Surveying Engineering

Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar
UNIT-1
"LEVELLING"
LEVELLING: branch vertical plain deal Levelling
points Level difference respect datum
point R.L. (Reduce level)
Calculation the R.L. of a given point -

Points R.L.
1. Height of instrumemt method
2. Rise and fall method
Levelling points R.L. calculate Readings

classified
(i) Back sight
(ii) Fore sight
(iii) Intermidiate sight
(i) Back sight:- Levelling instrument station fix

First reading Back sight
OR
Levelling Bench mark staff reading is called Back sight.
OR
A Reading which is taken on bench mark is called Back sight.
OR
Levelling R.L. Reading Back
sight
In Levelling survey A staff reading which is taken on known R.L. points is called
Back sight.
(ii) Fore sight :- Levelling survey instrument station instrument
shift Last reading Fore sight
(iii) Intermidiate sight :- Levelling instrument station back sight or
fore sight back sight or fore sight reading
intermidiate sight
Changing point OR Turning point
Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App.

Website:-WWW.civilianinstitutealwar.in 1 Contact No.: 9610446964
Levelling survey Points Fore sight or back sight readings
is called changing point.
Q. Levelling Level instrument readings

Level instrument Or 13 reading
Back sight Reading (2) Fore sight reading

(3) Intermidiate sight reading (4) No. of stations
If the R.L. is given 204.50.
Readings are-
1.535 2.330 1.875 1.950 1.570 2.100 2.00
1.980 2.600 2.990 3.100 2.850 2.535 3.184
2.430
Sol.Back sight - 1.535, 2.100, 2.990, 3.180
Fore sight - 1.570, 2.600, 2.535, 2.430
Intermidiate sight - 2.330, 1.875, 1.950, 2.00, 1.980, 3.100, 2.850
No. of stations - 12
If staff reading are taken on continuesly slopling Ground

Q. Levelling instrument on 4m height staff continues sloping ground
readings Back sight, Fore sight, Intermidiate sight
1.875 2.220 2.360 2.390 1.565 2.550 3.770 1.890 2.750 3.880 1.40 1.950
SOL
Back sight - 1.875 1.565 1.890 1.40
Fore sight - 2.390 3.770 3.880 1.950
Intermidiate sight - 2.220 2.360 2.550 2.750
No. of stations - 9
Ist reading B.S. OR last F.S. fix

In sloping ground reading B.S. or station change
Height of Instrument-
Bench mark R.L. + Back sight
Or
Known R.L. point + Back sight
Calculation of next point R.L. (Reduce Level)

(i) If both point are on Ground
R.L. of next point H.I. - F.S./I.S.
or
B.M.R.L.+ B.S. - F.S./I.S.

(ii) If one point on Ground and other point on ceiling
R.L. of next point H.I. + F.S./I.S.
or
B.M.R.L.+ B.S. + F.S./I.S.
Level difference b/w ground point & ceiling point
B.S. + F.S./I.S.
Note-
Levelling changing point or turning point Reading
Reading Fore sight Back sight
Difference b/w Rise and fall method OR Height of Instrument method
Rise/Fall method Height of Instrument method

Large and tadious method Quicker method
Provide complete check due to B.S., Provide Arithmetical check only F.S.
F.S. and I.S. and B.S.
Arithmetical Check= S.- Arithmetical Check= B.S.-
F.S.= Rise- Fall=Last R.L.-First F.S.=Last R.L-First R.L
R.L.
Q. Rise - Fall method 1.535 2.330 1.875 1.950 1.570 2.10 2.00 1.980 2.600
2.990 3.100 2.850 2.535 3.180 2.430
Sol.
Station B.S. I.S. F.S. Rise Fall R.L.

1 1.535 - - - - 204.50
2 2.330 0.795 203.705
3 1.875 0.455 204.160
4 1.950 0.0750 204.085
5 2.10 1.570 0.380 204.465
6 2.00 0.100 204.565
7 1.980 0.020 204.585
8 2.990 2.600 0.620 203.965
9 3.100 0.110 203.855
10 2.850 0.250 204.105
11 2.180 2.535 0.315 204.420
12 2.430 0.25 204.170

Arithmatical check
B.S.- F.S. = rise- fall = Last R.L.-First R.L.
B.S. = 1.535 + 2.10 + 2.990 + 3.180 = 8.805
F.S. = 1.570 + 2.600 + 2.535 + 2.430 = 9.135
Rise=1.52
Fall=1.85
Last R.L.=204.170
First R.L.=204.50
8.805-9.135=1.52-1.85=204.170-204.50
-0.33=-0.33=-0.33
HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENT METHOD
Station B.S. I.S. F.S. H.I. R.L.

1 1.535 - - 206.035 204.50
2. - 2.330 - - 203.705
3. - 1.875 - - 204.160
4. - 1.950 - - 204.085
5. 2.10 - 1.570 206.565 204.465
6. - 2.00 - - 204.565
7. - 1.980 - - 204.585
8. 2.990 - 2.600 206.955 203.965
9. - 3.100 - - 203.855
10. - 2.850 - - 204.105
11. 3.180 - 2.535 207.6 204.42
12. - - 2.430 - 205.17
Arithematical Check = B.S.- F.S.= Last R.L. - First R.L.

B.S.=9.805
F.S.=9.135
9.805-9.135=205.17-204.5
0.67=0.67
Height of Instrment = R.L. + B.S.

= 204.50 + 1.535 = 206.035
R.L. = H.I. - B.S./I.S./F.S.

station change R.L. + B.S.
BENCH MARK
Survey field Point R.L. Bench Mark bench

mark fix sprit levelling
BENCH MARK classified

1. GTS bench mark (Great Trignometric B.M.)
2. Permanent Bench Mark
3. Temporary Bench Mark
4. Arbitrary Bench Mark
1. GTS Bench Mark- Bench mark Govt. of india directly mean sea
level respect GTS Bench mark
Note- In India GTS Bench mark is taken respect to the Bombay port with
1º latitude and 1º longitude.
2. Permanent Bench mark- GTS Bench mark Govt. of India wide spaced fix
survey easy Permanent points B.M. fix
is called permanent Bench mark.
3. Temporary Bench mark - Survey field End of the day
of the work) Bench mark fix Temporary Bench mark
4. Arbitrary Bench mark- Bench mark mean sea
level respect Arbitrary Bench mark
Normally Building sites or small Area's use
LEVELLING INSTRUMENT
Levelling survey instrument

(i) Level Instrument
(ii) Staff
(i) Levelling Instrument - Levelling survey instrument

(a) Dumpy level (b) Wye Level
(c) Reversible Level (d) Tilting Level

levelling high Accuracy requirment tilting level instrument
(For more Percise work tilting instrument should be used.)
Note-
levelling single point point readings
Dumpy level Instrument
(ii) Staff- levelling staff per meter length part ( (No. of Division per mtr.
length of levelling staff) (divide) levelling staff least count
5mm
MEAN SEA LEVEL

level per hours Reading Average mean
sea level
LEVEL SURFACE
A Level surface is define as a curved surface at which each point is perpendicu-

lar to the direction of Gravity
or
surface of
the earth is called level surface
LEVEL LINE
Line level surface level line
or
A Line which is laying on level surface called level line.
Horizontal surface= A surface which tangential to the level surface at a point is
called horizontal surfaces.
HORIZONTAL LINE
A straight line which is tangential to the level line at a point is called Horizontal
line.
or
level line Point tangent Horizontal line
VERTICAL LINE OR PLUMB LINE
A line which is normal to the level line at a point is called vertical line or plumb
line.
or
A line which is perpendicular to the horizontal line is called vertical line or
plumb line.

CURVATURE & REFECTION
Curvature effect:-
D2
Cc
2R
R = Radius of earth = 6370 km
D2
Cc
2 x 6370
(D km )2
Cc
2 x 6370
(D x 1000 m )2
Cc
2 x 6370 x 1000m
Cc 0.07849 D 2 mtr .
D2
Curvature correction
2R
OR
0.07849 D 2 mtr .
[If effect is in +ve, then correction is in -ve.
Refraction effect :-
Refraction effect
1 D2
x
7 2R
OR
1
x 0.07849 D 2 = - 0.01121 D2 mtr
7
1 D2
Refraction Correction = x
7 2R
OR
+ 0.01121 D2 mtr.
Effect is always -ve correction is always +ve
Combined effect :-
C Cc CR
D2 1 D2
C x
2R 7 2R
7 D2 D2
C
14 R
6 D2
C
14 R
6 D2
C x
7 2R

6
C x 0.07849 D 2 mtr .
7
C 0.06727 D 2 mtr .
Correction = - 0.06727 D2 mtr.
Sign
Effect Correction
Curvature + -
Refraction - +
Combined due to ( Cc & C R + -
Effect Correction
D2 D2
Curvature
2R 2R
OR = +0.07849 D 2 OR = -0.07849 D 2
1 D2 1 D2
Refraction x x
7 2R 7 2R
OR = - 0.01121 D 2 OR = + 0.01121 D 2
6 D2 6 D2
Combine x x
7 2R 7 2R
OR = + 0.06727 D 2 OR = -0.06727 D 2
LEVEL TUBE
Instrument proper levelling level tubes Normally

Glass shape circular Arc light liquid +
Air
Light liquid Alcohol, Chloroform, sulphuric Acid are used in this.
SENSITIVITY OF LEVEL TUBE
Level tube Horizontal Axis Tilt bubble movement

called sensitivity of level tube.
Or

The sensitivity of bubble tube is defined as the angular value of one division
mark on the bubble tube.
Level tube Sensitivity is increased by the following types-
1. Increasing the radius or diameter of tube
2. Increasing the Length of bubble
3. Decreasing the roughness of wall
4. Decreasing the viscosity of liquid
5. Decreasing the temperature of liquid
Distance to the visible Horizon
c
C 0.06727 D 2 mtr OR D Km.
0.06727
C = Height of object
6 D2
C
14 R
6 (D km )2
C
14 x 6370 km
C 0.06727 D 2 mtr
6 x (D x 1000 mtr )
C
14 x 6370 x 1000 mtr
C 0.06727 D 2 mtr
Q. A light house is visible just above the horizon at a certain station at the sea
level. The distance between station and light house is 50Km. Find the height
of light house.
Sol.
C 0.06727 D 2 mtr
C 0.06727 X (50)2
C 168.175 mtr

