ExPhys 1st Shifting Lecture Noteees
NEURAL CONTROL MOVEMENT
▪ NERVOUS SYSTEM
- detects, integrates, and respond to any type
of stimulus to maintain homeostasis within
the body.
1. DEPENDING ON THE ATTACHMENT
Main function:
1. detects to a certain
2. integrates/interpret stimulus
3. respond
Anatomical Division of Nervous System:
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Functional Division of Nervous System:
- Afferent Division (Sensory)
- Efferent Division (Motor)
Classifications of Efferent Division:
- Autonomic Nervous System (Involuntary)
- Somatic Nervous System (Voluntary)
Divisions of Autonomic Nervous System
- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic
- CNS: brain and spinal cord
- PNS: composed of neurons that are outside
brain and spinal cord
Page 1 of 17
- PNS is Classified in 3 ways:
1. Depending on the attachment
2. Based on the nerve propagation
3. Efferent Division (Response)
- Cranial Nerve – nerves that
originates or attached on the brain.
- Has 12 pairs
- Spinal Nerves – nerves that
originates or attached at the level of
spinal cord
- 31 pairs
2. BASED ON NERVE PROPAGATION
- Afferent or Sensory Division
- If the impulse is going back to the CNS
- Originates at the posterior horn of the spinal
cord
- Efferent or Motor Division
- Signal is going away from the CNS
- Produces the response
Stimuli response dependent on the individual because of
experiences
3. UNDER EFFERENT (RESPONSE) DIVISION
- Autonomic Nervous System
▪ Involuntary nervous system,
happens at subconscious level
▪ Conduct impulse from CNS to the
organs, glands, smooth and cardiac
muscles
▪ Division of ANS:
• Parasympathetic – rest,
digest, procreate; ex. after
eating
• Sympathetic – fight or
flight (increase activity of
body); ex. exercise
- Somatic Nervous System
▪ Voluntary
▪ Composed of nerves and skeletal
muscle
ExPhys 1st Shifting Lecture Noteees
STRUCTURE OF NEURON
- Neuron is the smallest functional unit of Nervous
System; vital to transmit information
3 Parts:
1. Cell body - – interpret if it will send/pass it to axon;
decides if ipapasa or hindi yung stimulus
2. Dendrites - – receives any type of stimulus or
information
3. Axon – transmit impulse to the next organ, neuron or
back to CNS
Afferent division: dendrites is nearer to organ
Efferent division: dendrites is nearer to Central Nervous System
AXON MODIFICATION:
- Presence of Schwann cells
o Produces lipoprotein called myelin sheath
(covers part of axon)
▪ Acts as an insulator
▪ Initiates saltatory conduction of
nerve impulses
o Spaces in between in each myelin sheath is
called nodes of Ranvier
- There is spaces so that the process will jump; impulse
is an electrical impulse and myelin sheath acts an
insulator. Impulse can’t pass through the myelin
sheath so it will jump and find conductor (another
space) – this jumping process is called saltatory
conduction
- Saltatory conduction is faster than conventional
conduction
- Presence of collateral axon
o Branch out of axon from the main axon
o Dependent on the size or number of the
organ that it will supply
o The bigger or if it’s many, the bigger
collateral axon
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SYNAPSE
- A neuron is connected to another neuron through a
synapse.
- Where two neurons connect
- Axon of presynaptic neuron connects with dendrites
of postsynaptic neuron
- There is a space between the two called synaptic cleft
NEURON COMMUNICATION
Electrical or Chemical Impulse
Electrical Impulse
- Neuron can create electrical impulse because of its
property of irritability(ability of a neuron to convert a
stimulus to an electrical impulse)
- Conductivity – ability to transmit electrical signals it
created; nerve as a conductor
Transmission of impulse in a single neuron is through an
electrical impulse
- Chemical Impulse or neurotransmission
-
- Transmission of a certain information from one
neuron to another neuron or an organ or a gland
- Happens at the synapse
STATE OF NEURON
- Electrical transmission of impulse within a neuron
- A neuron can be only at resting, excited or recover
1. RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
- To have a property of excitability or irritability the cell
should be polarized (that’s why there’s resting
potential of a neuron – there’s a potential to be
stimulated)
An influx of positive ions in a negative space will create
electricity
- It’s the difference in the ionic charges in the
extracellular and intracellular matrix ( positive and
negative pole)
o Within the poles, there’s an insulator in
between so that positive and negative
charges won’t mix
ExPhys 1st Shifting Lecture Noteees
o bilipid cellular membrane - prevents
substances leaving from intracellular matrix
and prevents substances from extracellular
enter the intracellular space)
- extracellular space is electropositive while the
intracellular space is electronegative
- -70Mv
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
- Concentration gradient & electrical gradient
controls the imbalance in the ratios of ions.
o Potassium and Sodium as primary ions to
maintain concentration gradient
➢ There’s more potassium inside
➢ There’s more sodium outside
➢ Both carries positive charge but
there’s what we called fixed anion
or negative ions (proteins,
phosphate, etc.) that can’t go out
the cellular membrane
o At rest, entering and exiting of ions are
controlled by Ion channels (2 types)
- Passive Channels
▪ Force within the cellular
membrane, doesn’t require energy
or another substance to open
▪ At rest, passive potassium ions are
