðx 1Þ xðx 1Þ
5x 2ðx þ 2Þ Using common denominators
¼
xðx þ 2Þðx 1Þ xðx þ 2Þðx 1Þ
5x 2ðx þ 2Þ
¼
xðx þ 2Þðx 1Þ
5x 2x 4
¼
xðx þ 2Þðx 1Þ
3x 4
¼
xðx þ 2Þðx 1Þ
b 6m m2 16 6m ðm þ 4Þðm 4Þ
3 ¼ 3
m2 þ 4m 9 mðm þ 4Þ 9
2
6m ðm þ 4Þðm 4Þ
¼ 3
m ðm þ 4Þ 93
2ðm 4Þ
¼
3
c h2 þ 5h þ 6 h2 þ 2h h2 þ 5h þ 6 h2 2h 3
4 ¼ 3
h2 þ 4h þ 3 h2 2h 3 h2 þ 4h þ 3 h2 þ 2h
ðh þ 3Þðh þ 2Þ ðh 3Þðh þ 1Þ
¼ 3
ðh þ 3Þðh þ 1Þ hðh þ 2Þ
ðh 3 Þ
¼
h
Exercise 5-11 Factorising algebraic fractions

7x þ 7y 3
a b c br cr
7 6t 6r ar
d h2 e w2 16 f 5d 5t
2h wþ4 d2 t2
2
ðk þ 5Þ 6c2 6
g 2 h i am an þmn
k 25 2c þ 2 m2 n2
y2 þ 9y þ 20 k 2 3k 4 16a2 25c2
j k l
2y þ 10 k 2 16 4a2 9ac þ 5c2
s2 þ 4s þ 4 1 c 2c2 ap þ 4p 2a 8
m 2 n o
s s6 3c2 þ 2c 1 2p2 8
180 9780170194662
2 Simplify each expression. Stage 5.3
a 5 þ 2 b 6 4
mðm þ 1Þ ðm þ 1Þðm þ 2Þ ðw þ 5Þðw þ 3Þ wðw þ 3Þ
See Example 29
c 3 þ 1 d 2 3
ðb þ 2Þðb 1Þ ðb 1Þðb 3Þ k2 þ k k2 1
e 5 þ 3 f 3 4
4h þ 4 h2 þ h d 2 þ 3d þ 2 d þ 2
g 2 3 5 h 3 þ d
r 36 4r þ 24 d 2 þ 2d d 2 4
i 2 5 k j 2 þ 3
k 3k 4 k 2 1 q2 1 q þ 1
a 3m þ 9 3 4m b 5d 10 3 5d 15
2 mþ3 3d 9 8d 16
c 4 3 e2 þ 2e d 3k þ 6 3 10k
eþ2 8e 5 kþ2
5h 6h þ 18 4 3a þ 3b
e 3 2 f 3
3h þ 9 h þh a2 b2 8
g r þ t 3 r2 rt h 20m þ 16 3 7m
t 2 r2 5r þ 5t 7m 7 5m þ 4
p2 þ 2p þ 1 4p 4 yþ2 7y þ 14
i 3 2 j 4
p2 1 p þp 5y 15y
k 5 4 15 l 4n þ 8 4 6n þ 12
x2 4 2x þ 4 nþ5 5n þ 25
2
m d þ d 4 26d n 1 4 24
dþ3 d 9 f 2 6f þ 9 f 9
3f þ 6 f 2 2f 8
o 4
f2 þf 6 f 2 f 12
9780170194662 181
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Power plus
1 Expand and simplify each expression.

