Culture of Ethiopia

Ethiopia is a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic

country. Religion is a major influence in
Ethiopian life. Nearly half the population
belongs to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church
but there is a also large Muslim population.
Others adhere to an ancient form of Judaism.
The culture of Ethiopia is diverse and generally structured along ethnolinguistic lines. The
country's Afro-Asiatic-speaking majority adhere to an amalgamation of traditions that were
developed independently and through interaction with neighboring and far away civilizations,
including other parts of Northeast Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, India, Italy and Malaysia. By
contrast, the nation's Nilotic communities and other ethnolinguistic minorities tend to practice
customs more closely linked with South Sudan and/or the African Great Lakes region.

Recently, there has been an argument going on between Ethiopia,Sudan,and Egypt about
Ethiopia building a dam over the Nile.

Contents
 1 Music
o 1.1 Chordophones

o 1.2 Aerophones

o 1.3 Idiophones

o 1.4 Membranophones

o 1.5 Popular music

o 1.6 Contemporary scene

 2 Clothing
 3 Cuisine
 4 Sports
  5 Media
 6 Language
 7 Religion
 8 Gender Roles in Ethiopia
 9 Holidays
 10 See also
 11 Notes
 12 External links

Music
Main article: Music of Ethiopia

The music of Ethiopia is extremely diverse, with each of the country's ethnic groups being
associated with unique sounds. Some forms of traditional music are strongly influenced by folk
music from elsewhere in the Horn of Africa, especially Somalia. However, ring the reign of
Gabra Masqal. In northeastern Ethiopia, in Wollo, a Muslim musical form called manzuma
developed in 1907. Sung in Amharic, manzuma has spread to Harar and Jimma, where it is now
sung in the Oromo language. In the Ethiopian Highlands, traditional secular music is played by
itinerant musicians called azmari (Zageth), who are regarded with both suspicion and respect in
Ethiopian society.[citation needed]

Chordophones
A krar player.

In the highlands, traditional string instruments include the masenqo (also known as masinko), a
one-string bowed lute; the krar (also known as kirar), a six-string lyre; and the begena, a large
ten-string lyre. The dita (a five-string lyre) and musical bows (including an unusual three-string
variant) are among the chordophones found in the south. Also "kebero" ( a drum) used by the
religious group like Orthodox's or other Christian religious group to praise what they believe in.

Aerophones

The washint is a bamboo flute that is common throughout or in the highlands. Trumpet-like
instruments include the ceremonial malakat used in some regions, and the holdudwa (animal
horn; compare shofar) found mainly in the south. Embilta flutes have no finger holes, and
produce only two tones, the fundamental and a fourth or fifth interval. These may be metal
(generally found in the north) or bamboo (in the south). The Konso and other people in the south
play fanta, or pan flutes.

Idiophones

In the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, liturgical music employs the senasel, a sistrum. Additionally,
the clergy will use prayer staffs, or maqwamiya, to maintain rhythm. Rural churches historically
used a dawal, made from stone slabs or pieces of wood, in order to call the faithful to prayer. The
Beta Israel use a small gong called a qachel as liturgical accompaniment, though qachel may also
refer to a small bell. The toom, a lamellophone, is used among the Nuer, Anuak, Majangir,
Surma, and other Nilo-Saharan groups. Metal leg rattles are common throughout the south.

Membranophones

The kebero (ከበሮ) is a large hand drum used in the Orthodox Christian liturgy. Smaller kebero
drums may be used in secular celebrations. The nagarit (ነጋሪት), played with a curved stick, is
usually found in a secular context such as royal functions or the announcement of proclamations,
though it has a liturgical function among the Beta Israel. The Gurage and other southern peoples
commonly play the atamo, a small hand drum sometimes made of clay.

