CHAPTER-1 HISTORY

PART PRESENTATION
SIDDHARTH UPMANYU
CLASS –X F
 CONTENTS

• THE NAPOLEONIC CODE OF CONDUCT

• MAKING OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

• LIBERALISM

• CONSERVATISM

• THE REVOLUTIONARIES
 THE NAPOLEONIC CODE OF CONDUCT;
BACKGROUND

• Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) was a French

military leader and emperor who conquered
much of Europe in the early 19th century.

• He was born on the island of Corsica, France.

• Napoleon rapidly rose through the ranks of the

military during the French Revolution (1789-
1799).

• After seizing political power in France in 1799,

he crowned himself emperor in 1804.

• Shrewd, ambitious and a skilled military

strategist, Napoleon successfully waged war
against various coalitions of European nations
and expanded his empire.
 THE NAPOLEONIC CODE OF CONDUCT
(CODE OF 1804)
Salient features of the code

 RETURN OF MONARCHY.

 INCREASE TAXATION

 CENSORSHIP

 FORCED CONSCRIPTION INTO FRENCH ARMY

 ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS.

 REMOVAL OF PRIVILEGES BASED ON BIRTH.

 EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW & RIGHT TO PROPERTY.

 ABOLISHED FEUDAL SYSTEMS BY FREEING PEASANTS FROM SERFDOM & MANORIAL DUES.

 REMOVAL OF GUILD RESTRICTIONS IN TOWNS.

 IMPROVEMENT IN TRANSPORT & COMMUNICATION.

 UNIFORM LAWS, WEIGHTS & MEASURES AND NATIONAL CURRENCY.

 MAKING OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

• Looking at the map of Europe during mid 18th

century, we find that there were no nations states
as we know them today.
18th century Europe Current Europe
 MAKING OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
CONT..

• Though Europeans during mid 18th

century were having differences in:
• Culture
• Languages
• Dialects
But many of them remained together under
the same emperor.
 HOW DID NATIONALISM AND THE
IDEA OF NATION STATE EMERGE?
• EARLY EUROPEAN SOCIETY

• THE ARISTOCRACY (UPPER CLASS):

• THE LANDED ARISTOCRACY WERE THE
DOMINANT GROUP.
• THEY HAD COMMON INTERESTS AND
LIFESTYLE.
• OWNED LARGE COUNTRY ESTATES AND
TOWN HOUSES.
• CONNECTED BY MARRIAGE TIES.
• MOST OF THEM SPOKE FRENCH.

• THE LOWER CLASS:

• MAJORITY OF THE PEOPLE WERE
PEASANTS.
• MOST WERE LANDLESS AND WORKED AS
SERFS.
 HOW DID NATIONALISM AND THE
IDEA OF NATION STATE EMERGE?
• Rise of New Middle class
• Industrialization began in England during second half of the
18th century.
• However, this could occur in Europe only during 19th
century.
• Owing to this new group start rising known as new middle
class that includes industrialists, businessmen, professionals.
• But these groups were smaller in number till late 19th
century.
• Idea of national unity following the abolition of aristocracy
privileges gained popularity among these groups.
• This way idea of nation state emerged.
WHAT DID LIBERALISM STAND FOR?

• Liberalism came from the latin word liber, meaning

free.
• This was having different meaning for different
group of people.
WHAT DID LIBERALISM STAND FOR?

SOCIAL LIBERALISM:
• END OF AUTOCRACY AND CLERICAL PRIVILEGES.
• FREEDOM OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND EQUALITY BEFORE LAW.
• FREEDOM OF THE PRESS.

• POLITICAL LIBERALISM:
• GOVT BY CONSENT, CONSTITUTION & REPRESENTATIVE PARLIAMENT.
• INVIOLABILITY OF PRIVATE PROPERTY.
• UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE (WOMEN & NON-PROPERTIED MEN).

• ECONOMIC LIBERALISM:
• FREEDOM OF MARKETS, ABOLITION OF RESTRICTION OF MOVEMENT OF
GOODS.
• UNIFORM DUTIES, WEIGHTS& MEASURES.
• ZOLLVEREIN, formed in 1834, IS THE EXAMPLE OF THIS.
 CONSERVATISM AFTER 1815

FOLLOWING THE DEFEAT OF NAPOLEON IN 1815, EUROPEAN

GOVERNMENTS WERE DRIVEN BY THE SPIRITS OF CONSERVATISM

• IN 1815 ENGLAND, RUSSIA, AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA SIGNED THE

TREATY OF VIENNA, UNDOING THE CHANGES MADE BY NAPOLEON.

• THEY BELIEVED THAT THE MONARCHY, CHURCH, ARISTOCRACY,

SOCIAL HIERARCHIES, PROPERTY AND FAMILY SHOULD BE
PRESERVED.

• WANTED TO PRESERVE NAPOLEON’S ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS.

• BUFFER STATES WERE SET UP ON THE BOUNDARIES OF FRANCE TO

PREVENT FUTURE EXPANSION.

• TRIED TO RESTORE MONARCHIES THAT HAD BEEN OVERTHROWN BY

NAPOLEON.
 CHANGES BROUGHT BY
CONSERVATISM
• RETURN OF AUTOCRATIC REGIMES.

• DID NOT TOLERATE DISSENT OR CRITICISM.

• CENSORSHIP LAWS BROUGHT IN TO LIMIT THE SPREAD

OF LIBERAL IDEAS.
 EFFECT OF TREATY OF VIENNA

• BOURBON WAS RESTORED TO POWER ( WHICH WAS DEPOSED

DURING FRENCH REVOLUTION).

• A SERIES OF STATES WERE SET UP ON THE BOUNDARIES OF FRANCE

TO PREVENT FRENCH EXPANSION IN FUTURE.

• KINGDOM OF NETHERLANDS INCLUDING BELGIUM WAS SET UP IN

THE NORTH

• GENOA WAS ADDED TO PIEDMONT IN THE SOUTH.

EFFECT OF TREATY OF VIENNA
 THE REVOLUTIONARIES

• RETURN OF MONARCHIES DROVE MANY LIBERAL

NATIONALISTS UNDERGROUND.

• SECRET SOCIETIES WERE FORMED.

• THEIR AIM WAS TO FIGHT FOR LIBERTY & EQUALITY.

• WANTED TO ESTABLISH NATION- STATES.

 GIUSEPPE MAZZINI:
A REVOLUTIONARY
• HE WAS AN ITALIAN
REVOLUTIONARY.
• MEMBER OF
CARBONARY,FOUNDER OF
YOUNG ITALY AND YOUNG
EUROPE.
• BELIEVED THAT GOD INTENDED
NATIONS TO BE THE NATURAL
UNITS OF MANKIND.
• METTERNICH DESCRIBED HIM
AS ‘THE MOST DANGEROUS
ENEMY OF THE CONSERVATIVE
SOCIAL ORDER.’
THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION

GROWTH OF URBAN MIDDLE CLASS