RECIPROCAL LEVELING :-
Leveling point obstacle side distance
condition reciprocal leveling
Reciprocal leveling Errors eliminate

1. Error in instrument adjustment
2. Combined effect of refraction or curvature
From the instrument station near point - A

H ha (hb e)
From the instrument station near point - B
H (ha ' e) h'b
Level difference between Avg. of two
H H ha (hb e) (h ' a e ) h 'b
2 2
2H ha hb e h 'a e h 'b
(ha hb ) (h ' a h 'b )

H
2

UNIT-2
"COMPASS SURVEY"
Line respect meridian direction instrucment

compass
Meridian-
Fix line respect lines direction (bearing) measure
called Meridian.
Meridian are classified as 3 types

1. True Meridian
2. Magnetic Meridian
3. Arbitary Meridian
Bearing-
A Horizontal Angle make by a line with respect to a given meridian is called
Bearing.
Bearing are classified as 3 types-
1. True bearing
2. Magnetic bearing
3. Arbitary bearing
Designation of bearing or Measurment of bearing-

Bearing are measured by 2 types:-
1. W.C.B (whole circle bearing)
2. R.B. or Q.B. (Reduce Bearing or Quadrent Bearing)
System of Bearing

WC B Q.B. or R.B.
WCB measured with the help R.B. or QB is measured with the help
of prismatic compass of surveyor comapss.
Angle always makes with north In R.B. system angle makes 0-90º and
and clock wise direction and 0º-360º in North and south clockwise or anticlock
angle makes in WCB system wise direction
W.C.B change in R.B. & R.B.change in W.C.B system

(i) W.C.B 600300 (ii) W.C.B 1250150
R.B.=N 60º30ºE R.B.=S(180º-125º15º)E

R.B.=S 54º 45ºE
(iii) W.C.B 3280 (iv) W.C.B 2150
R.B.=N(360º-328º35º)W R.B.=S(215º-180º)W
R.B.=N 31º25º W R.B.=S 35º W
0-900 Ist Quadrant R.B. = N (WCB) E

900-1800 IInd Quadrant R.B. = S (1800-WCB)E
1800-2700 III Quadrant R.B. = S (WCB-1800)W
2700-3600 IV Quadrant R.B. = N (3600-WCB)W
Q. W.C.B change in R.B.

WCB
WCB
WCB
WCB
Sol.
II Quadrant S(1800-1360140)E
S 430460E
IV Quadrant N(3600-2720200)W
N 870400W
III Quadrant S(2410300-1800)W
S 610300 W
IV Quadrant N(3600-3270100)W
N 320500 W
Q. R.B. to W.C.B
(i) R.B. S 320300 W (ii) R.B. N 400100 E
(iii) R.B. S 360300 E (iv) R.B. N 450 W
Sol.
(i) (ii)
(iii) (iv)

Relation
(1) R.B. = S(WCB -180) W
S 320300 w = S(WCB-1800)W
WCB = 2120300
(2) R.B. = N(WCB)E
N 400100E = N(WCB)E
WCB = 400100
(3) R.B. = S(1800-WCB)E
S360300E = S(1800-WCB)E
WCB = 1430300
(4) R.B. = N(3600-WCB)W
N 450W = N(3600-WCB)W
WCB = 3150
Fore Bearing and Back Bearing
B.B.=F.B 180º
B.B.=F.B+180º
B.B.=F.B.+180º

B.B.=F.B.-180º
B.B.=F.B. 180º
** (i) if F.B. < 180
B.B. = F.B.+180
** (ii) if F.B. > 180
B.B. = F.B.-1800
** (iii) At 1800
B.B. = 0
Note- 3600 or -ve
Reduced bearing system or Quadrant system
B.B.=S 40º W
F.B.=N 40º E
B.B.=N 30º W
F.B. = S 30º E

B.B.= N 33º 33º E

F.B.= S 33º 33º W
Q. AB Line F.B. = N 360W BC line F.B. = S 720E

CD line F.B. = S 460300W DE line F.B. = N 420350E
Sol.
AB line B.B = S 360E
BC line B.B = N 720W
CD line B.B = N 460300E
DE line B.B = S 420350W
Internal & External Angle of a Geometric Figure-
Sum of Internal Angle of a Geometric figure:

= (2n-4)x90
Sum of External Angle of a Geometric figure:
= (2n+4)x90
Calculate the Internal Angle:

Internal Angle at B = AB B.B - B.C. F.B

Internal Angle at C = BC B.B - CD F.B
Q. Find out the Internal Angle b/w two line AB&BC. Which fore Bearing is 350
and 1250.
Sol.
Line Fore Bearing Back Bearing

AB 35 0 1800+350 = 2150
BC 1250 ?
B = AB B.B - BC F.B
B = 215 -
0
B = 900
Q. Find out the included or internal Angle of a given traverse.

line Fore Bearing Back Bearing
AB 1400 300 A 3200 300B
BC 800 300 B 2600 300C
CD 3400 00C 1600 00 D
DE 2900 300 D 300E

EA 2300 300 E 300 A
Sol. A = AB'S Fore Bearing - Line EA Back Bearing
A = 140 30 - 50 30
0 0 0 0
A = 900
B = line AB Back bearing - line BC Fore Bearing

B = 320 30 - 80 30
0 0 0 0
B = 240
0
C = line CD Fore Bearing - line BC Back bearing

C = 3400 - 2600300
C = 790300
D = DE line Fore bearing - CD line Back bearing

D = 2900300 - 1600
D = 130 30
0 0
E = line EA Fore Bearing - line DE Back bearing

E = 230 30 - 110 30
0 0 0 0
E = 120
0
B = 2400 is external Angle

so, internal Angle = 3600
= 1200
Sum of Internal Angle = A + B + C + D + E
= 900+1200+790300+1300300+1200
= 5400
# Quadrant Bearing (QB) to whole circle Bearing (W.C.B) or W.C.B. to QB change-

W.C.B 00 NO Due North
W.C.B 90 0
N 90 E OR S900E
0
Due East
W.C.B 180 0
S'O' Due South
W.C.B 2700 N 900 W OR S900 W Due West

Q. Find out the internal Angle of A given traverse.
Line Fore Bearing Back Bearing
AB 580 A 2380B
BC 1240 3O 0B 3040 3O 0C
CD 480 O 0C 2280D
DE 2070 O 0D 270 E
EA 3000 3O 0E 1200 3O 0 A
A = line EA B.B - line AE F.B.

A = 1200-300 - 580
A = 620300
B = line AB B.B - line BC F.B

B = 2380 - 1240
B = 113 30
0 0
C = line BC B.B - line CD F.B

C = 3040300 - 48
C = 2560300 (Internal Angle)
D = CD line B.B - DE line F.B

D = 228 - 207
0 0
D = 210
E = EA line F.B - DE line B.B

= 3000300 - 300
= 2730300 (external Angle)
= 3600 - 2730300
= 860300
Sum of total Angle = 620300 + 1130300 + 2560300 + 210 + 860300

= 5400

Q. Find out the Internal Angle b/w two lines AB & BC which Fore Bearing are
North to 400 East South to 600 East.
Sol.
B = 60 + 40
0 0
B = 100
0
Q. Find out the Internal Angles b/w two lines PQ & QR which fore Bearing are
South to 450 West and South to 300 East.
450 + 300 = 750

Q = 1800 - 750
Q = 1050
MAGNETIC DECLINATION
The Horizontal Angle between true Meridian and Magnetic Meridian at a point
is called Magnetic declination.
CASE-I
T.B.=M.B. Declination

where
M.M. - Magnetic Maridian
T.M. - True Maridian
If M.M is Left to the T.M.

Or
If Magnetic Meridian (M.M.) is Western side to the true Meridian then Declina-
tion is Negative.(-ve). T.B.=M.B.-Declination
CASE II
If Magnetic Meridian is Right to the True Meridian

Or
If Magnetic Meridian is Eastern side to the True Meridian then Declination is
postive. (+ve) T.B.=M.B.+Declination
Q.
Sol.
If M.B is 420300
Declination 30450W
True Bearing
T.B. = MB - declination
= 420300 - 30450
= 380450
Q.
Sol.If MB 720300
declination 40150E
T.B. = ?