Popular music

Ethiopia is a musically traditional country. Popular music is played, recorded and listened to, but
most musicians also sing traditional songs, and most audiences choose to listen to both popular
and traditional styles. A long-standing popular musical tradition in Ethiopia was that of brass
bands, imported from Jerusalem in the form of forty Armenian orphans (Arba Lijoch) during the
reign of Haile Selassie. This band, which arrived in Addis Ababa on September 6, 1924, became
the first official orchestra of Ethiopia. By the end of World War II, large orchestras accompanied
singers; the most prominent orchestras were the Army Band, Police Band, and Imperial
Bodyguard Band. Most of these bands were trained by Europeans or Armenians.
From the 1950s to the 1970s, Ethiopian popular musicians included Bizunesh Bekele, Mahmoud
Ahmed, Alemayehu Eshete, Hirut Bekele, Ali Birra, Ayalew Mesfin, Kiros Alemayehu,
Muluken Melesse and Tilahun Gessesse, while popular folk musicians included Alemu Aga,
Kassa Tessema, Ketema Makonnen, Asnaketch Worku, and Mary Armede. Perhaps the most
influential musician of the period, however, was Ethio-jazz innovator Mulatu Astatke. Amha
Records, Kaifa Records, and Philips-Ethiopia were prominent Ethiopian record labels during this
era. Since 1997, Buda Musique's Éthiopiques series has compiled many of these singles and
albums on compact disc.

During the 1980s, the Derg controlled Ethiopia, and emigration became almost impossible.
Musicians during this period included Ethio Stars, Wallias Band and Roha Band, though the
singer Neway Debebe was most popular. He helped to popularize the use of Sem ena Worq (wax
and gold, a poetic form of double entendre) in music (previously only used in qiné, or poetry)
that often enabled singers to criticize the government without upsetting the censors.

Contemporary scene

Popular Ethiopian singer Aster Aweke.

Popular musicians from Ethiopia include internationally renowned and recognized artists such as
the Los Angeles–area expatriate Aster Aweke, The Weeknd and Teddy Afro, who is often
accredited with the fusion of Rastafarian styles into mainstream Ethiopian music.[1] More
recently, music from Tigray and Eritrea has become popular in Ethiopia and among exiles,
especially in Italy. One of the biggest new trends, however, has been the rise of bolel, a sort of
blues-like music, played by sarcastic azmari playing in parts of Addis Ababa, especially
Yohannès Sefer and Kazentchis. Bolel musicians include Tigist Assefa, Tedje and Admassou
Abate.

Currently the most prominent Ethiopian singer internationally is Gigi.[citation needed] Through her
performing with top jazz musicians such as Bill Laswell (who is also her husband) and Herbie
Hancock, Gigi has brought Ethiopian music to popular attention, especially in the United States,
where she now lives.
Other popular performers include Tewodros Tadesse, Neway Debebe, Tadesse Alemu,
Hamelmal Abate, Martha Ashagari, Yohannes Berhanu, Kuku Sebsebe, Aster Aweke, and
Manalemosh Dibo. Neway was very popular among the youth of the 1980s and early 1990s with
such songs as "Yetekemt Abeba," "Metekatun Ateye," "Safsaf," and "Gedam," among others.
Abatte Barihun has exemplified all four main qenets on his 2005 album Ras Deshen.

Éthiopiques producer Francis Falceto criticizes contemporary Ethiopian music for eschewing
traditional instruments and ensemble playing in favor of one-man bands using synthesizers.
Harvard University professor Kay Kaufman Shelemay, on the other hand, maintains that there is
genuine creativity in the contemporary music scene. She further points out that Ethiopian music
is not alone in shifting to electronically produced music, a point that Falceto acknowledges.

Clothing

Habesha women in urban wear

In some central and northern areas, women's traditional clothes are often made from cloth called
shemma. It is basically cotton cloth, about 90 cm wide, woven in long strips which are then sewn
together. Sometimes shiny threads are woven into the fabric for an elegant effect. It takes about
two to three weeks to make enough cloth for one dress. The bottom of the garment or shirt may
be ornamented with patterns.

Omotic Hamar women wearing their traditional attire

Men wear pants and a knee-length shirt with a white collar, and perhaps a sweater. They also
frequently wear knee-high socks, while women might not wear socks at all. Men as well as
women wear shawls, the netela. The shawls are worn in a different style for different occasions.
When going to church, women cover their hair with them and pull the upper ends of the shawl
about their shoulders reproducing a cross (meskelya), with the shiny threads appearing at the
edge. During funerals, the shawl is worn so the shiny threads appear at the bottom (madegdeg).
Women's dresses are called habesha kemis, and are often made from the shemma cloth. The
dresses are usually white with some color above the lower hem. Bracelets and necklaces of silver
or gold are worn on arms and feet to complete the look. A variety of designer dinner dresses
combining traditional fabric with modern style are now worn by some ladies in the cities.

