Program Execution

A number of steps need to be performed to execute a program. Instructions and data must be loaded into
main memory, I/O devices and files must be initialized, and other resources must be prepared. The OS
handles these scheduling duties for the user.

Multithreading is a technique in which a process, executing an application, is divided into threads that can
run concurrently. We can make the following distinction: • Thread: A dispatchable unit of work. It includes a
processor context (which includes the program counter and stack pointer) and its own data area for a stack
(to enable subroutine branching). A thread executes sequentially and is interruptible so the processor can
turn to another thread. • Process: A collection of one or more threads and associated system resources
(such as memory containing both code and data, open files, and devices). This corresponds closely to the
concept of a program in execution. By breaking a single application into multiple threads, the programmer
has great control over the modularity of the application and the timing of application-related events.