always open (potassium can freely
exit ) unlike passive sodium channel
(only few are opened)
In ratio, more potassium exits than exiting sodium
- Active Channels
o Maintains negativity inside intracellular
matrix through Na-K pump within the
cellular membrane
• Pumps 2 potassium ions
inside in exchange of
pumping 3 sodium ions
out of the cell with the use
of energy or ATP
▪ Second mechanism to maintain resting
potential
▪ positivity outside (Na Sodium)
▪ - Sodium will influx the intracellular matrix
2 factors that affects the magnitude of the
resting membrane potential: the
permeability of the ions within the cell and
the amount of the substances inside and
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outside of the cell, controlled by the Na-K
pump
ELECTRICAL GRADIENT
- Anchored in Law of Attraction
- (+) to (+) = repels
- (+) to (-) = attracts
- Helps in establishing resting membrane potential
▪ Intracellular (electronegative)
attracts positive ions but can’t
enter directly because of the
pressure of cellular membrane.
Mechanism to prevent too much efflux of potassium and
influx of sodium is through the level of electricity inside the
cell:
(K) Potassium can’t go out anymore if the intracellular
reaches -94Mv – Extracellular matric is already filled with
positively charged ions - happens during the recovery phase
(Na) Sodium can’t enter anymore if the intracellular
reaches +61Mv – happens during the action potential.
2. ACTION POTENTIAL
- Excited/Stimulated state of neuron
- From a dendrite (it will receive a stimulate and it will
become an electrical impulse)
o the electrical impulse will pass through a
cellular body
o if the level of stimulation doesn’t reached a
threshold, transmission will stop at the
cellular body (it won’t reach the axon)
o -55Mv threshold inside the cell.
- If the stimulus already reached the threshold, it will
be directed to the axons.
There are 2 types of active ion channels:
1. Voltage Regulated Ion Channels
2. Chemical/ Ligand Gated Channels
VOLTAGE REGULATED ION CHANNELS
- Extracellular matrix becomes electropositive
- VRIOC along the axon will open up due to so much (+)
- Outside will become negative
- Inside will be positive up to the point of +61Mv
(action potential of one segment of axon)
To maintain the negative intracellular matrix – Recovery
Potential
ExPhys 1st Shifting Lecture Noteees
RECOVERY POTENTIAL
- Na-K pump will pump 3 sodium and 2 potassium in
but it’s inadequate that’s why there’s hyper
polarization (negativity is lower than resting
potential, it can reach to -94Mv)
- or prevent (inhibit) the next neuron to have action
- Chloride ions are going inside in the intracellular
matrix during recovery period so that neurons can go
back immediately to resting potential
Refractory Period – the period where in the neuron can’t be
stimulated
2 Types:
➢ Absolute Refractory Period
- The whole depolarization phase
- And 1/3 repolarization
- Neuron can’t be stimulated because you can’t open
any voltage ion channels for sodium anymore
(because all are opened already)
➢ Relative Refractory Period
- 2/3 of repolarization
- Some instances, it can be stimulated as long as you
have suprathreshold (above -55Mv) to create
another action potential in a neuron.
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CHEMICAL/LIGAND GATED CHANNELS
- CHEMICAL TRANSMISSION OF INFORMATION
- Transferring action potential from Axon terminal
(presynaptic neuron) and dendrites (of postsynaptic
neuron)
▪ Synapse of the two has no direct connection;
there’s a space between them (synaptic
cleft)
- STEPS:
1. When action potential reaches the axon terminal,
voltage regulated calcium ion channel will open
2. (influx of)Calcium ions will bind and tell the vesicles
(inside is the neurotransmitter) to move closer to the
cellular membrane
o Neurotransmitters are chemical produced
by the neuron
o When vesicles binds with the cellular
membrane, permeability of
neurotransmitter is better
3. Neurotransmitters will be released at the synaptic
cleft
4. Postsynaptic (cellular membrane) neuron have ligand
gated channels at the dendrites; neurotransmitter
will bind in the ligand gated channels and there will
be 2 different effect
5. Action potential is passed to the next neuron (excite)
potential
o Excitatory – opens the ligand gated channel
and let ions go inside the dendrites
o Inhibit – it will open but pass negatively
charged ions or it will not open ligand gated
channels
All or none principle “if you stimulate a motor unit, all muscles
fibers innervated by the motor unit contracts
In neuron…as long as the magnitude of the stimulus reaches
the threshold the motor neuron will have an action potential; if
the stimulation is below the threshold there will be no response
EXCITATORY MECHANISM OF NEURON
- Depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane
- From the dendrites, the chemical transmissions will
be converted back into an electrical impulse (this is
called the Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potentials or the
EPSPs)
o This is needed to stimulate the whole
neuron.
ExPhys 1st Shifting Lecture Noteees
o Depending on its magnitude if there will be
action potential in the neuron
- -
- 2 types:
o Temporal – frequency of stimulation over
time (of one presynaptic neuron) and it will
add up in the cellular body of postsynaptic
neuron
▪ for fine motor
o Spatial – simultaneous stimulation by
several presynaptic neurons (they add up)
▪ For gross motor
INHIBITORY MECHANISM
- Will cause Hyperpolarization of postsynaptic