These traditional clothes are still worn on a day-to-day-basis in the countryside. In cities and
towns, western clothes are popular. However, on special occasions such as New Year
(Enkutatash), Christmas (Genna) or weddings, some wear traditional clothes.

Often, a woman will cover her head with a shash, a cloth that is tied at the neck. Shama and kuta,
gauze-like white fabrics, are often used.[2] This is common among both Muslim and Christian
women. Elderly women will wear a sash on a day-to-day basis, while other women only wear a
sash also called a netela while attending church.

Cuisine
Main article: Ethiopian cuisine

A basic lack of cultural awareness about the places we go on holiday can lead us to cause
inadvertent offence to local people.

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Essays
Tourism

Impact Of Culture On hotels

With the changing environment and stepping into the new centuries made all industries to change
itself, especially when it comes to hospitality industry. First of all, hospitality is a major and
diverse industry around the world. And business in today’s world is not a constant one which
stands there in the market forever. It changes according to different causes like time, trend of the
market, customer expectations and also includes culture. A fine definition of culture is, “Culture
refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings,
hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, and possessions acquired by a group of people in the
course of generations through individual and group striving.” (Hofstede, 1997).

Culture plays a major role in any kind of business that exists in the market. Especially when it
comes to the international hospitality business, culture is a serious fact to consider in order to
survive in the market. Culture exists and differs from place to place and time to time. And some
cultures already spread way beyond their boundaries and reached their new destinations.
Cultures rage battles among themselves to survive. So the key factor in order to run a successful
hospitality business or any kind of business is to understand the different cultures.

Culture acts different in different places. For example managing a culture in a work environment
is different when looking at the customer’s point of view. It is a tactful theory for managers to
handle it in any kind of organizations. In today’s world it is really hard to find a place where
there is no existence of more than one culture. Today’s world is mixed with different cultures
which makes more difficult for the managers in order to handle the business. Let us discus in
brief about international hospitality business before we look deep into the culture. Hospitality is
a service industry which is very important for every nation in the world. A fine definition of
international hospitality business is, “When a domestic hospitality company establishes a new
business in a foreign market, this company is said to be engaging in international business.
International business is defined as a business transaction taking place between two or more
companies from different countries. These transactions can be in trade, manufacturing,
investments or services.” (Yu, 1999).

A very important fact is that the hospitality as well as the tourism industry is service industry, but
they do differ from each other. Hospitality industry is more based on food, accommodation,
communication and customer service where tourism industry is based on travel and destinations.

When it comes to the culture mix with the hospitality industry, it always ends in a disaster
business if there is no proper management to take care of it. Hospitality as a service industry is
mainly focus on customers, where in this industry the customers are from different places which
mean different cultures. First fact is that dealing with different kinds of customers from different
cultural background is very difficult under one roof. The second fact is that establishing a new
hospitality business in a new destination could be more difficult to handle. For example if a
company from Japan establish its hotel in New York, the managers must understand the cultural
trend of New York in order to run the business. They cannot implement all their Japanese
knowledge and policies into the business immediately. They must understand the people who
live and travel there to have a successful business. “For international companies, research shows
that often companies successful in their home countries have failed in foreign markets not
because of technical incompetence but because of a lack of knowledge and understanding of a
foreign market culture.” (Jia, 2010). That research proves that the culture could influence the
business in many ways.

The third and major fact that influences the hospitality business lies nowhere but inside the
business itself. It is the internal environment of the business which is its employees. In other term
it is called as cross culture business environment. Due to the various immigration policies and
searching for the right candidate for the right job made countries to hire foreign employees. This
is one of the main causes which strengthened the cross culture environment. At the present
market, almost all industries have cross culture environment.