a (x þ 5) 3 b (y 2) 3 c (a þ b) 3 d (3d þ 10) 3
2 Use the given expansion to evaluate each square number without using a calculator.
a 21 2 ¼ (20 þ 1) 2 b 45 2 ¼ (40 þ 5) 2 c 29 2 ¼ (30 1) 2
2 2 2 2
d 59 ¼ (60 1) e 102 ¼ (100 þ 2) f 98 2 ¼ (100 2) 2
3 By expressing 31 3 29 as (30 þ 1)(30 1), use the difference of two squares to find the
value of 31 3 29.
4 Use the method of question 3 to evaluate each expression.
a 21 3 19 b 51 3 49 c 89 3 91 d 78 3 82
5 Expand and simplify each expression.
a (y þ 1) 2 þ (y þ 2) 2 þ (y þ 3) 2 b (x 3)(x þ 3) þ (x þ 3) 2 þ (x 3) 2
c (5n þ 3)(5n 3) þ (3n 5)(3n þ 5) d 2(a b)(a þ b) (a þ b) 2 (a b) 2
a n 2 þ 4mn þ 4m 2 b x 2 2xy þ y 2 c 25x 2 40xy þ 16y 2
d 5a 2 30ab þ 45b 2 e c 4 þ 2c 2 þ 1 f 8 7t 2 t 4
2 y2
g x h x4 1 i 25c 4 100
16 25 2 2
j (a þ b) 2 c 2 k 16a 25b l (p þ q) 2 (p q) 2
49 4
182 9780170194662
Chapter 5 review
n Language of maths Puzzle sheet
Algebra crossword
algebraic fraction base binomial MAT10NAPS10031
binomial product coefficient constant term
denominator difference of two squares expand
factorise fractional grouping in pairs
highest common factor (HCF) index law indices
perfect square power product
quadratic expression reciprocal root
sum term trinomial
1 Explain the meanings of quadratic and trinomial. Give an example of a quadratic trinomial.
2 Any number raised to the power of zero is equal to what?
3 What is the difference between expand and factorise?
4 What power is associated with the reciprocal of a term or number?
5 In the quadratic expression 2x 2 3x þ 6, what is:
a the constant term? b the coefficient of x?
6 Copy and complete: To factorise quadratic expressions of the form x 2 þ bx þ c, first find
two numbers that have a ________ of b and a ________ of c.
n Topic overview Quiz
Numbers and powers

• What was this topic about? What was the main theme?
MAT10NAQZ00001
• What content was new and what was revision for you?
• Write three index laws in both words and symbols. Quiz
• Write 10 questions (with solutions) that could be used in a test for this chapter. Include some Advanced algebra and
questions that you have found difficult to answer. equations
• List the sections of work in this chapter that you did not understand. Follow up this work. MAT10NAQZ00007
Copy and complete this mind map of the topic, adding detail to its branches and using pictures, Quiz
symbols and colour where needed. Ask your teacher to check your work. Algebra
The index Algebraic Expanding and MAT10NAQZ00003

laws fractions factorising
expressions Worksheet
Algebra 6
MAT10NAWK00035
Factorising algebraic Products and Expanding

fractions factors binomial products
Factorising quadratic Factorising special

expressions binomial products
9780170194662 183
Chapter 5 revision
See Exercise 5-01 1 Simplify each expression.

8 8
a 3v 4w 2 3 2vw 5 b 24t h2 c (5xy 2) 2
3th
0 3
2p 2p
d e ð4k Þ1 f
3 3 8 6 4
5b y
g (4m) 2 h 4m 2 i 2 3
b y 1
j (4t 4u 5) 3 3 8t 2u k 45c 6d 8 4 (3cd 2) 2 l 45ab4
54a2 b3
5 3 2
1 5t 9
See Exercise 5-01 a b c
10 4 2d
See Exercise 5-02 3 Evaluate each expression.
1 1 1 3
a 4002 b ð27Þ3 c 642 d 325
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 23
3
1
ð81t12 Þ5
4
a ð16a4 Þ2 b c pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi4 d 125x3 y6
3
8p6
5g 3g
a t 2t b þ c 5x x
4 5 3 2 16 4
2p þ 5 3p
See Exercise 5-03 a r4þr b wþ1w4 c
2 5 2 10 3 12
a 4m 3 3m b 6 3 3t c 5 4 10 d vw 4 3v
5 8 t 24 a b 5 20
See Exercise 5-05 8 Expand and simplify each expression.
a 8tp(7p 5t) b 5h 2(3h þ 7)
2
c 4fg(g 6f) 6f g d 12(9 n) 5(2n þ 3)
e x 2(6x þ x 2) þ 2x(3x 3 þ x 2) f 3(7 2y) 5y(7 2y)
See Exercise 5-05 9 Factorise each expression.
a 16ar 2 þ 24ar b 24p þ 18q
c 2(5x 1) 3x(5x 1) d 15xy 2 30x 3y 3
e 6pt 2 þ 12p 2t 48p 3 f 32r 2s 4 þ 12r 4s 3
g 50x 4y 3 75x 3y 4 h 8p 3q 3 þ 48p 3q 6
i n(n 2 þ 6) (n 2 þ 6)
See Exercise 5-06 10 Expand each binomial product.
a (b þ 3)(b þ 10) b (d þ 8)(d 7)
c (t 6)(9 t) d (5x þ 7)(4x 3)
e (7y 3)(7y þ 3) f (5p 8)(5p 8)
184 9780170194662
Chapter 5 revision
11 Expand each binomial product. Stage 5.3

a (n þ 9) 2 b (n þ 9)(n 9)
c (3y 2) 2 d (4n 11)(4n þ 11) See Exercise 5-06
12 Factorise each expression. See Exercise 5-07
a 3pr þ 2qt þ 2qr þ 3pt b 4ab þ 6bc 6ad 9dc