T.B. = MB + declination
T.B. = 720300 + 40150
T.B. = 760450
** Finally True Bearing (T.B.) = M .B Declination
Q. Find out the True Bearing if magnetic bearing and declination 1050200 and
8025 0 WEST.
Sol.
T.B. = M.B. - Declination

T.B. = 1050200 - 80250
T.B. = 960550
Q. Find out the magnetic declination if magnetic bearing sun at noon is 1820150
Sol.Sun At noon, then true bearing = 1800
Magnetic bearing = 1820150
Magnetic declinaiton = ?
T.B. = M .B Declination
T.B. = 1820150 Declination
1800 = 1820150 Declination
1800 - 1820150 = Declination
- 20150 = Declination

Magnetic Declination = 20150W
Q. The magnetic bearing of a line is 480240 then calculate the true bearing if
declination is 50380 E.
Sol.True bearing = 480240 + 50380
True bearing = 540020
Q. If the magnetic bearing of a line AB is S 280300 E then calculate the true
bearing if declination is 70300 W.
Sol.M.B. = S 280300 E
WCB 1800 - 280300
= 1510300
Declination 70300W
T.B. = 1510300 - 70300
T.B. = 1440o
R.B T.B = S(1800 - 1440)E

T.B. = S 360E
OR
T.B. = 70300 + 280300

T.B. = S 360E
Q. A line AB was drawn to have a magnetic bearing of 250300 in and old map.
When the declination was 20300E. Determin the magnetic bearing of the
line, if present declination is 50300W.
Sol.OLD MAP

T.B. = 250300 + 20300
T.B. = 280
True Bearing is always same.
New Map
MB = 280 + 50300
MB = 330300
OR
OLD MAP
MB = 250300
Declination = 20300E
T.B. = 250300 20 300
T.B = 280
T.B. is always same
New Map:-
T.B = M .B Declination
280 = MB - 50300
280 + 50300 = MB
MB = 330300
Q. A line AB had the magnetic bearing of 44º30º in 1910 when the declination
4º30º W. Determine the MB of the same line in 1990 if annual change was
6''E ward.
1910 1990
MB = 440300 TB = M .B Declination
480 ''
Declination = 40300W Total change = 80x6'' =
60
T.B. = MB - Declination
T.B = 440300 - 40300 = 80
T.B = 400 Net declination = 80 - 40300
T.B is same for new Map = 30300
T.B = MB + declination
40 = MB + 3.300
400 - 30300 = MB
MB = 360300
LOCAL ATTRACTION (
Line direction Measure Field magnetic compass

Magnetic Needle
Survey Field Magnetic substance Magnetic

compass needle line F.B. (Fore bearing)
or B.B (Back bearing) difference 1800 LOCAL Attraction
If F.B - B.B OR B.B - F.B. = 1800 Not Local Attraction)

If F.B - B.B OR B.B - F.B 1800 (Local Attraction)
Agonic Line
An imaginery line in a Sun chart which is meeting zero declination point.
ISOGONIC LINE
An imaginery line in a Sun chart, which is meeting same declination point.
VARIATION IN A DECLINATION
Point Magnetic declination constant time to time change

Declination Variation consider
1. Diuranal Variation
2. Annual Variation
3. Secular Variation
4. Irregular Variation
1. Diuranal Variation :- Magnetic Declination Variation 24 hour

Variation
(i) Locality - More at magnetic poles and less at equitorious Axis
(ii) Season of the Year - More is Summer, less in Winter
(iii) Time - More is Day, less in Night
2. Annual Variation- Declination Variation calculate
Annual variation approximately 1 to 2 minute vary
3. Secular Variation- Surveyer Survey declination nessary
consider surveyer Declination most important
declination observation 100-350 year (approximately 250 year)
4. Irregular Variation- Magnetic distrubance Magnetic storm decli-

nation certainity
DIP OF NEEDLE
Needle Magnetic properties devlop Needle center Hang

equitorious Axis Needle Horizontal
North South
point Horizontal Axis Angle, Dip of Needle
NOTE:-
Dip of Needle varies from 00 - 900
At equatorious Axis Dip of Needle 00(Because megnatic force parallel to
earth surface)
At magnetic poles Dip of Needle (at 70º North latitude & 96º west
longitude)
(North & South mag. poles)
TEMPORARY ADJUSMENT OF COMPASS

survey station compass reading adjustment
temporary Adjustment
(i) Centering
(ii) Levelling
(iii) Focusing
SYSTEM OF GRADUATION IN PRISMATIC COMPASS AND SURVEYER COM-

PASS-
(i) W.C.B Measured

(ii) Box made by Brass & Non-matellic material
(iii) Needle are made of Aluminium Metal
(iv) Graduation are invert [(00, 900, 1800, 2700) inverse ]
(v) 00 at south and run always clockwise direction.
(vi) Needle and Graduation circle do not move with the box.
SURVEYER COMPASS
(i) Graduation circle are attached with box.

(ii) Measurment of R.B. OR Q.B.
(iii) Measurment angle 00-900(max. 900
MERIDIAN:
Survey Field Fix reference line respect bearing(direction)

measure is called meridian.
Meridian are classified in different types:-

1. True Merdian
2. Magnetic Merdian
3. Arbitrary Merdian
1. True Merdian - A imagenary line which is passing through North to south Geo-
graphical poles is called true merdian.
True Merdian are establized by Astronomical observation.
2. Magnetic Merdian - Magnetic Merdian through a point is the direction shown
by a freely floating magnetic needles.
Magnetic Merdian are establized with the help of magnetic compass.
3. Arbitrary Merdian - For small work a merdian are fix with respect to any per-
manent signal is called Arbitrary Merdian.
BEARING:- line Merdian respect Horizontal Anlge

Bearing
Bearing are classified as 3 types:-
1. True Bearing
2. Magnetic Bearing
3. Arbitrary Bearing

1. True Bearing :- A line makes Horizontal angle with respect to True Merdian.
2. Magnetic Bearing:- A line makes a Horizontal angle with respect to Magnetic
Merdian.
3. Arbitrary Bearing:- A line makes a Horizontal angle with respect to Arbitrary
merdian.

UNIT-3
"TRAVERSE AND OMITTED MEASUREMENT"
TRAVERSE:-
Traverse is the types of survey in which a number of connected survey line in
the form of Frame work is called Traverse.
Traverse survey are classified 2 types-
1. Closed Traverse
2. Open Traverse
1. Closed Traverse - Traverse beginning or ending point same

Traverse Point start point closed Traverse
Example - boundary of lake, wood (forest), building sites etc.

2. Open Traverse - Traverse beginning or ending point different
Traverse Point start or end Point Open traverse
Example - Alignment of Rodways, Railways, Canal
COORDINATE OF A GIVEN LINE IN A TRAVERSE SURVEY
Triangle AB
BC
cos
AB
BC |cos

AC
sin
AB
AC |sin
Latitude - line Meridian parallel Co-ordinate is called

Latitude.
Latitude l cos
Departure - line meridian perpendicular co-ordinate is
called departure.
Departure l sin
IV Quadrant I Quadrant
2700-3600 00-90 0
sin = -ve sin = +ve
cos = +ve cos = +ve
III Quadrant II Quadrant

1800-2700 900-1800
sin = -ve sin = +ve
cos = -ve cos = -ve
I Quadrant II Quadrant
latitude = + lcos latitude = -lcos
departure = +lsin departure = +lsin
III Quadrant IV Quadrant

latitude = -lcos latitude = +lcos
departure = -lsin departure = -lsin
Q. Find out the latitude or departure of a given line If the length or bearing are
300m and 1500 respectively.
Bearing lies in II quadrant
lattitue = -lcos
Departure = +lsin
1500 in W.C.B changing in R.B.
(1800 - 1500
S 300 E
lattitude = -lcos
= - 300 cos(300)
= -259.80
Departure = +lsin
= 300 sin(300)
= 150
CLOSING ERROR :- Traverse survey Length or bearing

error close traverse close (fail) error
closing error
For closed Traverse
L 0
D 0
L l1 cos l cos
1+ 2 2 + l 3 cos 3 + l 4 cos 4 + l5 cos 5
D l1 sin l sin
1+ 2 2+ 3 l sin 3 + l 4 sin 4 + l 5 sin 5
L 0
D 0
Length of closing error = L2 D2

D
Direction of closing error tan
L
1 D
tan
L
OMITTED MEASUREMENT
Traverse survey line length or bearing
1. When the length are omitted of a line.

2. When the bearing are omitted of a line.
3. When the length or bearing are omiited of a line.
4. When the length of 1 line or bearing of other line are omitted.
5. When the length of 2 lines are omitted.

6. When bearing of 2 lines are omitted.
Q. Calculate the omitted measurement of a given traverse.

Line Length Bearing(W.C.B) R.B.
AB 204.0m 87030 0 N 870300E
BC 226.0m 20020 0 N 200200E
CD 187.0m 280000 N 800W
DE 192.0m 210030 S 30030w
EA ? ? ?
For closed traverse

L 0
D 0
W.C.B
L l1 cos 1+ 2l cos 2 + l 3 cos 3 + l 4 cos 4 + l 5 cos 5 =0
= 204 cos870300 + 226 cos200200 + 187 cos2800 + 192 cos210030 + l 5 cos 5 =0
= 8.89 + 211.90 + 32.47 - 166.19 + l 5 cos 5 =0
l 5 cos 5 = - 87.07
D l1 sin 1+ 2l sin 2+ 3 l sin 3 + l 4 sin 4 + l5 sin 5
= 204 sin 87 30 + 226 sin 20 20 + 187 sin 2800 + 192 sin 21003 + l 5 sin
0 0 0 0
5
= 203.80 + 78.53 - 184.15 - 96.14 + l5 sin 5 =0

l5 sin 5 = - 2.04
Length of line = L2 D2
= 87.072 2.042
= 87.09 mtr.
1 D
Direction tan
L
1 2.04
tan
87.07
1.34
10 200
R.B. = S 10200 W
WCB = 180 + 10200
WCB = 1810200
Q. Line Length Bearing
AB 204.0 87030 0
BC 226.0 20020 0
CD 87.0 28000 0
DE 192.0 21003 0
EA 87.09 1810200
L l1 cos 1 D l1 sin 1
L = 204 cos870300 D = 204 sin 870300

L = 8.898 D = 203.80º
Closing error = L2 D2
2 2
= 8.898 203.80
= 203.994 m
1 D
Direction tan
L
203.80
tan 1
8.898
87º50º
Q. Find out the latitude & departure of a line if coordinates of the points are
given.
Ex- A N = 400 B N = 800
E = 400 E = 600
Sol.
or L = 800 - 400 = 400

D = 600 - 400 = 200

1 D
tan
L
1 200
= tan
400
= 26.56
26033054'
2 2
= 400 200
= 447.21 mtr.
Ex. A N = 400 B N = 200

E = 200 B = 500
sol. L = 200 - 400 = -200
D = 500 - 200 = 300
1 D
tan
L
1 300
= tan
200
56.30
560180
R.B. = S 560180E
W.C.B = 1800 - 560180
= 1230420
= (200)2 (300)2
= 360.55 mtr.
Q. Point A latitude N 400 B latitude S 500

Departure E 700 Depature E 700
Sol.

Length of AB = 500-400=100
L = 100
D = 700-700=0
1 0
tan
w
0
Q. Find out the direction or bearing of a given line.