membrane
- Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP)
- Increase resistance to depolarization
- The more negative of the intracellular matrix, the
more stimulation needed to reach threshold
o What will happen next is neuron will detect
the ratio between EPSPs and the IPSPs
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Can be divided based on their chemical structure
✓ Amino Acids – has 2 major neurotransmitters;
Glutamate and GABA
✓ Monoamines – Epinephrine, Norepinephrine,
Histamine, Dopamine, Serotonin
✓ Cholinergic Neurotransmitter -
AMINO ACIDS
➢ Glutamate
▪ Excitatory neurotransmitter
▪ Most common neurotransmitter in the brain
▪ Once released in the brain, it will increase
neuronal excitation throughout the nervous
system (neurons in the body are easy to
excite, faster action potential)
➢ GABA
▪ Inhibitory neurotransmitter
▪ Decrease/inhibit excitation all throughout
nervous system
▪ Also common in the brain
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MONOAMINES
Controls attention, mood, and sleep
➢ Epinephrine
▪ Primary excitatory neurotransmitter during
exercise
▪ Adrenaline
▪ If it is released, the heart rate and bp
increases
➢ Norepinephrine
▪ Noradrenaline
➢ Histamine
▪ For inflammatory response and wakefulness
▪
➢ Dopamine
- acts as an inhibitory neuron or excitatory neuron
based where it is released
▪ If it’s released in muscular system, inhibits
any unnecessary movement
▪ If it’s released in the bloodstream, it
stimulates the releases of growth hormones
▪ Happy hormone
➢ Serotonin
▪ Inhibitory Neurotransmitter
▪ Regulates body temperature, pain, emotion
and sleep
CHOLINERGIC NEUROTRANSMITTERS
➢ Acetylcholine
- Function can be excitatory or inhibitory NT depending
on what effector organ it will go:
▪ Excitatory if it will go to skeletal muscle;
without the release of acetylcholine, there
will be no muscle contraction
▪ Inhibitory if it is released in the heart;
inhibits cardiac muscle contraction
Inhibitory Neurotransmitter (-)
o Negative ion channels will enter post
synaptic channel or ion channels for positive
ions will be closed –> action potential will
not happen next neuron/prevents the
propagation of AP
o GABA, Serotonin, Dopamine
ExPhys 1st Shifting Lecture Noteees
Excitatory Neurotransmitter (+)
o Positive ions will enter post synaptic neuron
to continue propagation of action potential
o Acetylcholine, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine,
Histamine, Glutamate, Dopamine
PROPRIORECEPTORS IN JOINT, MUSCLE AND TENDONS
- Body proprioception: body awareness; you know the
position of your body
- Proprioceptors /Sensory organs
▪ Tells your brain about limb position and rate
of limb movement
▪ Found throughout the body
- 2 types of proprioceptors:
➢ JOINT PROPRIOCEPTORS
1. Free Nerve Endings
- Found within the joint capsule surrounding the joint
itself
- Most abundant proprioceptor in the body
- Sensitive to touch, pain, and pressure
- Can also be found in dermis of the skin
- Most active at the start of movement.
- -
- Brings a lot of signals to the brain at the start of the
movement. Eventually it will adapt, signal will be
fewer, and it will become steady = if new skill is being
performed, a lot of signals are sent to the brain but
when you practiced the skill, signaling will become
steady
2. Golgi Type Receptors
- Mainly found in the ligaments around the joints
- Same function with free nerve endings – gives the
positioning and movement happening in the joint
3. Pacinian Corpuscles
- Found outside the joint capsule (surrounds)
- Detects changes in movement and pressure
experienced by the joints
- Tells the rate of limb movement (rate of stretch)
- Abundant in the palm of the hands and heels of the
foot.
➢ MUSCLE MECHANORECEPTORS
▪ Gives the length and tension information to
the brain.
Page 6 of 17
1. Muscle Spindle
- Sensitive to the rate of muscles’ lengthening –
“Length detector”
- Intrafusal fiber – situated within the muscle, parallel
to the extrafusal muscle fibers
▪ Has 2 parts: central and peripheral parts
▪ Peripheral part – skeletal muscle; has
characteristics of skeletal muscles (can be
contract, excite, and lengthen)
Peripheral part is innervated by the Gamma Motor neuron: if
alpha motor neuron is stimulated (where muscle spindle is
located), gamma motor neuron is automatically stimulated
causing contraction of intrafusal muscle fiber
Relationship of gamma and alpha is important for the function
off muscle spindle so that the contraction of extrafusal and
intrafusal is synchronized
▪ Central part is purely sensory (true muscle spindle),
detect if the peripheral part is shortening or lengthening
Central part has specialized afferent neuron and it has 2 parts:
- primary sensory ending (tells rate of stretch of
muscle) and
secondary sensory ending (gives information to the
static lengthening/length of muscle)
2. Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)
- Detects tension produced by the muscle through the
lengthening of the tendon; usually located at
musculotendinous junction
When muscle produced tension, it will pull the tendon; if
tendon is short = small tension, if tendon is long = high tension
REFLEX MOVEMENT
- Specific response to a stimulus without volition and
doesn’t require the control of the brain/direction of
the brain
- For protection from harm
- Can be inhibited, desensitized, or amplified based on
the requirement of the activity
- Is still part of somatic nervous system (motor neuron
+ muscle fiber)
ExPhys 1st Shifting Lecture Noteees Page 7 of 17