Though it has lots of advantages like less pay, more hours and profit, it also has some
disadvantages, especially for the managers. The following research shows us an idea of what is a
major issue for managers when come to handle the cross couture environment. “Factors
associated with the task influence by how much the diverse group is more creative than the
homogeneous single-culture group. Diverse groups outperform homogeneous groups on complex
problem-solving tasks, but may be less successful in performing routine tasks. Diverse group
need time to resolve difficulties of working together. In an experiment conducted over 17 weeks
Watson et al. (1993) found that the both group performed equally but the diverse group
performed better in finding the range of possible solutions.” (Mead, 2005).

The research shows that even though the diverse group performed better than the homogeneous
group, they take time to settle themselves as a team to perform to gather and consume lots of
time to do that. But time is really an important matter for today’s business. Everything runs in a
way where even a day is too short for everything. This could be an issue for managers especially
when it comes to the fast environment like hotels and restaurants. But the managers have to
invest time on their employees to make a strong environment in his business. This led the
managers to the simple management cycle which is shown below,

The first important fact is to hire the right candidate for the right job. Training is an important
fact that could solve any kind of issues in the organization. Training strengthene the business
enviornment and it results in a good outcome. If there is a powerful training process in a
multicultural business enviornment,then the result woud be more effective and positive for the
business. That is the reason training process in the organization is considered as an important fact
in each process of the business.
An other factor which influence the international hospitality business is the external factor.
Changing trends, taste and the preference of the customers rule the market. And the technology
is way beyond than the human expectation which helps the different cultures to spread around
the world and find their new homes. This results in us living in a multicultural enviornment. All
these affects hospitality industry directly or indirectly. Being as a service industry,it has to
change according to the time and the situation in the market which is not easy as it seems in this
competitive market.

At first to overcome the issues in the internal factors such as managing cross culture
enviornment, business managers comes with the different kinds of model as a solution for this
issue. One of the famous model used by the international managers is ‘comparitive model’. “The
model enable the user to make comparisions between different cultures and any one culture is
described in relation to another culture or cultures.” (Mead, 2005). This helps the managers to
understand the different cultures and gives a basic idead of handling it. But if a cross cultural
environment is properly managed and trained,then the resul will always be an successfull and
profitable one.

All international hospitality industry involves in the matter of encountering their customers from
different cultural backgrounds. So the issue for the managers is not just to manage the internal
factors (employees) but also the exernal factors,i.e, the consumers. Managing customers is really
important and really a hard task for managers as there are plenty of competitors in the market.
And the customers are like a free bird in this socialist economy. “The cultural background
srongly influences the consumer behaviour, Ignorance of core cultural sensitive values often
leads to erroneous belief resulting in unhappy customers and lost business.” (Mohsin, 2006).
This is a fine example. The Western culture people go for the time saving process in any kind of
industry where Asians prefer high quality interpersonal relations. Even the view of the consumer
about a product is differ from each cultures. And ignorance of the cross culture will have a direct
impact on the business and leads to winding up specially for hospitality industry bing as a servic
industry.

It is very important to note that both the internal and external factor of the hospitality industry is
well connected. Employees works in a way with the consumers to run a smooth flow of business.
The relationship between the employees and their actuall customers is measurable which makes
easy for the managers to run a profitable business. The multicultural enviornment in the
hospitality industry is a boon to the business, because the employyes itself will find a way to
interact and communicate themself to understand the needs of the foregin consumers. As the
internal enviornment itself has different cultures which mean different ideas and solution for the
different problems which is a key way to a successful business.

At this 21st century, hospitality industry like hotels, restaurants are worldwide. A research shows
that there are existence of 279 foregin hotels in a singe state of China. (Okoroafo, 2010). This
shows us the increasing level of international hospitality business worldwide. When a business
extends beyond its territory, then there is a strong percentage that it will get mixed with the other
cultures. A best example is opening a Japaneese hotel in the heart of U.S.A. In this case,the
japaneese company will bring their own management people who will be mixed with american
candiates. This i called as a cross cultural management. To run the busines,Japaneese managers
must understand the culture of America at first and also other factors such as govermnt policies
and rules and regulations. Understanding culture is one of the important fact when it comes to
the hospitality busniess.