X A = 800 E X B = 1500 E
YA = 500 N YB = 500 N
Sol. D = X B - X A = 1500 - 800 = 700
L = YB - YA = 500 - 500 = 0
1 700
tan
0
=
900
R.B. = N 900 E
or
S 900 E
ACCURACY OF A TRAVERSE
Q. In a close traverse the sum of latitude is +5.08m and the sum of departure is
-51.406m. The sum of the traverse leg is 20.525km. The Accuracy of traverse
is nearly -
(A) 1 : 300
(B) 1 : 400
(C) 1 : 500
(D) 1 : 1000
Sol.Closing error = (5.08)2 (51.406)2
= 25.80 2607.12
= 51.65
20.525 x 1000
Accuracy =
51.65
Accuracy = 397.38 400
1 : 400
BALANCING OF A CLOSE TRAVERSE
close traversing Linear measurment or Angular mearsurment

error close traverse close Fail Traverse
close Adjustment is called balancing of close traverse.
method
1. Bowditch Rule
2. Transit Rule
3. Graphical Method
4. Axis Method
1. Bowditch Rule - This rule is also knwon as compass rule and this rule is use
when the accuracy level is equal in linear measurment and angular measurment.
And in this method assumption is that the error in linear measurment are
propotional to l and the error in angular measurment are inversly propotional
l.
1
e1 l e2
l
where, e1 = error in linear measurment
e 2 = error in angular measurment
Correction in latitude =
Length of the side
Total error in latitude X
Total length of traverse
l
correction in latitude = LX
l
Correction in departure =
Length of the side
Total error in departure X
Total length of traverse

l
Correction in departure = DX
l
2. Transit Rule :- Transit rule are used when the accuracy level of angular
mearsurment is higher than linear measurment.
Correction in lattitude =
latitude of the side
Total error in latitude X
Total latitude of traverse
L
Correction in latitude = LX
LT
Correction in departure =
dep. of the side
Total error in departure X
Total dep. of the traverse
D
Correction in departure. = DX
DT
3. Graphical method - method Bowditch method Type without
theoritical Calculation Graph traverse adjustment
method Rough survey work
4. Axis method - Angular mearsument Adjustment
linear measurment condition Axis method

UNIT-4
"LINEAR MEASURMENT"
Grounds point Horizontal distance measure Process linear

measurment method
1. Direct Mearsurment (chain tape)
2. Measurment by optical measurment(Techeometer survey, Triangulation survey)
3. Electromagnatic Waves (Radio waves, light waves, infrared waves)
1. Direct Measurment - Following methods are used in direct measurment-

(i) Pacing
(ii) Passometer
(iii) Padometer
(iv) Odometer
(v) Speedometr
(vi) Chain & Tape
(i) Pacing - method points

Average Multiply Total distance
(ii) Passometer- instrument size
(iii) Padometer - instrument passometer instrument
(iv) Odometer - instrument Adjustment vehical attach
(v) Speedometer- Automobile vehical speedometer use

Mention
(vi) Chain/Tape - Chain/Tape use Linear measurment
Chain - it is classified in different types-
(a) Meter chain
(b) Engineering Chain
(c) Gunter chain and surveyer chain
(d) Revenue chain

(a) Meter chain - Meter chain 5, 10, 20, 30 mtr. length normally 20
and 30 mtr. chain
20 mtr. chain 30 mtr. chain
1. No. of link = 100 No. of link = 150
20 20
2. length of one link = length of one link =
100 150
= 0.2 mtr = 20 cm = 0.20 mtr. = 20 cm
3. No. of link in one (every) mtr. chain = 5
5m 10 m 15m
5 Permeter length every meter length of chain) talles
20 m or 30 m chain every 5m length tallies provide

20 m or 30 m chain permeter length small brass rings are provided.
5m & 10m chain 20m & 30m chain

Tallies Permtr. Length of Per 5mtr. Length of chain
Small Brass chain Permtr. Length of chain
ring -
(b) Engineering chain -

Length of chain = 100 feet
Nos of Link = 100 Link
100
Length of one link = = 1 feet
100
Engineering chain every 10 link brass tag are provided.
(c) Gunter chain - It is also knwon as surveyer chain.

Length of chain = 66 feet
No.s of link = 100 link
66
Length of one link = = 0.66 feet (7.92 inch)
100

Linear Measurment
10 Gunter chain = 1 Furlongs

10 X 66 = 660 Feet = 1 Furlongs
80 Gunter chain = 1 Mile

80 X 66 = 5280 Feet = 1 Mile
5280
= 1609.75 1610 mtr. = 1 Mile
3.28
10 X square of Gunter chain = 1 Acre

10X(66)2 = 1 Acre
43560 sq. feet = 1 Acre
(d) Revenue chain -
Length of chain = 33 Feet
No.s of link = 16 link
33 1
Length of one link = = 2
16 16
This chain is used in cadestral survey.
(
Tape - It is classified in different types

(a) Cloth Tape
(b) Metallic Tape
(c) Steel Tape
(d) Invar Tape
(a) Cloth Tape - Tape made by cloth

rough measurment
(b) Metallic Tape - This tape are made with cloth and thin wire. Tape Thin wire
Brass, copper, Bronze Tape measure
distance cloth tape compare Accurate
(c) Steel Tape - This tape is made with steel. cloth tape or
matallic tape compare accurate survey works tape
(d) Invar Tape- This Tape is made of Mixture of (Nickel + steel)

Nickel 36% + steel 64%
Tape Highly Accurate Tape use survey Field

Base line measurment
Survey Field line Base line
Invar Tape Thermal coefficient steel tape compare 30 times
1
Thermal Coefficient X thermal coefficient of steel tape
30
= 0.0000005
TESTING AND ADJUSTMENT OF CHAIN
Chain Field continuesly use link bend ring Flat

chain standard standard length
Adjustment
chain standard length 8kg pull and 200 c temperture measured
Tolerance of chain
Length of Chain Tolerance
10 m chain ±3 mm
20m chain ±5 mm
30 m chain ±8 mm
CASE-I Adjustment of chain if it is Found longer than the standard length-
1. Closing the joints of ring
2. Re-shaping the elonginated rings.
3. Removing one or more circular ring
CASE-II Adjustment of chain if it is found shorter than the standard length-

1. Straightning (elongnated, flatness) of the ring.
2. Open the ends of link or ring
3. Adding one or more rings.
ERROR IN CHAINING
Chain survey errors classified

1. Accidential error (compansating error)
2. Systematic error (cumulative error)
3. Mistake error
1. Accidental error- error survey field direction same sign

effect positive negative is called compansating error.
error survey harmful
2. Systematic error- error survey field continuesly direction same
sign is called cumulative errror errors survey

Harmful
3. Mistake error- error confusion of mind, inexperience person, care-
less, poor judgement etc.
Example of Accidential/compansating error-
1. Variation in pull
2. Error in marking tape length
Example of systematic/cumulative error-
It is classified in 2 type-
1. Cummulative (+ve) error
2. Cummulative ( ve) error
Example of cummulative (+ve) error-

(i) Bad Ranging
(ii) Error due to sag
(iii) Tape or chain are not streched tightly.
Note: errors correction always (-ve)
Example of cummulative ( ve) error

(i) Incorrect length of Tape/Chain
(ii) Error due to temperature
Example of Mistake Error
Error in reading the tape due to confusion of surveyer
ERROR DUE TO INCORRECT CHAIN
Survey chain length standard

measure measure
Incorrect length of tape / chain
Actual dis tan ce Measured dis tan ce X
S tan dard length of tape / chain
Q. The length of a line measured with a 20m chain was found to be 250m.
Calculate the true lenghth of the line if the chain was 10cm too short and
10cm too long.
19.90
Sol. True length = 250 X
20
True length = 248.75m
(ii) If chain was 10 cm too long:-

20.10
True length = 250 X
20

Q. The length of a survey line was measured with a 20m chain and was found to
be equal to 1200m as a check the length was given measured with a 25m
chain and was found to be 1212m on comparing the 20m chain with the test
it was found to be 1 decimeter (10cm) too long. Find the actual length of 25
m chain.
Sol. For 20m chain True length
20.10
True length = 1200 X
20
True length = 1206m
For 25cm chain incorrect length.
Incorrect length of chain
1206 = 1212X
25
1206 X 25
= Incorrect length of chain
1212
Incorrect length of chain = 24.87m
Q. A 20m chain was found to be 10cm too long after chaining a distance of
1500m it was found to be 18 cm too long at the end of day work after
chaining a total distance of 2900m. Find the true distance of a chain if the
chain was correct before the commencement of work.
Sol. standard length of chain = 20m
0 10
Average error = = 5cm = 0.05
2
Incorrect length = 20+0.05 = 20.05m
For 1500m distance
20.05
20
For another 1400 m distance
10 18 28
Average error = = = 14cm = 0.14m
2 2
20.14
20
Total true distance = 1503.75 + 1409.8

= 2913.55m

TAPE/CHAIN CORRECTION
Points distance measured types error

correct correction
(i) Correction For Absolute Length
(ii) Correction For temperature
(iii) Correction For Pull or tension
(iv) Correction For slope
(v) Correction For sag
(i) Correction For Absolute length -

L .C
Ca
l
where
L = measured length
l = standard length of chain/tape
c = correction pertape length
Q. The Length of a line measured with a 20m chain was found to be 250m.
Calculate the true length of the line if the chain was 10cm too short.
L .C
Ca
l
L = 250m l = 20m c = 0.10m
250 X 0.10
Ca
20
Ca = -1.25m
(ii) Correction For temperature

Ct (Tm To )L
where,
= Thermal co-effecient of expansion
Tm = Average temperature in field during measurment
To = Standard temperature during standerisation of chain/tape.
L = measured length
Case-I
If Tm To average field temperature is more than the standard temperature.
Correction Ct ve
effect or error = cummulative (-ve)

case-II
If averge field temperature is less than standared temperature
if Tm To
correction Ct ve
effect or error = Cummulative(+ve)
(iii) Correction For pull or tension:-