Anatomy of Reflex Action - When carrying the heavy dumbbell, GTO will send
information will send information to the spinal cord
- Must have receptor organ via afferent neuron then there will be inhibitory
o Contains afferent neuron that sends the interneuron between afferent and efferent. Inhibitory
stimulus in the CNS/spinal cord interneuron will tell efferent neuron that there’s a
- Effector receptor organ need to relax to prevent injury. Eventually muscle will
o Efferent neuron relax (polysynaptic reflex arc because there’s a
- Happens within the Gray Matter of the Spinal cord; presence of interneuron)
has 2 types: - Autogenic inhibition – if a muscle experiencing
Monosynaptic reflex arc tension, it will relax

- direct synapse between the afferent neuron and Reciprocal inhibition is amplified through repetitive motion
efferent neuron (you should practice it) because if the skill is new, coactivation
- goes straight to the effector organ or at the muscle will happen (inhibitory neuron is not happening)

Polysynaptic Reflex arc

- Presence of an interneuron between afferent and Recurrent Inhibition

efferent neuron
- Afferent neuron -> interneuron (can be more than
one) -> efferent neuron
Simple Reflexes in the body
- Stretch reflex
o The receptor organ is the muscle spindle
(detects the rate of stretch)
o It will pass the info the afferent neuron
▪ Will have direct synapse with
efferent neuron
o Will tell the muscle to contract
▪ Monosynaptic reflex arc if you’re
just looking the muscle being
stimulated
▪ Polysynaptic reflex if you included
the antagonist that will contract
Reciprocal Inhibition
Knee jerk – quadriceps contract; hamstring antagonist. For
proper contraction of quadriceps, hamstring relaxes. There’s a
presence of inhibitory interneuron that is connected to afferent
neuron and will synapse with the efferent neuron of the
antagonist (this mechanism is called Reciprocal Inhibition; if
agonist is stimulated, the antagonist will be inhibited/relaxed;)
Stretch + reciprocal inhibition reflex = they will become complex
reflex
- Tendon Stretch Reflex
o Receptor organ is the GTO (detects the
muscle tension through the length of
tendon)
Ex. bicep curl (heavy weight)
- efferent will arise at the anterior part, it will go to the
muscle; feedback-inhibitory mechanism
- Collateral axon, will go back to ventral horn of spinal
cord, then it will attach to a inhibitory interneuron
called Renshaw cells (sensitive to the stimulation of
the alpha neuron).
o Too much stimulation from the muscle,
Renshaw cells will tell alpha motor neuron to
relax
o Renshaw cells is more on controlling the
motor neuron
- Inhibit and lower the sensitivity of recurrent and
tendon stretch reflex during strength training because
they inhibit you to carry in maximal power
Muscle Chemoreceptors
- Sensitive to the changes happening to the muscles
specifically to the concentration of hydrogen,
potassium, and carbon dioxide
o If they are increased, acidity of the
environment will increase and if the
environment is acidic, processes will slow
down
- Monitors the metabolic rate of the muscle activity
o The response of this stimulus will be
anchored to the cardiorespiratory system
Somatic Motor Function & Motor Neurons
- 1 motor neuron and its accompanying muscle fiber is
called motor unit
o Motor unit is dependent to innervation ratio
▪ Fine motor: 1:1
ExPhys 1st Shifting Lecture Noteees Page 8 of 17

▪ In between the number of muscle o After the movement, fast twitch will rest first
fibers per motor neuron before the slow twitch muscle
▪ Eye – 23:1
▪ Big muscles for locomotion – AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
2,000:1 - Organs and glands
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION - Vitals in maintaining homeostasis within the body
- Greatly affected by emotions
- Connection between a muscle and a motor neuron - Adaption happens at the parasympathetic state
- Also known as motor end plate - Sympathetic vs parasympathetic
o But in anatomy they are different
- Neuromuscular junction is the space between the
Anatomical Difference
axon terminal of a neuron and the sarcoplasmic
membrane while the motor end plate is the
- Sympathetic
membrane of the muscle where it will be excite by the ▪ Located between the Spinal Nerves T1
axon and L3
- Parasympathetic
▪ Fibers as high as brain stem
MOTOR UNIT RECRUITMENT ▪ Fibers in sacrum (s1-s3)

Anchored in 3 Principles

- All or none law Difference in Length Preganglionic axon and

o The muscles are either stimulated or not; If Postganglionic axon
motor neuron is stimulated, 1000 muscle
fibers will contract - Sympathetic
o The strength of the response of a muscle o Cell bodies rises near the spinal column;
fiber doesn’t dependent on the strength of located anteriorly and laterally to the spinal
the stimulus column
▪ Action potential is an electrical o Will form sympathetic ganglionic chain
message; it won’t influence muscle ▪ Short first axon, long second axon
contraction - Parasympathetic
- Gradation of force principle o Long first axon, short second axon
o The force of a muscle contraction is
dependent on 2 factors
Functional Difference
▪ Frequency of motor unit is - Sympathetic
discharged (how many times am I o Fight or flight response
stimulating the muscle over time) – o Everything is elevated
temporal summation of excitatory
mechanism; More on fine motor for
- Parasympathetic
control
o Rest and digest
▪ Number of motor units recruited
o Every blood flow is in the visceral organs
(more on gross motor)
o For relaxation
- Size Principle o Achieved through the neurotransmitters
o At the initiation of the movement, the excreted by the nerves of the sympathetic
smaller motor unit will be recruited first. If and parasympathetic
the smaller units aren’t enough, bigger
motor unit will come to produce force
▪ Slow twitch muscle fiber is always
first recruited (because it has small
motor unit)
ExPhys 1st Shifting Lecture Noteees Page 9 of 17

In Preganglionic – same neurotransmitter MUSCULAR SYSTEM

In Postganglionic: ➢ Types of Human Muscles
Sympathetic – Type of Muscle
Acetylcholine to norepinephrine (excitatory in organs Characteris Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
and glands) tics
Location Attached to Heart only Part of
Parasympathetic – bones blood
Acetylcholine to acetylcholine (inhibitory organs) vessel
structure
Function Movement Pumps Constricts
(Other blood blood
functions: vessels;
produces moves
heat contents
especially of internal
on cold organs
environ-
ments, and
provides
support to
the bones,
it gives
more
rigidity
Anatomical Large Quadrangu Small,
Description cylindrical, lar cells spindle-
multinuclea shaped
ted cells cells with
arranged in long axis
parallel oriented
in the
same
direction
Striated Yes Yes No
Initiation of By neuron Spon- Spontane
action only taneous ous
potential (requires (pacemake
neuron r cells)
signals for
the muscle
to contract)
Duration of Short (1-2 Long (~200 Very long,
electrical ms) ms) slow
activity
Energy Anaerobic, Aerobic Aerobic
source Aerobic
Energy Low Moderate High
efficiency
ExPhys 1st Shifting Lecture Noteees Page 10 of 17

Fatigue Low to high Low Very Low Sarcolemma

resistance
Rate of Fast Moderate Very Slow - The cell membrane of the muscle, which
shortening separates it from the neuromuscular junction
Duration of As brief as Short Very long; and the nerve and other structure.
action 100 ms; (~300 ms); may be - Covers the muscle cell
prolonged sum- sustained
Sarcoplasm
tetanus mation indefi-
and nitely - The cytosol/cytoplasm
tetanus - Where ATP PRC system and Glycolytic system
not happens as well as the anaerobic metabolism
possible - The fluid space in the muscle , the cellular

While the aerobic metabolism (Krebs cycle and the

GROSS STRUCTURE OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLE
electron transport chain) happens in the Mitochondria
Tendon – the powerhouse of the cell.