c b 2 100 d 25 16y 2
e 20x 2 5 f 3t 3 27t
a y 2 þ 10y þ 25 b x 2 21x þ 20
c n 2 þ 8n 33 d a 2 11a þ 28
e m 2 5m 84 f p 2 þ 3p 54
a 3w 2 þ 5w þ 2 b 2y 2 3y 9
c 60 5b 5b 2 d 3p 2 þ 10p 8
e 12x 2 46x þ 14 f 6n 2 13n þ 6
a 5q 2 45 b 20x 2 52x þ 24
c t3 t2 t þ 1
16 Simplify each expression. See Exercise 5-11
2
a 16n þ 24t b 6m 24
8 5m 10
2
c 2a a6 d 2 4 22
a 2a 3 y 3y y 9
3p 15 9p 2 2
e 3 2 f b þ2 3b þ 2 4 b þ b
3 p 5p b 9 3b þ 9
9780170194662 185

10A Chapter 5 - Products and Factors PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

10A Chapter 5 - Products and Factors PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Number and Algebra

n In this chapter you will:

Summary Animated example

Exercise 5-01 The index laws

Investigation: Videos going viral

Use a spreadsheet to help you with this investigation.

off as a simple message between friends

that every 10 seconds the number of views doubles.

1 Use a spreadsheet to calculate the total number of views after:

Adding and subtracting algebraic

Exercise 5-03 Adding and subtracting algebraic

Video tutorial Example 10

MAT10NAVT10007 Simplify each expression.

Exercise 5-04 Multiplying and dividing algebraic

a m33 b w3k c 437 d 2 33

Mental skills 5 Maths without calculators

Multiplying by 9, 11, 99 and 101

e 27 3 101 ¼ 27 3 ð100 þ 1Þ f 18 3 8 ¼ 18 3 ð10 2Þ

2 Now evaluate each product.

Expanding and 5-05 Expanding and factorising expressions

MAT10NAWK10027 Expanding and factorising are inverse operations.

Algebra using diagrams

Expand and simplify by collecting like terms. MAT10NAWK00009

a –6n2(2 + n) + 5n3 = –12n2 – 6n3 + 5n3 Expanding

b 2b(b – 5) – (3 – b) = 2b2 – 10b – 3 + b Expanding

b The HCF of x(4 þ y) þ 2(4 þ y) is (4 þ y).

Exercise 5-05 Expanding and factorising expressions

Just for the record CAPTCHA

Example 15 Puzzle sheet

a ðk þ 3Þðk 7Þ ¼ kðk 7Þ þ 3ðk 7Þ Each term in (k þ 3) is multiplied by (k 7). Algebra 2

b (3t – 1)(2t – 5) = 6t2 – 15t – 2t + 5 Using FOIL.

Expanding a binomial product

Stage 5.3 Perfect squares

Video tutorial Example 16

Difference of two squares

The answer is called the difference of two squares.

Example 17 Video tutorial

Exercise 5-06 Expanding binomial products

m (4 5p) 2 n (11 2c) 2 o (8a 3y) 2 p 1þ1

Study this mental short cut for squaring a number ending in 5.

Factorising by grouping in pairs

Exercise 5-07 Factorising special binomial products

The expansion of (x þ 2)(x þ 4) is x 2 þ 6x þ 8, a quadratic trinomial. MAT10NAPS00022

[ The factorisation of x 2 þ 6x þ 8 is (x þ 2)(x þ 4).

• each factor must have an x term to give x 2 x 2 + 6x + 8 = (x + 2)(x + 4)

• 2 þ 4 ¼ 6, which is the coefficient of x, the number in x 2 + 6x + 8 = (x + 2)(x + 4)

• 2 3 4 ¼ 8, which is the constant term with no x x 2 + 6x + 8 = (x + 2)(x + 4)

Factorising quadratic expressions of the form x 2 þ bx þ c

Exercise 5-08 Factorising quadratic expressions

Products and factors

where x 2 has a coefficient. MAT10NAPS10090

Solution Excel spreadsheet:

The two numbers are þ6 and þ2, so we will split 8x into 6x

Factorising quadratic trinomials of the form ax 2 þ bx þ c with no HCF

Factorise each quadratic expression.

Exercise 5-09 Factorising quadratic expressions

Stage 5.3 6 Factorise each quadratic expression.

Factoronimoes 5-10 Mixed factorisations

Puzzle sheet Summary

MAT10NAPS00023 Factorisation strategies

Take out any common

Two terms Three terms Four terms

Factorise if difference If quadratic trinomial, Try to factorise by