(P Po )L
Cp
AE
where,
P = Applied pull in field
Po = Standard pull
L= measured length
A = Cross-section Area fo tape
E = Young-modulus of tape
Case-I
If P Po
Applied pull > Standard pull
Cp ve
Case-II
If P Po
Applied pull < standard pull
Cp ve
(iv) Correction For Slope :-

When the distance are measured on sloping ground.
Case-I
If length & angle with Horizontal are given

ABC
AC
cos
AB
AC = ABcos
AC = lcos
Slope correction = l-l cos

Cs l (1 cos )
Case-II If length and difference in elevation are given between end points
B (H )2 (P )2 = l2 h2
Correction = l l2 h2
1
h2 2
= l l 1 2
l
h2 h4
= l l 1 ........hn 4
2l 2 8l 4
!
lh 2
= l l
2l 2
h2
=
2l
h2
Correction =
2l
(v) Correction For Sag:-

Chain survey points depress area
Actual effect positive Correction negative
( )w2l 31
Sag correction Cs
24p2
where,
Cs = Sag correction
w = weight of tape per unit length(N/M)
l1 = length of tape b/w two support
p = Applied pull
if w = wl1
( )w2 " l 21l1 (wl1 )2l1 w 2l1

Cs = =
24p2 24 p 2 24 p 2
l1w 2
=
24 p 2
n w 2l 31
Total sag correction =
24 p 2
or
n X l1w 2
=
24 p 2
Total length l = n l1
l
l1 =
n
3
l 2
n Xw X
= n
2
24 p
w2 l 3
Cs
24n 2 p 2

NORMAL TENSION
points difference area applied pull sag correction

or pull correction effect neutral is called Normal Tension
Pull Tension = Sag Correction
Pn P0 l1# 2
l1
AE 24 p 2 n
24 P 2 n Pn P0 # 2 AE
# 2 AE
Pn 2
24 Pn P0
W AE
Pn
24 Pn P0
AE
Pn 0.204 w
Pn P0
Ranging out of A Survey Line
Chain survey points measured distance chain

length condition changing extream point (First and
last) intermidiate points process is called Ranging.
Ranging
Direct Ranging 2. Indirect Ranging
1. Direct Ranging : survey field extreme points intervisible

condition direct ranging adopt direct ranging intermidiate
points theodolite line ranger instrument
Direct ranging ranging rod Nos. 3
2. Indirect Ranging : reciprocal raning

Method survey field condition extreme points
intervisible points method area or Hilly
area use
Indirect ranging ranging minimum No.s of Rs 4

Degree of Accuracy In chaging:
(i) For measurement with chain on rough or hilly ground 1 in 250.
(ii) For measurement with chain under average condition 1 in 500.
(iii) For measurement with tested chain 1 in 1000.
(iv) For ordinary measurement with steel tap 1 in 1000.
(v) For measurement with invar tap 1 in 10,000.
Some other instrument use in chaining:

1. Ranging Rod : Survery ranging road Height 2 to 3 mtr.
normally 2m height ranging rod Ranging road
shape circular or octagonal dia 3 cm
Ranging rod almost 200 m length easily intervisible
Ranging pole : Ranging pole ranging rod Basic difference
height or dia
Ranging pole height 4 to 8 mtr. dia 6 to 10 cm
3. Offset Rod: ranging road field rough off set
measured height 3m
Arrow : Arrows stout steel wire dia 4mm or (8 wire 9 gage)
Arrows length 25-50 cm normally 40 cm height
Arrow use
Shape of Tallies:
Provide in every meter or length In 5m and 10 m chain.
5m Chain 10m Chain
1 Mtr 1 Mtr
2 Mtr 2 Mtr.
3 Mtr
4 Mtr

5 Mtr or
Provide every 5m length in 20 & 30 chain.

20 m Chain 30 m Chain
5 Mtr 5 Mtr
10 Mtr or 10 Mtr
15 Mtr or
Chain 8 wire guage (4 mm dia)

Chain length Handle handle measure

UNIT- V
Chain Surveying
Survey Station : In a chain survey the beginning and ending point is called
survey station. This is also known as Main Station.
Tie Station and Subsidiary Station:

Chain survey field line main survey station (beginning & ending)
fix station is called tie & subsidiary station.
Main Survey Line:

Chain survey field main stations line is called main survey lines.
Tie Line and Subsidiary Line: Chain survey field tie statioin or subsidiary
statioin line is called tie and subsidiary line.
Base Line: Longest line in survey field is called base line.

Invare tape are used for measurement of base line.
Offset: An off set is the lateral distance of an object or any ground feature
measured from a survey line.
Main survey station

A, B, C, D
Base line = BD
Main line = AB, BC, CD, DA
Tie station & subsidiary station = E, F, G, H, I
Tie line & subsidiary line = EF, FG, GH, GI
Offset = 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8
Offset are classified mainly two types-

1. Perpendicular offset
2. Oblique offset
1. Perpendicular offset- survey line offset is called perpen-
dicular offset or offset.
2. Oblique offset- line Angle offset is called
oblique offset.
Classification of offset According to length:-

According to length offset are classified in two types:-
1. Short offset
2. Long offset
1. Short offset:- If the length of offset are less than or equal to ( $ ) 16m is called
short offset.
2. Long offset:- If the length of offset are exceed (>16m) 16m is called long offset.
Limiting length of offset

The limiting length or allowble length of offset are depended following:-
1. Degree of accuracy required
2. Scale of map
3. Nature of Ground
4. Method of setting out offset
Check line or Proof line

Check line or proof line are the line which are run in the field to check the
accuracy of work
Well condition Triangle

Survey field Trinagle angle 300 angle 1200
is called well condition triangle.

Best well condition Triangle
Survey field triangle side base 560140 angle is
called best well condition triangle.
Ill well condition triangle

suvey field triangle angle 300 1200 is
called ill well condition triangle.
OBSTACAL IN RANGING AND CHAINING-

1. Obstacal in ranging not in chaining- Hill
2. Obstacal in chaining not in ranging - River
3. Obstacal in both chaining and ranging- Building
INSTRUMENT USE FOR SETTING OUT THE RIGHT ANGLE

During the survey for setting out right angle (900) following instrument are
used.
1. Cross-staff
2. Optical Square
3. Prism square
4. Site square
1. Cross staff - It is classified in 3 types-

A. Open cross staff (O.C.S)
B. French cross staff(F.C.S)
C. Adjustable cross staff (A.C.S)
A. Open cross staff - It's only measured 900 Angle

B. French cross staff - It's measured 450, 900 and 1350 angle
C. Adjustable cross staff - It measured 00 to 3600 all anlge
2. Optical Square- It measured only right anle (900) or in optical square their are
two prism those are at horizontal and they both are at 450 Angle.
3. Prism square - It's working principle is same as optical square but the basic
difference is its reflecting angle is not adjustable.
(The prism square has same principle as that of optical square but it is more
modern or accurate instrument. It has the merit that no adjustable or adjust-
ment is required since the angle between reflecting surface.)
4. Site square- Site square is the type of instrument that connect 2 telescope
those are in horizontal and are in the angle of 900.

UNIT-6
FUNDAMENTAL DEFINATIONS
Survey are classified primary in two types-

1. Plain survey
2. Geodatic survey
1. Plain survey - If the geodetic effect of earth (curvature effect of earth) are not
consider in survey, then this type survey is called plain survey.
2. Geodatic survey- If the Geodatic effect of earth (curvature effection of earth)
are consider in survey than this type of survey is called Geodatic survey.
Note- Area 260 km2 condition curvature effect of earth

consider condition Geodatic survey
Difference b/w equations & polar axis
= 12756.75 - 12713.80
= 42.95 km
Dia of polar Axis compare to equatorious Axis is lesser 0.34%.

A Axis which is passing throgh North & South Geographical poles is called
'Polar Axis'
Equatorious Axis Axis Magnetic force parallel to Earth surface
Axis Dip of Needle 00
Geodatic survey consider km arc
plain sruvey consider line cm
Geodatic effect consider 195 km 2
triangle draw Plain
survey consider triangle sec.
Broadly Classification of survey

Survey are classified as following types-

1. Classification of survey is based upon the Nature
(i) Land survey
(ii) Marine & Hydrographic survey
(iii) Astronomical survey
(i) Land survey - It is classified as 3 types-

(a) Topography survey
(b) Cadostral survey
(c) City survey or Engineering survey
(a) Topography survey - In Topography survey we determine the Horizontal and

vertical location of certain points by linear and angular measurment and deter-
mine the natural features of country such as river, stream, wood(Jungl), hill
and such aritfical features as road, railway, canal, town, village.
(b) Cadastral survey - property Boundary line Fix is
called cadastral survey.
A type of survey which fix the property of lines, calculation of land area and
transfer the land property one owner to other owner.
(c) City survey or Engineering survey- A type of survey which is required before,
during and after any engineering work like as, water supply system, severdesign,
street connection.
(ii) Marine or Hydrographic survey - Marine & Hydrographic survey deal with wa-
ter bodies for the purpose of navigation, water supply, harbour work and deter-
mine the mean sea level or measurment of discharge of any stream is called
Marine or Hydrographic survey.
or
survey water bodies survey Navigation,
water supply, Harbour work, mean sea level discharge
is called Marine or Hydrographic survey.
(iii) Astronomical survey - The Astronomical survey determines the Absolute loca-
tion and direction of any point on the surface of earth with respect to sun or
stars (Heaven bodies) is called Astronomical survey.
Or
Earth surface Point absolute location Astronomi-
cal survey is done.