- Located at the musculoskeletal junction Transverse Tubules

- Connects the bone and the muscle
- Is perpendicular from the muscle fibers, it is
Epimysium where the action potential goes through, wave
of depolarization.
- Uttermost connective tissue covering the whole
muscle. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Fascicle - Storage sites of calcium

- Group of muscle fibers Terminal Cisternae

Perimysium - Two large vessels of sarcoplasmic reticulum that

are beside the Transverse Tubules
- Connective tissue that covers the Fascicle - Enlarged Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Muscle fiber Synaptic vesicles – where the acetylcholine is located,
- Muscle cell pre-synaptic membrane

Myofibril Synaptic cleft/ Neuromuscular Junction, Motor End

- A single strand of muscle fiber
Endomysium
- Connective tissue that covers the muscle fiber
Myofibril contains a number of sarcomeres
Sarcomere
Plate
Post synaptic membrane or the motor end plate
Neuromuscular Junction
- Acetylcholine stored at the synaptic vesicles
Once the neuron received the signal, vesicles will release
acetylcholine

- Smallest unit of muscular contraction - Presynaptic membrane -> synaptic

- Inside we can find the 2 filaments (actin & cleft/neuromuscular junction ->postsynaptic cleft
myosin)
ExPhys 1st Shifting Lecture Noteees Page 11 of 17

MICROSTRUCTURE OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLE 3. Inward movement of sodium ions sends a wave
of depolarization through the T-tubules
Sarcomere -
Contraction (Calcium pathway)
- Within a sarcomere there are portions
- Smallest contractile unit 1. Depolarization of T-tubules result in a release of
Calcium from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum into
Myosin – thick filaments that have the heads with the
the Cytosol.
enzyme myosin ATPase
2. Calcium ion binds to troponin which shifts the
Actin – Thin filaments that are composed of the position of the tropomyosin that exposes
troponin and the tropomyosin myosin binding sites.
3. Myosin heads attaches to the binding site in
actin
Portions of a contractile unit:

I band – the light colored portion of the sarcomere,

where it does not contain a myosin

- The ends of two actin that merged.

A band – Where there is a Myosin

H zone – can be seen within the A band

- Section of thick filaments

- The zone where the myosin is present but no
crossbridge formation with the actin

M line – Line in the A-band at the middle of the H zone.

Most middle line of the Myosin
Components of an Actin:
Z line – the line between the two actin
Troponin – Calcium binding site (Ones the calcium
attached to the troponin it opens up the binding sites in
the Tropomyosin, which allows the Myosin head to
attach at the Tropomyosin)

Tropomyosin – Attachment of the myosin head

Contraction (Crossbridge Cycling)

1. ATP attaches to the myosin head which releases

MUSCULAR EXCITATION AND CONTRACTION
Excitation
1. When the neuron receives a signal, Synaptic
Vesicles release the stored Acetylcholine.
2. Acetylcholine passes through the synaptic cleft
and binds with the receptors found in the
sarcolemma (postsynaptic cleft)
its bind from the actin. (ATP causes detachment
to the actin)
2. ATP breaks down into -> ADP + P + energy =
charges the myosin head (prepares the myosin
head for the power stroke)
3. P is released -> power stroke occurs
(contraction itself)
ExPhys 1st Shifting Lecture Noteees Page 12 of 17

4. ADP is released and the cycle ends with the TYPES OF MUSCULAR CONTRACTION
myosin head attached to the next binding site.

(ADP – ends the cycle, once it gets remove from the

myosin head, it allows the attachment of the new actin
site to the myosin head)

The muscle will only contract whenever there is an

signal.(ATP) Once the signal ceases, relaxation happens.
Muscle seizes to contract: (1.) no signal from the
neuron, and (2.) there will be no longer production of
ATP
Phasic - relating to a phases or phases (down phase, up
Relaxation phase, etc.)

1. Motor neuron ceases to fire. Acetylcholine is no
longer released (in neuromuscular junction) ->
(cell membrane) muscle is repolarized.
2. Calcium is pumped back to Sarcoplasmic
reticulum
3. Without calcium ions, troponin moves back the
tropomyosin to cover the binding sites.
Isometric – no change in length but there’s change in
tone/tension (hold in place lang ng Myosin and Actin)
Isotonic – no change in tone but there is change in
length
Concentric – Muscle shortening, Myosin pulls the actin
Eccentric – Muscle lengthening, Myosin and actin splits,
but there is still contraction.