Policies and regulations of the goverment may sometime affects hospitality industry.For example
the immigration policies of goverment always have an impact on hospitality business. It has both
positive and negative sides. The following graph shows the immigrations of U.S.A from the year
of 1820-2010,

The graph shows that the immigrants in the U.S alone has reached its peak level where they have
never seen anything like this in their American immigration history. And this make America as a
multicultural nation. Because Each Immigrants brings their own culture into the country. This
happens not just in America, its worldwide now. This will slowely affect the hospitality industry
as there is a slow change in the the culture of the country. Over croweded muticultural nations
also have issues like racism and equality which affects not only the hospitality industry but all
industries. So it is the duty of the managers to keep an eye on the Nations culture and update
their business and the products according to the cultural change.
CONCLUSIN:

As we are living in a changing cultural enviornment, we need to adapt ourselfs in order to

survive in this competitive world. And our business adapts with us in a matter of fact. Even
though there are lots of cultural changes occurs in the soceity, Hospitality industry survived
those impacts which were thrown by our different cultures. The key factor is the training which
helps the managers to manage both the internal and exernal factors which ifluences the
hospitality business. If an international hospitality manager manages to give a proper training to
his multicultural employees,then there is no doubt that the business will be successfull one. And
it is also important to keep an eye on the muticultural future which is very near and crystel clear.

With the changing environment and stepping into the new centuries made all industries to change
itself, especially when it comes to hospitality industry. First of all, hospitality is a major and
diverse industry around the world. And business in today’s world is not a constant one which
stands there in the market forever. It changes according to different causes like time, trend of the
market, customer expectations and also includes culture. A fine definition of culture is, “Culture
refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings,
hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, and possessions acquired by a group of people in the
course of generations through individual and group striving.” (Hofstede, 1997).

Culture plays a major role in any kind of business that exists in the market. Especially when it
comes to the international hospitality business, culture is a serious fact to consider in order to
survive in the market. Culture exists and differs from place to place and time to time. And some
cultures already spread way beyond their boundaries and reached their new destinations.
Cultures rage battles among themselves to survive. So the key factor in order to run a successful
hospitality business or any kind of business is to understand the different cultures.

Culture acts different in different places. For example managing a culture in a work environment
is different when looking at the customer’s point of view. It is a tactful theory for managers to
handle it in any kind of organizations. In today’s world it is really hard to find a place where
there is no existence of more than one culture. Today’s world is mixed with different cultures
which makes more difficult for the managers in order to handle the business. Let us discus in
brief about international hospitality business before we look deep into the culture. Hospitality is
a service industry which is very important for every nation in the world. A fine definition of
international hospitality business is, “When a domestic hospitality company establishes a new
business in a foreign market, this company is said to be engaging in international business.
International business is defined as a business transaction taking place between two or more
companies from different countries. These transactions can be in trade, manufacturing,
investments or services.” (Yu, 1999).

A very important fact is that the hospitality as well as the tourism industry is service industry, but
they do differ from each other. Hospitality industry is more based on food, accommodation,
communication and customer service where tourism industry is based on travel and destinations.

When it comes to the culture mix with the hospitality industry, it always ends in a disaster
business if there is no proper management to take care of it. Hospitality as a service industry is
mainly focus on customers, where in this industry the customers are from different places which
mean different cultures. First fact is that dealing with different kinds of customers from different
cultural background is very difficult under one roof. The second fact is that establishing a new
hospitality business in a new destination could be more difficult to handle. For example if a
company from Japan establish its hotel in New York, the managers must understand the cultural
trend of New York in order to run the business. They cannot implement all their Japanese
knowledge and policies into the business immediately. They must understand the people who
live and travel there to have a successful business. “For international companies, research shows
that often companies successful in their home countries have failed in foreign markets not
because of technical incompetence but because of a lack of knowledge and understanding of a
foreign market culture.” (Jia, 2010). That research proves that the culture could influence the
business in many ways.

The third and major fact that influences the hospitality business lies nowhere but inside the
business itself. It is the internal environment of the business which is its employees. In other term
it is called as cross culture business environment. Due to the various immigration policies and
searching for the right candidate for the right job made countries to hire foreign employees. This
is one of the main causes which strengthened the cross culture environment. At the present
market, almost all industries have cross culture environment.

Though it has lots of advantages like less pay, more hours and profit, it also has some
disadvantages, especially for the managers. The following research shows us an idea of what is a
major issue for managers when come to handle the cross couture environment. “Factors
associated with the task influence by how much the diverse group is more creative than the
homogeneous single-culture group. Diverse groups outperform homogeneous groups on complex
problem-solving tasks, but may be less successful in performing routine tasks. Diverse group
need time to resolve difficulties of working together. In an experiment conducted over 17 weeks
Watson et al. (1993) found that the both group performed equally but the diverse group
performed better in finding the range of possible solutions.” (Mead, 2005).

The research shows that even though the diverse group performed better than the homogeneous
group, they take time to settle themselves as a team to perform to gather and consume lots of
time to do that. But time is really an important matter for today’s business. Everything runs in a
way where even a day is too short for everything. This could be an issue for managers especially
when it comes to the fast environment like hotels and restaurants. But the managers have to
invest time on their employees to make a strong environment in his business. This led the
managers to the simple management cycle which is shown below,

The first important fact is to hire the right candidate for the right job. Training is an important
fact that could solve any kind of issues in the organization. Training strengthene the business
enviornment and it results in a good outcome. If there is a powerful training process in a
multicultural business enviornment,then the result woud be more effective and positive for the
business. That is the reason training process in the organization is considered as an important fact
in each process of the business.

An other factor which influence the international hospitality business is the external factor.
Changing trends, taste and the preference of the customers rule the market. And the technology
is way beyond than the human expectation which helps the different cultures to spread around
the world and find their new homes. This results in us living in a multicultural enviornment. All
these affects hospitality industry directly or indirectly. Being as a service industry,it has to
change according to the time and the situation in the market which is not easy as it seems in this
competitive market.
At first to overcome the issues in the internal factors such as managing cross culture
enviornment, business managers comes with the different kinds of model as a solution for this
issue. One of the famous model used by the international managers is ‘comparitive model’. “The
model enable the user to make comparisions between different cultures and any one culture is
described in relation to another culture or cultures.” (Mead, 2005). This helps the managers to
understand the different cultures and gives a basic idead of handling it. But if a cross cultural
environment is properly managed and trained,then the resul will always be an successfull and
profitable one.

All international hospitality industry involves in the matter of encountering their customers from
different cultural backgrounds. So the issue for the managers is not just to manage the internal
factors (employees) but also the exernal factors,i.e, the consumers. Managing customers is really
important and really a hard task for managers as there are plenty of competitors in the market.
And the customers are like a free bird in this socialist economy. “The cultural background
srongly influences the consumer behaviour, Ignorance of core cultural sensitive values often
leads to erroneous belief resulting in unhappy customers and lost business.” (Mohsin, 2006).
This is a fine example. The Western culture people go for the time saving process in any kind of
industry where Asians prefer high quality interpersonal relations. Even the view of the consumer
about a product is differ from each cultures. And ignorance of the cross culture will have a direct
impact on the business and leads to winding up specially for hospitality industry bing as a servic
industry.

It is very important to note that both the internal and external factor of the hospitality industry is
well connected. Employees works in a way with the consumers to run a smooth flow of business.
The relationship between the employees and their actuall customers is measurable which makes
easy for the managers to run a profitable business. The multicultural enviornment in the
hospitality industry is a boon to the business, because the employyes itself will find a way to
interact and communicate themself to understand the needs of the foregin consumers. As the
internal enviornment itself has different cultures which mean different ideas and solution for the
different problems which is a key way to a successful business.

At this 21st century, hospitality industry like hotels, restaurants are worldwide. A research shows
that there are existence of 279 foregin hotels in a singe state of China. (Okoroafo, 2010). This
shows us the increasing level of international hospitality business worldwide. When a business
extends beyond its territory, then there is a strong percentage that it will get mixed with the other
cultures. A best example is opening a Japaneese hotel in the heart of U.S.A. In this case,the
japaneese company will bring their own management people who will be mixed with american
candiates. This i called as a cross cultural management. To run the busines,Japaneese managers
must understand the culture of America at first and also other factors such as govermnt policies
and rules and regulations. Understanding culture is one of the important fact when it comes to
the hospitality busniess.

Policies and regulations of the goverment may sometime affects hospitality industry.For example
the immigration policies of goverment always have an impact on hospitality business. It has both
positive and negative sides. The following graph shows the immigrations of U.S.A from the year
of 1820-2010,
The graph shows that the immigrants in the U.S alone has reached its peak level where they have
never seen anything like this in their American immigration history. And this make America as a
multicultural nation. Because Each Immigrants brings their own culture into the country. This
happens not just in America, its worldwide now. This will slowely affect the hospitality industry
as there is a slow change in the the culture of the country. Over croweded muticultural nations
also have issues like racism and equality which affects not only the hospitality industry but all
industries. So it is the duty of the managers to keep an eye on the Nations culture and update
their business and the products according to the cultural change.
CONCLUSIN:

As we are living in a changing cultural enviornment, we need to adapt ourselfs in order to

survive in this competitive world. And our business adapts with us in a matter of fact. Even
though there are lots of cultural changes occurs in the soceity, Hospitality industry survived
those impacts which were thrown by our different cultures. The key factor is the training which
helps the managers to manage both the internal and exernal factors which ifluences the
hospitality business. If an international hospitality manager manages to give a proper training to
his multicultural employees,then there is no doubt that the business will be successfull one. And
it is also important to keep an eye on the muticultural future which is very near and crystel clear.
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Cite This Work

An Ethiopian woman preparing Ethiopian coffee at a traditional ceremony. She roasts, crushes
and brews the coffee on the spot.

The Ethiopian cuisine consists of various vegetable or meat side dishes and entrees, often
prepared as a wat or thick stew. One or more servings of wat are placed upon a piece of injera, a
large sourdough flatbread, which is 50 cm (20 inches) in diameter and made out of fermented
teff flour. One does not eat with utensils, but instead uses injera (always with the right hand) to
scoop up the entrees and side dishes. Traditional Ethiopian food does not use any pork or
seafood (aside from fish), as most Ethiopians have historically adhered to Islam, the Ethiopian
Orthodox Church, or Judaism, all of which prohibit eating pork and shellfish. Additionally,
throughout a given year, Orthodox Christians observe numerous fasts (such as Lent), during
which food is prepared without any meat or dairy products. Another dish served in Ethiopia is
Doro wat, which is chicken stew with hard boiled eggs.

Sports
Main article: Sports in Ethiopia

Track and field is Ethiopia's most successful sport, in which they have won many medals in the
Olympic Games. Football is the most popular sport in Ethiopia. Despite lack of success by the
national team, it is supported by a significant part of the population.
Media
Main article: Media of Ethiopia

Radio and television are under the control of the Ethiopian government. There are nine radio
broadcast stations, eight AM and one shortwave, licensed to operate. The major radio
broadcasting stations (all AM) are Radio Ethiopia, Radio Torch (pirate), Radio Voice of One
Free Ethiopia, and the Voice of the Revolution of Tigray. Television viewing has increased over
the years and today there are a number of channels streamed via satellite television, such as Fana
TV, EBS, Gospel TV, ETV 57 (government-owned), Kana TV, OMN, DM TV, and many more.
In keeping with government policy, radio broadcasts occur in a variety of languages. Print
media, because of high poverty levels, low literacy rates, and poor distribution outside of the
capital, serve only a small portion of the population. Major daily newspapers include Addis
Zemen, the Daily Monitor, and the Ethiopian Herald. There is also a small but lively film
industry.

Language
Main article: Languages of Ethiopia

Languages of Ethiopia as of 2007 Census.[3]

  Oromo (33.8%)
  Amharic (29.3%)
  Somali (6.25%)
  Tigrinya (5.86%)
  Sidamo (4.04%)
  Welaytta (2.21%)
  Gurage (2.01%)
  Afar (1.74%)
  Hadiyya (1.70%)
  Gamo (1.45%)
  Other (11.64%)

According to Ethnologue, there are ninety individual languages spoken in Ethiopia.[4] Most
people in the country speak Afro-Asiatic languages of the Cushitic or Semitic branches. The
former includes Oromiffa, spoken by the Oromo people, and Somali, spoken by the Somali
people; the latter includes Amharic, spoken by the Amhara people, and Tigrinya, spoken by the
Tigray-Tigrinya people. Together, these four groups make up about three-quarters of Ethiopia's
population. Other Afro-Asiatic languages with a significant number of speakers include the
Cushitic Sidamo, Afar, Hadiyya and Agaw languages, as well as the Semitic Gurage, Harari,
Silt'e and Argobba tongues.[3]
Additionally, Omotic languages are spoken by Omotic ethnic minority groups inhabiting the
southern regions. Among these idioms are Aari, Bench, Dawro, Dime, Dizi, Gamo, Gofa, Maale,
Hamer and Wolaytta.[3]

Languages from the Nilo-Saharan phylum are also spoken by the nation's Nilotic ethnic
minorities, who are concentrated in the southwestern parts of the country. These tongues include
Nuer, Anuak, Nyangatom, Majang, Surma, Me'en and Mursi.[3]

English is the most widely spoken foreign language and is the medium of instruction in
secondary schools. Amharic was the language of primary school instruction, but has been
replaced in many areas by regional languages such as Oromiffa, Somali or Tigrinya.[5] While all
languages enjoy equal state recognition in the 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia, Amharic is
recognized as the official working language of the Federal Government. The various regions of
Ethiopia are free to determine their own working languages,[6] with Oromiffa, Somali and
Tigrinya recognized as official working languages in their respective regions.[5]

In terms of writing systems, Ethiopia's principal orthography is Ge'ez or Ethiopic. Employed as

an abugida for several of the country's languages, it first came into usage in the 6th and 5th
centuries BC as an abjad to transcribe the Semitic Ge'ez language.[7] Ge'ez now serves as the
liturgical language of the Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Churches. Other writing systems have
also been used over the years by different Ethiopian communities. The latter include Sheikh
Bakri Sapalo's script for Oromo.[8]

Religion
Main article: Religion in Ethiopia

About 63% of the population adhere to Christianity. About 34% of the population are Muslim,
with other religions covering another 3%.

Gender Roles in Ethiopia

In rural and urban Ethiopia, the senior male of the household has the majority of authority. Men
in the country side are in charge of the more intense labor such as plowing, trading, building, and
harvesting.[9] Women are more responsible for the domestic labor of the household such as
cooking, collecting goods, and caring for the household. It is also not unusual to see women
helping men with some tasks in the countryside. In the urban areas, traditional gender roles are
less common, but the women are, more often than not, still in charge of domestic labor. In
Ethiopia education is still stressed more for boys compared to girls and also given more leeway
to social activities over girls, though enrollment rate for girls in education is on the rise.[10][11]

Holidays
Main article: Public holidays in Ethiopia
There are a number of public holidays in Ethiopia. Among these holidays are Meskel and
Ramadan.[12]

See also
 Architecture of Ethiopia
 Ethiopian chant
 Ethiopian Studies

Notes
1.

 https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10819101
  Dera Fitsum Medhane. "Clothing in Ethiopia." Accessed on July 14, 2005.
  "Country Level". 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia. CSA. 13 July 2010.
Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  "Languages of Ethiopia". Ethnologue. SIL International. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  Kizitus Mpoche, Tennu Mbuh, eds. (2006). Language, literature, and identity. Cuvillier.
pp.  163–164. ISBN  3-86537-839-0.
  "Article 5" (PDF). Ethiopian Constitution. FDRE. Archived from the original (PDF) on
29 September 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  Rodolfo Fattovich, "Akkälä Guzay" in Uhlig, Siegbert, ed. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-
C. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz KG, 2003, p. 169.
  Hayward and Hassan, "The Oromo Orthography of Shaykh Bakri Saṗalō", Bulletin of the
School of Oriental and African Studies, 44 (1981), p. 551
  "Gender in Brief" (PDF).
  "Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment | Ethiopia | U.S. Agency for International
Development". www.usaid.gov. 2018-11-21. Archived from the original on 2019-10-15.
Retrieved 2019-10-24.
  Worku, Yelfign (2001). "Ethiopia: From bottom to top in higher education - gender role
problems". The International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 21: 98–104.
doi:10.1108/01443330110789619. ProQuest 203704070.
12.  "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-04-16.

External links

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  Showcases Ethiopian Dress, Ancient Ethiopian Clothing Culture

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