Classification of survey Based on Instrument
These are classified as different types-
1. Chain survey
2. Theodolite survey - High Accuracy
3. Traverse survey
4. Triangulation survey
5. Techometric survey
6. Plain table survey - Low Accuracy
7. Photogrametric survey
8. Aerial survey
Theodolite survey Accuracy is more Accurate and plain table survey

Accuracy is very low(poor).
Head off the dep. in India Dehardun
India survey Geodatic survey.
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF SURVEY

Basic or Fundamental priniciple of survey are classified two types-
1. To work from whole to part.
2. Location of a point by measurment from two points of reference.
Main object of the work from whole to part

The main object is to prevent the Accumulation of error in survey field.
(A) (B) (C)

Used in Chain Defining details Used in Traverse
survey of any point Survey
(D) (E)
Used in Triangulation Used in Traverse

Survey Survey
SCALE OF A MAP
Scale of the map is the ratio of map distance to corresponding distance on the
ground is called scale of the map.
Map dis tan ce
Scale of map
corresponding dis tan ce on the ground
Note :- A good Draftman can plot a length with accuracy with in 0.25mm
Scale are classified as large, medium or small

Large scale 1cm = 10mtr or less
Medium scale 1cm = 10mtr to 100mtr
Small scale 1cm = 100mtr or more
Representation of a scale
Following methods are used to representation of a scale-
1. Engineering scale :-
1cm = 10cm 1cm = 100m 1mm = 100mtr
2. Reprenstive Friction:-
1 1 1
R .F . R .F . R .F .
1000 10000 100000
3. Graphical scale:-
Example:-
Q1. Find out largest & smallest scale
1cm = 100cm Largest Scale
1cm = 200cm
1cm = 400cm
1cm = 500cm Smallest Scale
Q2. (1) 1cm = 50 mtr

1
(2) R .F .
5000
(3) 1 : 4000
(4) 1cm = 25km
Change in R.F.
1
(1) 1cm = 50x100cm =
5000
1
(2) R .F .
5000

1
(3) R.F . = Largest Scale
4000
1
(4) 1cm = 25x1000x100cm = =Smallest Scale
2500000
ERROR DUE TO SHRINKAGE OF A MAP
Shrinkage Factor :- It is the ratio of shrunk length to actual length.

Shrinkage Factor is always less than 1
Shrunk length
S .F .
Actual length
Shrunk R .F .
Shrinkage Factor
Original R .F . < 1
Shrinkage R.F. = Shrinkage Factor x Original scale
Original scale
1
Shrinkage R.F. =
(Shrinkage Factor
Measured dis tance

Correct distance =
Shrinkage Factor
Measured Area
Correct Area =
(Shrinkage Factor )2
Q. The plan of an area has shrunk such that a line originally 10cm. Now mea-
sured 9.5cm. If the original scale of plan 1cm = 10mtr(R.F. = 1in1000) deter-
mine shrinkage Factor, Shrinkage R.F., correct distance corresponding to
measured distance 98m, correct Area corresponding to measured area of
10,000 m2.
Shrinkage Factor = Shrunk length/Actual length
9.5
(1) S.F. = = 0.95
10
Original scale
1 1
(2) Shrinkage R.F. = 0.95 x
1000 (S . F .)
1
= 1000
0.95

1
=
1052.63
Shrinkage scale 1cm = 10.526 mtr
Measured distance
(3) Correct distance =
S.F .
98
=
0.95
= 103.15 mtr
Measured Area
(4) Correct Area =
(S .F .)2
10000
=
(0.95)2
= 11080.33 m2
Q. The Area of the plan of an old survey ploted to a scale of 10m = 1cm
measured how 100.2 cm as found by clanimeter the plan is found to have
shrunk original line 10cm long now measured 9.7 cm only. find out the
shrinkage Factor, shrunk scale, correct Area.
Shurnk length
(1) Shrinkage Factor =
Actual length
9.7
=
10
= 0.97
measured dis tan ce
(2) Correct Area =
(SF )2
100.2
=
(.97)2
= 106.49 Sq.m
(3) Shrinkage scale = Shrinkage Factor x Original R.F.
1
= 0.97x
1000
1
1000
= 1
.97
Shrinkage R.F. = 1cm = 10.309 m
Q Original 1cm = 10m Original length = 15cm

Shrunk length = 14.5 Shrinkage scale = ?
14.5
S.F. = = 0.966
15
1
Shrinkage scale = 0.96x
10
1
=
10.35
ERROR DUE TO WRONG MEASURMENT SCALE :

R.F . of wrong scale
Correct Length = xMeasured length
R.F . of Correct scale
2
R .F . of Wrong scale
Correct Area = X Measured Area
R .F . of correct scale
Q. A surveyer measure the distance b/w two points marks on the plan drawn to
a scale of 1cm = 1m and found to be 50m. Later he detected that he used a
wrong scale of a 1cm = 50cm For the measurment determine the correct Area
& measured Area is 60m2
1
Correct Scale =
100
1
Wrong Scale =
50
Length = 50m
Measure Area = 60m2
R.F . of Wrong scale
Correct Length = X Measured length
R.F . of correct scale
1
50 X 50m
= 1
100
= 100m
2
R .F . of wrong scale
Correct Area = X measured Area
R.F . of Correct scale
= (2)2X60
= 4X60
= 240m2
Q. A surveyer measured the distance b/w two points on the plan drawn to a
scale of 1cm = 40m and the result was 468m later he discovered that he
used a scale of 1cm = 20m Find the true distance b/w two points.
1
Correct scale =
4000
1
Wrong scale =
2000
measured length = 468m
1
2000 X 468
= 1
4000
= 2X468
= 936m
Choice of a scale for different types of work:-
S.No. Types of Purpose of survey Scale R.F.

Max. Min Max. Min
A Topography survey
(i) Building Site 1cm=10 m or less 1/1000m or less
(ii) Town planning scheme 1cm=50 m to 100m 1/5000 to 1/10000
(iii) Location Survey 1 cm=50 m to 200 m 1/5000 to 1/20000
(iv) Small scale topography map 1cm=0.25 km to 2.5 km 1/25000 to1/250000
B. Codastral Survery 1 cm=5 m to 0.50 km 1/500 to 1/50000
C Geographical Survey 1 cm=5 km to 160 km 1/500,000 to
1/1,60,00,000
D Longitudnal Section
(i) Horizontal Scale 1 cm=10 m to 200 m 1/1000 to 1/20000
(ii) Vertical Scale 1 cm=1 m to 2 m 1/100 to 1/200
E Crossection (Both Vertical and 1 cm=1 m to 2 m 1/100 to 1/200
Horizontal)

UNIT-7
"THEODOLITE"
Theodolite is more accurate (precise) instrument and use for following works:-
1. Measurment of Horizontal Angle
2. Measurment of Vertical Angle
3. Location of point on the line
4. Prolonging survey line
5. Fixing the Grade
6. Determine difference in elevation
7. Setting out of curve
Theodolite are classified in two types according to rotation of telescope:-

(i) Transit Theodolite
(ii) Non-Transist Theodolite
1. Transit Theodolite - Theodolite Horizontal Axis

vertical plane rotate Transit Theodolit
2. Non-Transit Theodolite- Theodolite vertical plane
rotate Non-Transit Theodolite
Classification of Theodolite According to least count:-

(i) Vernier Theodolite - Least count 20''
(ii) Microvernier Theodolite - Least count 1''
(microptic) or
precise optical Theodolite

1. Vertical Axis - The vertical Axis is the Axis about which the Telescope can be
rotate in Horizontal plane.
( Telescope Horizontal plane rotate is called
vertical Axis)
2. Horizontal Axis - The Horizontal Axis and Trunion Axis is the Axis about which
the telescope and the vertical circle rotate in vertical plane.
( Telescope vertical plane rotate is called
Horizontal Axis)
3. Transiting - It is the process of turning the telescope in vertical plane through
1800 about the Horizontal Axis. Since the line of sight is up and down is called
plunging or reversing Theodolite. Telescope horizontal Axis vertical
plane Transiting
4. Swinging of Telescope- It is the process of turning the telescope in horizontal
plane with respect to vertical axis.
Right swinging - If telescope is rotate in clock wise direction
Left swinging - If telescope is rotate in anticlock wise direction in horizontal
plane.
5. Face left observation - If the face of vertical circle is to the left of the observer
6. Face Right observation - If the face of vertical circle is to the Right of the
observer.
7. Telescope Normal & Direct - The telescope is said to be normal or direct when
the face of vertical circle is left to the observer and the bubble of telescope is up.
8. Telescope Inverted - A telescope is said to be inverted or reverse when the
vertical circle is to the right to the observer and bubble of telescope is down.
9. The line of sight or line of Collimation - It is the line passing through the
intersection of horizontal or vertical cross hair and the optical center of the
object glass.
(Telescope object glass center cross hair intersection point
Note:-
(i) cross hair are provided in telescope much closer to the eye piece compare to
object piece.
(ii) The size of theodolite is specified by the dia of lower plate and it is vary from
8cm to 25cm.
10. Levelling Head - Theodolite upper plate, lower plate or levelling screw
part levelling head
Function of levelling head are as follows-
(i) To support the main parts of the instrument

(ii) To attach the theodolite to the tripod.
(iii) To provide the levelling of the Theodolite
11. Temporary Adjustment- Theodolite station reading
Adjustment is called temporary Adjustment.
Temporary Adjustment are done in the following steps-
(i) Centering (ii) Levelling (iii) Focusing

UNIT-8
"CONTOUR"
Contour Line:An imaginery line in a survey field which joins same R.L. point is
called contour line.
Contour Interval-
Vertical distance between two consecutive line is called contour interval.
The Contour interval depends upon the following:-
(i) The Nature of Ground:-
(a) For Flat ground - Small contour interval is required
(b) For Hilly ground and more broken ground - Large contour interval is required
1
contour int erval
Flatness of ground
(ii) Scale of the map:-
Contour interval should be inversly proportional to the scale of map.
(iii) The purpose of survey:-
(a) For Rough survey work :- Large contour interval should be adopted.
(b) For Design work & Higher Accuracy Required :- Small contour interval should
be adopted.
(iv) Time and Expenses:-
(a) If sufficient time and expenses are availble:- Small contour interval are
adopt.
(b) If time and expenses are not sufficient :-Larger contour interval is adopt.
The contour interval is suggest for different types of work:-
S.N. Purpose of survey Scale Contour Interval