Neuromuscular fatigability Tonic – gives muscle a certain firmness slightly

contracted
- Fatigability: the inability of motor unit to
contract Reflexive – respiration actions
- Source (mechanism of fatigability) can be from
motor neuron or muscle fiber itself.
1. Exercise- induced alterations of the CNS Length – Tension Relationship
neurotransmitters.(motor neuron)
2. Reduced glycogen content in active muscle fiber
during prolonged exercise. (muscle fiber)
3. Lack of oxygen and increased muscle and blood
lactate. (muscle fiber)
4. Fatigue at the neuromuscular junction which
does not allow the travel of the action potential.
(motor neuron)

Active – refers to the contractile segment of the muscle

(sarcomere, muscle fibers, etc.)

Passive – covering of the muscle (connective tissues);

does not have contractile element.

➢ No contraction = no force
ExPhys 1st Shifting Lecture Noteees Page 13 of 17

Active’s force decreases over time because at some point SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER TYPES
actin and myosin bridges won’t overlap (when it’s lengthen
too much) 3 energy system:

➢ There’s an ideal length-tension relationship which
can produce the largest force which is also
equivalent to isometric contraction (in between 0.6-
0.7) – equivalent to isometric contraction.
➢ The further you stretch it, after decrease in force of
active, doon lang siya mag iistretch(passive) = muscle
strain (yung blue na nag spike sa bandang huli)
➢
- ATP-PCR: for fast, quick, and explosive
- Glycolytic System or Anaerobic lactate:
produces lactate, faster than oxidative
- Oxidative Energy System
-

.1 = Decrease force production , active insufficiency

(When the muscle lengthens, the actin goes further,
force production ma i-increase)

.2 = force produced = increase in length, more

crossbridge formation

.3 = The more it lengthens, nauubos ang cross

bridges and

.4 = the contractile no longer have the ability to

contract, because their is no more crossbridge of
myosin-actin -> too lengthy already.

Force-Velocity Curve of a Muscle

Eccentric – as the force increases the velocity

increases

Concentric – as the force increases, the velocity is

inversely proportion
ExPhys 1st Shifting Lecture Noteees Page 14 of 17

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE

Pulmonary System • Nose - the inlet of the air (but the mouth can
also be, mostly used when performing heavy or
high intensity exercise because mouth can
accommodate more air)
• Nasal Cavity –
• Pharynx – Has 2 functions, both part of digestive
and respiratory system.
- Passageway connecting the nasal and mouth
cavity to the Larynx.
• Larynx – aka voice box, modulates and controls
our voices.
- Epiglottis covers it when we are eating
• Trachea – Cartilaginous, so that it won’t collapse
Subdivision by Structure
• Bronchi – left and right
➢ Upper Respiratory Tract - Main passageway to the left and right lung
➢ Lower respiratory Tract ▪ Left lung – has 2 lobes (Superior
and Inferior)
Subdivision by Function
▪ Right lung – has 3 lobes
➢ Conduction Zone (Superior, Middle, Inferior)
➢ Respiration Zone • Bronchioles – Smaller tubules, then it will
become respiratory bronchioles
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT –
• Alveoli –
parts of the respiratory system that resides
within the head and the neck (mouth, nose, pharynx,
larynx)

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT –

resides on the thorax (it includes the trachea,

bronchi, bronchioles, to the smallest sacs, the alveoli)

CONDUCTION ZONE –

Main Function: Deliver air within and going out (inhale-

exhale) – bulk of the oxygen coming in and the
passageway itself

Roles:

- To neutralize the temperature

- To provide moisture for inhalation
- Passageway for air

RESPIRATION ZONE –

Where diffusion happens (the transfer of

particles from a higher to lower concentration)
ExPhys 1st Shifting Lecture Noteees Page 15 of 17

For structure in dividing the conduction and respiratory ➢ DIFUSSION

zone the MAIN POINT ON WHERE THEY DIVIDE – is the - Particles in higher concentration goes to lower
start of respiratory zone (respiratory bronchioles) concentration

Conduction zone – Nasal cavity → (terminal bronchioles)

Respiratory zone – Respiratory bronchioles → alveoli sac INSPIRATION

- Major muscle: Diaphragm

▪ When it contracts it pulls down
creating larger lung volume
- Active inspiration (in exercise), external
intercostal, scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, and
pec minor are used for raising the ribs and
expands the thoracic wall
▪ Sternocleidomastoid
elevates sternum
▪ Scalenes fix or elevate
ribs 1-2
▪ External intercostals
elevate ribs 2-12
▪ Pec minor elevates ribs
VISCERAL PLEURA 3-5
- Covers the lung EXPIRATION
- Epithelia covering of the lungs
- Passive process (pressure and volume only
PLEURAL CAVITY matters
- The fluid in between (serves as a medium so that - For forceful/active expiration: rectus
one pleura can slide over the other) abdominis, external oblique, and internal
intercostals are used
PARIETAL PLEURA o Rectus abdominis (inserts at 5th to 7th
- Cover the thoracic wall ribs) and external oblique(originates at
the lower 8 ribs) will push up the
Visceral and Parietal Pleura are serous membrane which diaphragm again
means they secrete mucus or serosa; in between the two o Internal intercostals will depress ribs 1-11
is the pleural cavity --- 3 pleura is important for air out
pressure

BREATHING MECHANICS

➢ BULK FLOW
- Observable exchange in gas
- Because of higher pressure at the atmospheric
level and the lower pressure within the lungs
that causes us to inhale
o Boyle’s law
ExPhys 1st Shifting Lecture Noteees Page 16 of 17

Expiration

- Diaphragm relaxes
o Volumes goes down, pressure increases
(760mmHg equilibrium in inhaling will
increase to 763mmHg resulting to
imbalance of intrapulmonary and
atmospheric pressure)
- It will attempt to balance (homeostasis) out; air
molecules goes out
o 763mmHg will become 760mmHg again

1. Diaphragm relaxes
2. volume decreases pressure increases
BOYLE’S LAW IN INHALATION AND EXPIRATION
3. air molecules goes out
Ex. 4. pressure decreases
Environment (outside the lungs): Atmospheric
pressure = 760 mmHg (at the sea level)
If in you’re in a higher altitude; atmospheric pressure will
Inside the Visceral pleura is called intrapulmonary become higher
pressure
- Tight feeling (constriction) when breathing
Inside the pleural cavity is called intrapleural pressure (forceful inspiration) because the body tries to
At rest: Atmospheric pressure is equal to intrapulmonary balance
pressure but the intrapleural is usually less than 4 or 5 - Pressure is higher;
compared to intrapulmonary pressure o In order to increase pressure in our body
(to balance out) volume has to increase
- Intrapulmonary = 760mmHg first so that air will go inside
- Intrapleural pressure = 756mmHg ▪ Climatize
Inspiration

- Diaphragm contracts DIFFUSION

- Lung Volume increases, pressure decreases
- Lung is efficient for diffusion because of:
o Intrapulmonary pressure becomes
o It has very large Surface area
757mmHg
▪ Especially when it expands (when it
o Imbalance outside and inside, air expands doon nagkakaroon ng
molecules goes in to balance out transaction in the alveoli and the
- Air pressure increases again when the air capillaries)
molecules goes inside (air pressure will become • Exchange of O2 and CO2
760mmHg again within the lungs) ▪ CO2 is more dominant when we
exhale
1. Lung increases, pressure decreases o Size of particles should be small
2. air molecules goes in to balance out o Amount of particles in relation to
3. pressure increases intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural
pressure
▪ So that diffusion to occur
ExPhys 1st Shifting Lecture Noteees
▪ Intrapulmonary goes (high
concentration) to intrapleural (low
concentration) to capillaries
o Thickness of the wall
▪ Serous lining, pleura cavity, and
parietal pleura separates oxygen to
capillaries
▪ Which makes gas to liquid relatively
easy
WHY IS THE LUNGS VERY EFFICIENT FOR DIFFUSION?
1. Large Surface Area
2. Size of particles should be small
3. Amount of particles (higher pressure = higher
concentration) -- Laging mas mababa sa intrapulmonary
pressure
Respiratory Capacities
4. Thickness of the wall (Thick = makes the diffusion from
gas to liquid relatively easy.)
LUNG VOLUME AND CAPACITIES
Respiratory Volumes
➢ Tidal Volume (TV) – Amount of air inhaled or
exhaled in one breath during quiet
breathing.
- Around 500ml to regular adult male
➢ Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) – Amount
of air in excess of tidal volume that can be
inhaled with maximum effort.
Page 17 of 17
- Around 3000ml
➢ Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) – Amount
of air in excess of tidal volume that can be
exhaled with maximum effort.
- Around 1,200ml
➢ RESIDUAL VOLUME (RV) – Amount of air
remaining in the lungs after maximum
expiration, that is, the amount of air that can
never be voluntarily exhaled.
- Around 1,300 ml
➢ Vital Capacity (VC) – Amount of air that can
be forcefully exhaled following a maximum
inspiration.
VC = (ERV + TV + IRV)
➢ Inspiratory Capacity (IC) – Maximum
amount of air that can be inhaled following a
normal expiration
IC = (TV + IRV)
➢ Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) –
Amount of air remaining in the lungs
following a normal expiration.
FRC= ( RV + ERV)
➢ Total Lung Capacity (TLC) – Maximum
amount of air in the lungs at the end of a
maximum inspiration
TLC = (RV + VC)