1. Building site 1 cm=10 m or less 0.2 -0.5 m
2. Town planning 1 cm=50 m to 100 m 0.5-2.0 m
scheme reservoir
3. Location Survey 1 cm=50 m to 200m 2 to 3 mtr
For general topography work, the contour interval should be adopted as follows:
25
Contour Interval = ( Mtr )
No. of cm in per KM

50
Contour Interval= ( feet )
No. of inches in per miles
Scale of Map Types of Ground Contour Interval

Larger Flat 0.2 to 0.5 mtr
1 cm=10 m or more Rolling 0.5 to 1.0 mtr
Hilly 1,1.5, 2.0 mtr
Medium Flat 0.5,1.0,1.5 mtr
1 cm=50m to 100m Rolling 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mtr
Hilly 2,2.5,3.0 mtr
Smaller Flat 1,2,3 mtr
1 cm=100 m above Rolling 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mtr
Hilly 5 to 10 mtr
Mountain 10, 25, 50 mtr
Charteristics of contour:-
1. Two contour line of different elevation (R.L.) can not cross each other.
Note:- But in case of a over hanging cliff or cave different R.L. lines cross each
other.
Overhanging rock or cliff

2. Two different elevation (R.L.) contour line cannot unit.
Note:- But in case of vertical cliff two contour line can be unit
3. If contour line close together, it represent steep slope.
(Steep slope)

4. If contour line are far apart it represent gentle slope.
Gentel Slope
5. If contour line equal spaced it represent uniform slope.
(Uniform Slope)
6. If contour line are straight, parallel, equal space it represent plane surface
(Plane Surface)
7. A close contours and higher value invart it is represent any elevated point like
as hill
or
A close contour & lower value outward it isrepresent any elevated point like as
hill.
8. A close contour and lower value inside it represent any depressed area like as
river, pound, lake.
or
A close contour and higher value outward it is represent any depressed area.

9. A contour line must close upon itself but not necessary with in the limit of map.
contour line Map
map
10. A contour line cross a watershed or ridge line at right angle.
11. A contour line cross the valley line at right angle.
METHODS OF CONTOUR (Locations)

Contouring contour points fix methods
1. Direct method
2. Indirect method

1. Direct method:- use in following conditions-
(a) When survey area is small & sufficient time available (slow method)
(b) When greater accuracy is required.
Direct Method contour survey steps

Step-I: Vertical Control: The location of point of any contour
Step-II: Horizontal Control: Survey of those point.
2. Indirect Method : Eng. works indirect method

method guide points fix help interpolation
R.L. contour draw
3. Method that are used in Indirect Method:
(i) By square method
(ii) By crossection method
(iii) By tacheometer method
(i) By square method : Use in following conditions:
(A) When survey area is not very much undulating
(B) When survey area completely small
(C) Survey area divided into 5 to 20m2 size square
This method is also known as SPOT levelling.
(ii) By crossection method: railway line, road line, canal alignment
method contouring spacing of cross section depend
(A) Nature of Terrain

(B) Contour Interval
(C) Purpose of the survey
(D) Scale of the map.
(iii) By tacheometer method: hilly area countring tacheometer

method
Interpolation:
indirect survey contour line R.L. contour line draw
interpolation method are used
points ground slope uniform
interpolation of the contour is the process of spacing of contour propotionality
between the plotted ground established by indirect method.
The method of interpolation are based on the assumption that the slope of ground
between two points is uniform.
For interpolation following methods are used:

(i) By estimation methods
(ii) By graphical methods

(iii) By arithmatical methods (by compution method)
Note : For the interpolation the best method is airthmatical method (most accu-
rate)
Contour gradient:
Contour gradient is aline laying through out on the surface of ground and pre-
serving at constant inclinatioin to the horizontal is called contour grdient.
Use of contour
1. Determination of the intervisibility between two points.
2. Measurment of drainage area
3. Calculation fo reservior capacity
4. Earthwork estimation
5. Road location

Unit -9
PLAIN TABLE SURVEY
Plain table survey is a graphical method of survey in which the field observatioin
and plotting process simultaneously complete in field.
survey office work observation or plotting field
survey plain table survey
Following instrument are used for plain table survey:

1. Plain table board
2. Sprit level
3. Plumbing fork or U-fork
4. Compass
5. Alidade
6. Drawing sheet
7. Tripod
1. Plain table board: Plain table board are made up of well seasoned timber teak
& pine or size of generaly table is 750 mm x 600 mm (75x60 cm) and
thickness approx 20 mm
2. Sprit level : Plain table survey sprit level use plain table board perfectly
level
3. Plumbing form or U-form or Plumb bob: Use for proper centering of plain table
survey.
4. Compass : To fixing the north direction on drawing sheet in plain table survey
the compass is used.
5. Alidade : To seeing any object alidade is used and it is classify in two types:
(i) Plain Alidade
(ii) Telescopic Alidade
1. Plain Alidade: It is used in plain area not useful in Hilly area. because the line
of sight can't up and down.
2. Telescopic Alidade : Telescopic Alidade have fitted telescop for that the line of
sight easily can up and down or it can use in hilly areas.
Methods of Plain table survey:

Plain table survey method are classified in 4 types:
1. Radiation method
2. Intersection method
3. Traversing method
4. Resection method
- First two method (Radiation and intersection) are use for detailed plotting of
object in survey field.

- Radiation method are use for detailed plotting of accessible point and used in
plain areas.
Intersection method are use for detailed plotting of inaccessible point and used
in hilly areas.
Note :
point chain tape measure is called accessible
points or points chain tape is called
inaccessible points.
Last two method (traversing and resection) are use for survey of plain table
station.
1. Radiation method:
In this method for taking detailed method single station is sufficent:

2. Intersection method: In the method two station use are required for taking the
objects detail.
3. Traversing method: It is like radiation method only but basic difference is only
that the radiation method is use for detailed plotting and traversing method is
use to fix the plain table station.
4. Resection method : Reaction method also use for fixing the location of plain
table stations and there are four methods which are use for resection of plain
table in methods:
(i) Resection after orientation by compass
(ii) Resection after orientation by back sighting.
(iii) Resection after orientation by 3-point problem
(iv) Resection after orientation by 2-point problem.
Orientation:- It is the process of putting the plain table into some fix direction
so that line representing a certain direction on the plane is parallel to that

directioin on ground.
3-point problem : If the plain table station is fixing with 3 well define points is
called 3- point problem. Following methods are use for solution of 3-point prob-
lem are"
(i) Mechanical method: (tracing paper method)
(ii) Graphical method (bessel method)
(iii) Lehman's method (trial and error method)
2-point problem: plain table survey plain table statioin two well
defined points located method 2-point problem
Difference between two or three point problem
Advantage or disadvantage of plain table survey

Advantage:
1. Plain table survey is usefull in magnetic areas
2. It is suitable for small scale map
3. Not greater skilledness required for surveyr.
4. Errors are prevented in field.
5. It is simple and cheaper then compare to theodolite or any other types of survey.
Disadvantage :
1. Plain table survey is not give more accurate result.
2. It is not use in rainy season and wet climate.
3. Due to heavyness it is uncomfort to transport one station to other plain table
station.
4. During plain table survey measurement are not recorded so it is great difficuly
to reproducing the map in larger and smaller scale.
Temporary Adjustment:
Following temporary adjustment are required for plain table survey:
1. Levelling
2. Centering
3. Orientation

UNIT-10
Area of Measurment
The following rules are use for measurement of area between two extrem points:
1. Mid ordinate rules:
Where
n- Nos. of division
d- Distance between two ordinates
h-sum of the height of mid ordinates
Mid ordinate rule:

h1 h2 h3 h4 h5
"L
n
Where l=nd
h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 " nd
n
= h"d
2. Average: -ordinate Rule:

O0 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 .....On
Average- ordinate method "L
n 1
Where L= n " d
O
A.O.M.= n"d
n 1
3. Trapizodial Rule:
1 d
O0 O1 d O0 O1
2 2
Area=
d
O0 O1 O1 O 2 O 2 O3 O3 O 4 O 4 O5 O5 O6 O6 O7 O7 On
2
d
Area= O0 On 2O1 2O 2 2O 3 2O 4 2O 5 2O 6 2O 7
2
2d O 0 O n
Area= O1 O 2 O 3 O 4 O 5 O 6 On 1
2 2 !
O0 On
Area= d O1 O 2 O 3 ....... O n
2 !
4. Simpson one third rule:
Simpson one third rule are more accurate compare to other rules. This method
is more useful when the boundary are of curved shape (parabolic) (concave,
convex)

Area of Trapizodial protion ABCD:

1
= O 0 O 2 2d
2
=d O0 O2
2
Area of parabolic protion = b"h
3
2 O0 O2
= " 2d O 1
3 2 !!
4d 2O1 O 0 O 2
"
3 2 !
4d
2O1 O 0 O 2
6
Total Area =Area of trapizodial protion + Area of parabolic portion
4d
= d O0 O2 2O1 O 0 O 2
6
4 2 2
= d O0 O2 O1 O0 O2
3 3 3 !
3O 0 3O 2 4O1 2O 0 2O 2
= d
3 !
d
= O0 O2 4O1
3
d
= O0 4O1 O 2
3
Ordinates O2,O3,O4
d
Area = O 2 4O 3 O 4
3

Ordinates O 4 , O 5 , O n 2
d
Area = O4 4O 5 O n 2
3
Ordinates O n 2 On 1 On
d
Area = On 2 4O n 1 On
3
Sum of total Area:
d
= O0 4O1 O 2 O 2 4O 3 O 4 O 4 4O 5 O n 2 On 2 4O n 1 On
3
d
= O0 4O n 1 On 4O1 4O3 4O 5 2O 2 2O 4 2O n 2
3
d
= On On 2 O2 O 4 ......O n 2 4 O1 O3 O 5 ....O n 1 !
3
d
Area = First ordinate Last ordinate 2 even 4 odd
3
Note: If ordinates starts from O1 to O n
d
Area = O1 O n 4 O 2 O 4 O 6 ......O n 1 2 O 3 O 5 O 7 .....O n 2 !
3
Q. The following perpedicular offset were taken at 10m inteval from a survey
line to an irregular boundary's line 3.25, 5.60, 4.20, 6.65, 8.75, 6.20, 3.25,
4.20, 5.65 calculate the total area by all methods.
3.25, 5.60, 4.20, 6.65, 8.75, 6.20, 3.25, 4.20, 5.65
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
(i) Average -ordinate method
O
Area = n "d
n 1
47.75
Area = " 8 " 10
8 1
Area = 5.30 " 80
Area=424.44 m2
(ii) Trapezodial :
O0 On
Area = d O1 O 2 O 3 ....O n
2 !
3.25 5.65
= 10 5.60 4.20 6.65 8.75 6.2 3.25 4.20
2 !
= 10 4 .45 38 .85
= 10 43.30
433 m2
(iii) Simpson's Rule:

d
Area = O0 On 2 O 2 O 4 ...O n 2 4 O1 O 3 O 5 ....O n 1 !
3
10
3.25 5.65 2 4.20 8.75 3.25 4 5.60 6.65 6.20 4.20 !
3
= 3.33 8.9 2 16.20 4 22.65 !
= 3.33 8.9 32.4 90.6
=3.33[131.9]
=439.227m2

Unit-11
Curve
Curve
Horizontal curve Vertical Curve

Ex. Circular curve, parabola curve
Transition curve, Spiral curve
Tangential curve Ascending Curve Descending Curve
Horizontal curve: curve railways line road line horizontal plane

direction change is called horizontal curve.
Vertical Curve: curve different grade railway line or road line

is called verical curve.
(i) Ascending Curve: If the elevation along its length is increase than this type
curve is called Ascending, +ve, upgrade curve
(ii) Descending curve: If the elevation of curve is decrease along its length than
this type curve is called descending, -ve, downward curve.
Circular curve
Circular curve are classified as different types:
1. Simple circular curve
2. Compound curve
3. Reverse curve
1. Simple circular curve : A type of curve which is consist of single arc is called
simple curve.
2. Compound curve : A type of curve which is consist of more than two arc is
called compound arc.

3. Reverse curve: A type of curve which is consist two circular arc same or differ-
ent radius but center of arc in opposite direction to each other.
Components of Simple Circular Curve
1. Back Tangent (AT1): The previous tangent in the curve is called back tangent or
first tangent.
2. Forward tangent (BT2):- The following tangent in the curve is called forward
tangent or second tangent.
3. Point of Intersection: Curve point backward or forward tangent meet
point is called P.O.I.
4. Point of curve : Begning point of curve is called point of curve.
5. Point of tangency: Ending point of curves is called point of tangency.
6. Intersection Angle : Curve Draw point of intersection tangent
extent tangent angle is called intersection angle.
7. Tangent distance (length) : Curve point of curve point of intersection or
point of tangency point of intersection distance is called tangent length.

8. External distance or apexdistance : Curve curve mid-point point of
intersection Distance called external distance.
9. Lenght of curve : It is total lenght of curve from point of curve to point of
tangency.
10. Lenght of long chord: It is the perpendicular distance between point of curve to
point of tangency.
11. Mid-ordinate : It is the ordinate from the mid-point of the long chord to mid
point of curve.
1. Lenght of Tangent:
VT1
tan
2 OT1
VT1=OT1, tan
2
VT1 =R tan = Length of tangent

2
Length of long chord (T1DT2)

O T1 D
T1D
Sin
2 OT1
T1D OT1Sin
2
T1D RSin
2
T1D T1D DT2

T1DT2 R sin R sin
2 2
T1 D T 2 2 R sin
2
Apex distance or extarnal distance:

OT1
cos
2 VO
OT1 R
R sec
OV= cos cos 2
2 2
External distance (ape x distance/height)= R sec -R

2
= R sec 1
2
Length of Curve:
%R
=
180
Mid Ordinate = &'1D
OD
cos
2 OT1
OD OT1 cos =R cos

2 2
CD=OC-OD
CD=R-R cos
2
OD= R 1 cos R versin

2 2
Summary=
1. Tangent lenght = R tan

2

2. Lenght of long chord=2Rsin

2
3. Apex distance or extrnal distance = R sec 1

2
%R
4. Length of curve =
180
5. Mid Ordinate = R 1 cos or R (Versin )

2 2
Designation of Curve
The sharpness of the curve is design either by the radius or by its degree of
curvature. The designation of curve are design by two method or two system.
(i) Arc Defination
(ii) Chord Defination
In Feet System
(i) Arc Defination:
Dº: 2%R :: 100 : 360
Dº "2%R 100 " 360
36000
R
2 %Dº
5729.57 5730
R
Dº Dº
5730
R feet
Dº
For 1º Angle
R=5730 Feet
(ii) Chord Defination
ABC
D BC
sin
2 AB
D 50
sin
2 R
50
R
D
sin
2

D
sin D / 2
2
50
R
D %
"
2 180
50 " 2 " 180
R=
%D(
5729.57
R
D(
5730
R
D(
Designation fo Curve in Meter:

For 30 Mtr Arc For 20 Mtr Arc
20 " 360 º
D=360, 2%Dº R
2%Dº
30 " 360º 1145.91
R= R=
2%Dº Dº
1718.87 1146
R= mtr R=
Dº Dº
1719
R=
Dº
For 10 mtr arc
10 " 360
R= 2 2
2%Dº
572.95
R=
Dº
573
R=
Dº
Method For Setting Out of Simple Circular Curve:

Following Methods are used for setting out of curve
1. Linear Method 2. Angular Method
1. Linear Method : In linear method only chain and tape are used for setting out
of curve. This method is used for following conditions:
(A) When Higher Degree of Accuracy is not required.
(B) When curve is short

Following linear method curve
(i) By ordinates and offset from the long chord
(ii) By offset from the tangent
(iii) By successive bisection of Arc
(iv) By offset from chord produced.
(i) By ordinates and offset from the long chord

Mid ordinate :CO-Do
'1DO
T1O 2 T1D 2 DO 2
2
L 2
R2 OC OD
2
2
L 2
R2 R DO
2
2
L 2
R2 R O0
2
2
L
R O0 R 2
2
2
L
R R 2
0
2
2
L
Mid Ordinate Arc formula: O 0 R R 2
2
Other then Mid ordinate
)1O 2 R2 x2
)1O R2 x2
OD=CO-CD
OD=R-O0 Where x= distance of offset from mid ordinate

By Offset from Tangent

(ii) By offset from tangent:
Two method are used in this method
1. Radius offset 2. Perpendicular offset
1. Radius offset
&'1C
CO 2 OT12 T1C 2
2
OD CD OT12 T1C 2
R Ox R2 x2
2. By perpendiucular offset:
&CB
CO 2 OB 2 CB 2
R R 2 x2 Ox
x2
Note :Approximent offset Ox
2R
Summary:
2
L
1. O0 R R2
2
2.
3. Radial Offset = O x R2 x2 R
4. Perpendicular Offset =
Angular Measurment :
A angular measurment instrument like as the theodolite or teachometer is
required with or without chain or tape:
Following methods are used:

1. Rankine method or tangential angle method
2. Two thedolite method
3. Tacheometer method.
Two t h eodol ite m eth od theodolite P.C. Point of curve

theodolite P.T. (Point of tangency) (end point of the curve)
curve hilly area tacheometer method most suitable


Surveying Engineering

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Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar

Calculation the R.L. of a given point -

Levelling points R.L. calculate Readings

(i) Back sight:- Levelling instrument station fix

Changing point OR Turning point

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Q. Levelling Level instrument readings

Back sight Reading (2) Fore sight reading

If staff reading are taken on continuesly slopling Ground

Ist reading B.S. OR last F.S. fix

Calculation of next point R.L. (Reduce Level)

Study Material & Online Exams Facility available on web App.

Difference b/w Rise and fall method OR Height of Instrument method

Rise/Fall method Height of Instrument method

Station B.S. I.S. F.S. Rise Fall R.L.

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HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENT METHOD

Station B.S. I.S. F.S. H.I. R.L.

Arithematical Check = B.S.- F.S.= Last R.L. - First R.L.

Height of Instrment = R.L. + B.S.

R.L. = H.I. - B.S./I.S./F.S.

Survey field Point R.L. Bench Mark bench

BENCH MARK classified

Levelling survey instrument

(i) Levelling Instrument - Levelling survey instrument

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(For more Percise work tilting instrument should be used.)

MEAN SEA LEVEL

A Level surface is define as a curved surface at which each point is perpendicu-

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CURVATURE & REFECTION

[If effect is in +ve, then correction is in -ve.

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Instrument proper levelling level tubes Normally

Light liquid Alcohol, Chloroform, sulphuric Acid are used in this.

SENSITIVITY OF LEVEL TUBE

Level tube Horizontal Axis Tilt bubble movement

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Distance to the visible Horizon

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Reciprocal leveling Errors eliminate

From the instrument station near point - A

(ha hb ) (h ' a h 'b )

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Line respect meridian direction instrucment

Meridian are classified as 3 types

Designation of bearing or Measurment of bearing-

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W.C.B change in R.B. & R.B.change in W.C.B system

R.B.=N 60º30ºE R.B.=S(180º-125º15º)E

0-900 Ist Quadrant R.B. = N (WCB) E

Q. W.C.B change in R.B.

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Fore Bearing and Back Bearing

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Note- 3600 or -ve

Reduced bearing system or Quadrant system

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B.B.= N 33º 33º E

Q. AB Line F.B. = N 360W BC line F.B. = S 720E

Internal & External Angle of a Geometric Figure-

Sum of Internal Angle of a Geometric figure:

Calculate the Internal Angle: