DX Hepatitis PDF

eNursing Care Plan 43-1
Patient with Acute Viral Hepatitis
Nursing Diagnosis*
Impaired Nutritional Status
Etiology: Anorexia, nausea, reduced metabolism of nutrients by liver
Supporting data: Anorexia, aversion to eating, inadequate food intake, body weight 20%
or more below ideal weight range
Patient Goals
1. Maintains weight appropriate for height
2. Maintains food and fluid intake adequate to meet nutritional needs
Outcomes (NOC) Interventions (NIC) and Rationales

Nutritional Status Nutrition Therapy
• Nutrient intake ___ • Complete a nutritional assessment to determine
• Food intake ___ baseline nutritional state.
• Fluid intake ___ • Monitor food/fluid ingested and calculate daily
• Weight/height ratio ___ caloric intake (i.e., keep a food diary) so appropriate
• Energy ___ interventions can be planned.
• Determine, in collaboration with the dietitian, the
Measurement Scale number of calories and type of nutrients needed to
1 = Severe deviation from normal meet nutrition requirements.
range • Present food in an attractive, pleasing manner,
2 = Substantial deviation from giving consideration to color, texture, and variety to
normal range stimulate patient’s appetite.
3 = Moderate deviation from
normal range
Nausea Management
4 = Mild deviation from normal
range • Teach the use of nonpharmacological techniques
5 = No deviation from normal (e.g., biofeedback, hypnosis, relaxation, guided
range imagery, music therapy, distraction, acupressure) to
manage nausea without the use of drugs requiring
Nausea and Vomiting Control hepatic metabolism.
• Uses preventive measures ___ • Encourage eating small amounts of foods that appeal
• Avoids disagreeable odors ___ to the nauseated person to increase nutrition intake.
• Reports uncontrolled • Monitor effects of nausea management throughout
symptoms to health care to determine changes in status.
professional ___ • Weigh regularly to monitor weight loss secondary to
poor appetite
Measurement Scale • Encourage frequent oral hygiene to promote
1 = Never demonstrated comfort, unless it stimulates nausea.
2 = Rarely demonstrated
3 = Sometimes demonstrated
*Nursing diagnoses listed in order of priority.
Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.


4 = Often demonstrated
5 = Consistently demonstrated
Nursing Diagnosis
Activity Intolerance
Etiology: Fatigue, weakness
Supporting data: Reports of fatigue or weakness, altered response to activity
Patient Goals
1. Has gradual increase in activity tolerance
2. Reports ability to perform daily activities with scheduled rest periods

Energy Conservation Energy Management
• Recognizes energy limitations • Use valid instruments to measure fatigue for
___ baseline comparison.
• Reports adequate endurance • Assist patient to schedule rest periods to prevent
for activity ___ stress on liver function.
• Balances activity and rest ___ • Encourage patient to choose activities that gradually
• Uses energy conservation build endurance so previous activity pattern can be
techniques ___ resumed.
• Organizes activities to • Limit environmental stimuli (e.g., light and noise) to
conserve energy ___ facilitate relaxation.
• Teach patient and caregiver to recognize signs and
Measurement Scale symptoms of fatigue that require reduction in
1 = Never demonstrated activity to promote self-management.
2 = Rarely demonstrated • Teach activity organization and time management
3 = Sometimes demonstrated techniques to prevent fatigue.
5 = Consistently demonstrated • Monitor patient for evidence of excess physical and
emotional fatigue to prevent setback of activity
progression.
Nursing Diagnosis
Lack of Knowledge
Etiology: Questions about viral hepatitis
Supporting data: Questions about the disease, including management and signs and
symptoms of complications
Patient Goal
Maintains liver function throughout infectious process adequate to meet physiologic
needs

Knowledge: Disease Process Teaching: Disease Process


• Risk factors ___ • Explain pathophysiology of the disease and how it
• Physiologic effects of disease relates to anatomy and physiology.
___ • Describe rationale behind
• Strategies to minimize disease management/therapy/treatment recommendations so
progression ___ that appropriate follow-up care will be planned and
• Potential complications of carried out.
disease ___ • Describe possible chronic complications to identify
• Signs and symptoms of the risk for liver impairment.
disease complications ___ • Discuss lifestyle changes (e.g., avoidance of alcohol,
• Potential complications of infection control measures) that may be required to
disease ___ prevent further complications and/or control the
disease.
Measurement Scale • Explore possible resources/support for long-term
1 = No knowledge disease management.
2 = Limited knowledge • Teach patient signs and symptoms (e.g., bleeding
3 = Moderate knowledge gums, blood in stools) to report to health care
4 = Substantial knowledge provider to enable prompt intervention.
5 = Extensive knowledge
• Teach patient measures to control/minimize
symptoms to enable liver to repair itself and prevent
relapse.

Patient with Cirrhosis
Nursing Diagnosis*
**Outcomes and interventions for this nursing diagnosis for the patient with cirrhosis
are presented in eNursing Care Plan 43-1, the Patient with Acute Viral Hepatitis
Etiology: Anorexia, impaired utilization and storage of nutrients, nausea, loss of nutrients
from vomiting
Supporting data: Lack of interest in food, aversion to eating, reported inadequate food
intake
Nursing Diagnosis
Impaired Tissue Integrity
Etiology: Peripheral edema, ascites, pruritus
Supporting data: Reports of itching; areas of excoriation due to scratching; taut, shiny
skin over edematous areas; areas of skin breakdown
Patient Goal
Maintains skin integrity with relief of edema and pruritus

Tissue Integrity: Skin and Pruritus Management
Mucous Membranes • Teach patient to keep fingernails trimmed short to
• Skin integrity ___ prevent excoriation due to pruritus from deposit of
• Elasticity ___ bile salts in skin.
• Texture ___ • Apply medicated creams and lotions to relieve
• Hydration ___ itching, avoiding use of systemic drugs that require
liver metabolism.
Measurement Scale
1 = Severely compromised Skin Care: Topical Treatments
2 = Substantially compromised • Inspect skin daily for those at risk of breakdown
3 = Moderately compromised because edematous tissues are easily traumatized
4 = Mildly compromised and subject to breakdown.
5 = Not compromised
• Provide support to edematous areas (e.g., pillows
under arms, and scrotal support).
• Turn the immobilized patient at least every 2 hr to
reduce risk of skin breakdown in dependent areas.
• Keep bed linen clean, dry, and wrinkle free to
protect skin from irritation.
• Use nonalkaline cleanser on skin to prevent
additional irritation of the skin.

Nursing Diagnosis
Fluid Imbalance
Etiology: Portal hypertension, hyperaldosteronism
Supporting data: Weight gain, dependent edema, ascites
Patient Goals
1. Achieves normal fluid balance as a result of medical and nursing interventions
2. Maintains blood pressure and urinary output within normal limits

Fluid Overload Severity Hypervolemia Management
• Ascites ___ • Weigh patient daily at consistent times and monitor
• Increased abdominal girth ___ trends to evaluate effectiveness of treatment.
• Generalized edema ___ • Administer prescribed medications to reduce preload
• Increased blood pressure ___ (e.g., diuretics) to prevent fluid retention and
• Weight gain ___ promote diuresis.
• Decreased urine output ___ • Monitor intake and output to maintain necessary
fluid restrictions and assess renal function.
Measurement Scale • Monitor changes in peripheral edema to determine
1 = Severe patient’s response to treatment.
2 = Substantial
3 = Moderate Fluid/Electrolyte Management
4 = Mild • Provide prescribed diet appropriate for specific fluid
5 = None or electrolyte imbalance (e.g., low-sodium, fluid-
restricted, low-protein, and no added salt) to prevent
additional fluid retention.
• Obtain laboratory specimens for monitoring of
altered fluid or electrolyte levels (e.g., hematocrit,
BUN, protein, sodium, and potassium levels) to
evaluate effectiveness of treatment.
Nursing Diagnosis
Substance Abuse
Etiology: Use of alcohol, ineffective coping
Supporting data: Observed inability to take responsibility for health, failure to take action
to reduce risk factors
Patient Goals
1. Acknowledges a substance use problem
2. Participates in an alcohol treatment program
3. Achieves abstinence of alcohol

Alcohol Abuse Cessation Substance Use Treatment
Behavior • Encourage or praise patient efforts to accept
• Expresses willingness to stop responsibility for substance use-related dysfunction


alcohol use ___ and treatment to change undesired behaviors.
• Commits to alcohol • Teach patient effects of substance used (e.g.,
elimination strategies ___ physical, psychologic, social) to promote
• Uses effective coping acknowledgment of consequences of use.
mechanisms ___ • Assist patient in developing healthy, effective coping
• Adjusts lifestyle to promote mechanisms to reduce substance use.
alcohol elimination ___ • Encourage patient to participate in self-help support
• Obtains assistance from health program during and after treatment (e.g., 12-step
professional ___ programs, Al-Anon) to promote continued
• Uses available support groups abstinence.
___
Self-Responsibility Facilitation
Measurement Scale • Hold patient responsible for own behavior to
1 = Never demonstrated facilitate responsible behaviors.
2 = Rarely demonstrated • Discuss with patient the extent of responsibility for
3 = Sometimes demonstrated present health status.
• Discuss consequences of not dealing with own
responsibilities to emphasize realistic outcomes.
Health Beliefs: Perceived • Set limits on manipulative behaviors to prevent
Control attempts to shift responsibilities.
• Belief that own decisions • Refrain from arguing or bargaining about the
control health outcomes ___ established limits with the patient to prevent
avoidance of responsibility.
• Belief that own actions control
health outcomes ___ • Provide positive feedback for accepting additional
responsibility and/or behavior change to reinforce
• Perceived responsibility for
desired behaviors.
health decisions ___
Measurement Scale
1 = Very weak
2 = Weak
3 = Moderate
4 = Strong
5 = Very strong
Nursing Diagnosis
Impaired Family Coping
Etiology: Use of alcohol and inadequate coping skills
Supporting data: Deterioration in family relationships, family denial, neglected
obligations, inability to accept and receive help appropriately
Patient Goals
1. Family confronts problems and involves family members in decision making
2. Family uses available social support for treatment of alcohol use


Family Coping Family Therapy
• Confronts family problems • Assess family communication patterns to identify
___ appropriate interventions.
• Uses strategies to manage • Identify family strengths/resources to recommend
family conflict ___ appropriate interventions.
• Establishes family priorities • Help members prioritize and select the most
___ immediate family issue to address.
• Shares responsibility for • Help family enhance existing positive coping
family tasks ___ strategies for use in promoting coping.
• Uses available family support • Help family set goals toward a more competent way
system ___ of handling dysfunctional behavior.
• Involves family members in • Monitor for adverse therapeutic responses to
decision-making ___ intervene as necessary.
Measurement Scale
1 = Never demonstrated
2 = Rarely demonstrated
3 = Sometimes demonstrated
Nursing Diagnosis
Risk for Bleeding
Risk Factors: Bleeding tendency secondary to altered clotting factors and rupture of
esophageal or gastric varices
Patient Goal
Has no evidence of bleeding

Blood Coagulation Bleeding Precautions
• Bleeding ___ • Monitor for hemorrhage by assessing for epistaxis,
• Bruising ___ purpura, petechiae, easy bruising, gingival bleeding,
• Petechiae ___ hematuria, heavy menstrual bleeding, melena, or
• Ecchymosis ___ frank bleeding from body orifices because liver
• Purpura ___ disease results in impaired synthesis of clotting
• Hematuria ___ factors.
• Hemoptysis ___ • Monitor laboratory results for hematocrit,
hemoglobin, and prothrombin time as indicators of
Measurement Scale anemia, active bleeding, or impending clotting
1 = Severe problems.
2 = Substantial • Monitor circulatory status: BP, skin color, skin
3 = Moderate temperature, heart rate and rhythm, presence and
4 = Mild quality of peripheral pulses, and capillary refill for
5 = None early detection of hypovolemia.


• Use smallest-gauge needle possible when giving
injections or drawing blood specimens, and apply
gentle but prolonged pressure to injection sites to
minimize risk of bleeding into tissue.
• Advise use of soft-bristle toothbrush and avoidance
of irritating food to reduce injury to highly vascular
oral mucous membranes.
• Teach patient to avoid straining at stool, vigorous
blowing of nose, and coughing to reduce risk of
hemorrhage at these sites.
• Have patient use electric razor instead of straight-
edge razor blade for shaving to reduce potential for
skin nicks.
• Protect patient from trauma to reduce tissue damage
and subsequent bleeding into tissue.
• Tell patient to avoid invasive procedures; if they are
necessary, monitor closely for bleeding, to reduce
potential for internal bleeding.
• Teach patient and/or caregiver(s) to avoid aspirin or
other anticoagulants to prevent additional bleeding
risk.
Collaborative Problems
Potential Complication
Hepatic encephalopathy related to increased serum levels of ammonia due to inability

of liver to convert accumulating ammonia to urea for renal excretion
Nursing Goals Nursing Interventions and Rationales

• Monitor for signs of hepatic • Monitor for encephalopathy (i.e., assess patient’s
encephalopathy general behavior, orientation to time and place,
• Report deviation from speech, blood pH, and ammonia levels) caused by
acceptable parameters toxic effects of ammonia on nervous system.
• Carry out appropriate medical • Encourage fluids (if not restricted) and administer
and nursing interventions medications as ordered to decrease ammonia
production and absorption from the bowel and to
promote bowel elimination of ammonia.
• Limit physical activity because exercise produces
ammonia as a by-product of protein metabolism.
BUN, Blood urea nitrogen.

Patient with Acute Pancreatitis
Nursing Diagnosis*
Fluid Imbalance
Etiology: Nausea, vomiting, restricted oral intake, fluid shift into the retroperitoneal
space
Supporting data: Decreased urine output, decreased blood pressure, increased heart rate,
decreased peripheral pulse volume, thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes
Patient Goal
Maintains fluid and electrolyte balance within normal limits

Fluid Balance Vomiting Management
• Blood pressure ___ • Ensure effective antiemetic drugs are given to
• Radial pulse rate ___ prevent vomiting when possible to reduce fluid loss
• Moist mucous membranes by preventing vomiting.
___ • Measure or estimate emesis volume as indicators of
• Peripheral pulses ___ replacement needs and effectiveness of treatment.
• 24-hour intake and output
balance ___ Fluid/Electrolyte Management
• Urine specific gravity ___ • Obtain laboratory specimens for monitoring of
altered fluid or electrolyte levels (e.g., hematocrit,
Measurement Scale blood urea nitrogen [BUN], protein, sodium,
1 = Severely compromised potassium), as appropriate, to evaluate effectiveness
2 = Substantially compromised of treatment.
3 = Moderately compromised • Ensure that intravenous solution containing
4 = Mildly compromised electrolytes is administered at a constant flow rate to
5 = Not compromised prevent fluid or electrolyte overload.
• Consult health care provider if signs and symptoms
• Ascites ___ of fluid and/or electrolyte imbalance persist or
• Muscle cramps ___ worsen because these may indicate development of
• Adventitious breath sounds complications.
___
Measurement Scale
1 = Severe
2 = Substantial
3 = Moderate
4 = Mild
5 = None

Nursing Diagnosis
Electrolyte Imbalance
Etiology: Hypocalcemia
Supporting data: Tetany, tingling in tips of fingers, feet, or mouth,
Trousseau’s/Chvostek’s sign, hyperphosphatemia, irritability, personality disturbances
Patient Goal
Maintains normal electrolyte balance

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Electrolyte Management: Hypocalcemia
Balance • Observe for clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia
• Serum calcium ___ (e.g., tetany [classic sign]; tingling in tips of fingers,
• Serum magnesium ___ feet, or mouth; spasms of muscles in face or
• Serum potassium ___ extremities; Trousseau’s sign; Chvostek’s sign;
• Serum pH ___ altered deep tendon reflexes; seizures [late sign]) to
• Serum glucose ___ provide appropriate intervention.
• Sensation in extremities ___ • Monitor for psychosocial manifestations of
hypocalcemia (e.g., personality disturbances,
Measurement Scale impaired memory, anxiety, irritability, depression,
1 = Severe deviation from normal delirium, hallucinations, psychosis).
range • Monitor for electrolyte imbalances associated with
2 = Substantial deviation from hypocalcemia (e.g., hyperphosphatemia,
normal range hypomagnesemia, alkalosis) to provide appropriate
3 = Moderate deviation from intervention.
normal range
• Administer appropriate prescribed calcium salt (e.g.,
range calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium
5 = No deviation from normal gluconate) using only calcium diluted in D5W,
range administered slowly with a volumetric infusion
pump, to prevent adverse effects.
• Muscle cramps ___
• Paresthesia ___ Electrolyte Management
• Impaired cognition ___ • Monitor patient’s response to prescribed electrolyte
therapy to evaluate effectiveness of therapy.
Measurement Scale • Consult health care provider if signs and symptoms
1 = Severe of fluid and/or electrolyte imbalance persist or
2 = Substantial worsen so that corrective therapy can be initiated.
3 = Moderate
4 = Mild
5 = None

Nursing Diagnosis
Acute Pain
Etiology: Distention of pancreas, peritoneal irritation, obstruction of biliary tract,
ineffective pain and comfort measures
Supporting data: Communication of pain descriptors, guarding behavior, behaviors
indicative of pain (e.g., moaning), diaphoresis, changes in blood pressure, pulse, and
respiratory rate
Patient Goals
1. Reports adequate pain control
2. Uses nonpharmacologic techniques of pain management to reduce need for pain
medication

Pain Control Pain Management
• Uses analgesics as • Perform a comprehensive assessment of pain to
recommended ___ include location, characteristics, onset/duration,
• Uses nonanalgesic relief frequency, quality, intensity or severity of pain, and
measures ___ precipitating factors to plan appropriate
• Reports changes in pain interventions.
symptoms to health • Provide optimal pain relief with prescribed analgesics
professional ___ to ensure more effective relief of pain.
• Reports uncontrolled • Evaluate the effectiveness of the pain control
symptoms to health measures used through ongoing assessment of the
professional ___ pain experience to adjust pain medication
• Reports pain is controlled administration and provide ongoing relief of pain.
___ • Teach the use of nonpharmacologic techniques (e.g.,
relaxation, guided imagery, music, distraction,
Measurement Scale hot/cold application, massage) before, after, and—if
1 = Never demonstrated possible—during painful activities; before pain
2 = Rarely demonstrated occurs or increases; and along with other pain-relief
3 = Sometimes demonstrated measures to assist in reducing the restlessness that
4 = Often demonstrated usually accompanies the pain.
• Notify health care provider if measures are
unsuccessful or if current complaint is a significant
change from patient’s past experience of pain
because increasing pain can indicate complications
of peritonitis or necrotizing pancreatitis.

Nursing Diagnosis
Etiology: Anorexia, dietary restrictions, nausea, loss of nutrients from vomiting, impaired
digestion
Supporting data: Weight loss, weakness, fatigue, weight below normal for height and age
Patient Goals
1. Maintains weight appropriate for height
2. Maintains food and fluid intake adequate to meet nutritional needs

Nutritional Status Nutrition Therapy
• Food intake ___ • Monitor laboratory values as indicators of patient’s
• Fluid intake ___ response to treatment.
• Energy ___ • Determine need for enteral tube feedings per jejunal
• Weight/height ratio ___ tube to provide nutrition without stimulating the
pancreas.
Nutritional Status: • Administer parenteral nutrition during acute illness to
Biochemical Measures rest the stomach and pancreas.
• Serum albumin ___ • Ensure availability of progressive therapeutic diet to
• Blood glucose ___ avoid overstimulation of the pancreas.
• Blood triglycerides ___ • Provide needed nourishment within limits of
• Hemoglobin ___ prescribed diet.
Measurement Scale Nutrition Management

1 = Severe deviation from normal • Monitor trends in weight gain/loss to monitor
range nutritional status.
2 = Substantial deviation from • Monitor calorie and dietary intake to determine
normal range nutritional status.
3 = Moderate deviation from
normal range
range
5 = No deviation from normal
range
Nursing Diagnosis
Lack of Knowledge
Etiology: Lack of knowledge of preventive measures, diet restrictions, restriction of
alcohol intake, follow-up care
Supporting data: Requests information, inaccurate follow-through on instructions
Patient Goals
1. Describes therapeutic regimen with regard to disease process and management
2. Expresses commitment to lifestyle changes and takes part in treatment for alcohol
dependence


Knowledge: Disease Process Teaching: Disease Process
• Characteristics of specific • Assess patient’s current level of knowledge related to
disease ___ specific disease processes to establish baseline for
• Physiologic effects of disease teaching.
___ • Discuss lifestyle changes that may be required to
• Strategies to minimize prevent future complications and/or control the
disease progression ___ disease process.
• Signs and symptoms of • Teach the patient signs and symptoms to report to
disease complications ___ health care provider to prevent recurrence.
Knowledge: Substance Use Substance Use Treatment

Control • Teach patient effects of substance used (e.g.,
• Adverse health effects of physical, psychological, social)
substance use ___ • Encourage or praise patient efforts to accept
• Personal responsibility to responsibility for substance-use–related dysfunction
manage substance misuse ___ and treatment.
• Strategies to manage • Teach patient stress management techniques (e.g.,
substance use ___ exercise, meditation and relaxation therapy) to reduce
• Strategies to prevent relapses stress.
in substance use ___ • Encourage patient to participate in self-help support
program during and after treatment (e.g., 12-step
Measurement Scale programs, Al-Anon) for long-time substance use
1 = No knowledge treatment.
2 = Limited knowledge
3 = Moderate knowledge
4 = Substantial knowledge
5 = Extensive knowledge

Nursing Diagnosis
Ineffective Tissue Perfusion
Etiology: Increased capillary permeability caused by release of vasoactive compounds
during the autodigestion of the pancreas and fluid shifts into the retroperitoneal space
Supporting data: Decrease in BP, elevation in HR, dyspnea, dysrhythmias, diminished
pulses
Patient Goal
Has adequate tissue perfusion with restoration of normal blood pressure

Tissue Perfusion: Cellular Shock Management
• Systolic blood pressure _____ • Monitor circulatory status: blood pressure, skin
• Diastolic blood pressure _____ color, skin temperature, heart rate and rhythm,
• O2 saturation _____ presence and quality of peripheral pulses, and
• Fluid balance _____ capillary refill for early detection of hypovolemic
• Apical heart rate _____ shock.
• Heart rhythm _____ • Administer crystalloid or colloid intravenous
• Electrolyte and acid-base balance fluids, as appropriate, to maintain blood pressure
_____ and CO.
• Capillary refill _____ • Maintain strict NPO status (no ice chips) to
• Urine output _____ reduce or stop secretion of pancreatic enzymes,
which decreases the inflammatory process.
• Creatinine clearance _____
• Maintain patency of gastric suction to prevent
fluid loss from vomiting and to prevent gastric
Measurement Scale
juices from entering the duodenum where they
1 = Severe deviation from normal
range stimulate secretion of pancreatic enzymes.
2 = Substantial deviation from normal • Monitor electrolyte status, especially serum
range potassium, sodium, and chloride because these
3 = Moderate deviation from normal electrolytes are lost with vomiting and gastric
range suction.
4 = Mild deviation from normal range • Monitor for renal insufficiency (e.g., urine output
5 = No deviation from normal range <30 mL/hr, elevated urine sodium, elevated urine
specific gravity, and elevated BUN) because
hypovolemia activates the renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone system, reducing renal plasma flow
and glomerular filtration rate.
• Monitor serum glucose and treat abnormal levels,
as indicated, to evaluate physiologic stress
response.
• Administer medication therapy and/or blood
products as appropriate to maintain perfusion to
vital organs.

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eNursing Care Plan 43-1

Patient with Acute Viral Hepatitis

Outcomes (NOC) Interventions (NIC) and Rationales

*Nursing diagnoses listed in order of priority.

Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

Outcomes (NOC) Interventions (NIC) and Rationales

Outcomes (NOC) Interventions (NIC) and Rationales

Outcomes (NOC) Interventions (NIC) and Rationales

Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

Outcomes (NOC) Interventions (NIC) and Rationales

Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

eNursing Care Plan 43-2

Patient with Cirrhosis

Outcomes (NOC) Interventions (NIC) and Rationales

*Nursing diagnoses listed in order of priority.

Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

Outcomes (NOC) Interventions (NIC) and Rationales

Outcomes (NOC) Interventions (NIC) and Rationales

Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

Outcomes (NOC) Interventions (NIC) and Rationales

Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

Outcomes (NOC) Interventions (NIC) and Rationales

Outcomes (NOC) Interventions (NIC) and Rationales

Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

Outcomes (NOC) Interventions (NIC) and Rationales

Hepatic encephalopathy related to increased serum levels of ammonia due to inability

Nursing Goals Nursing Interventions and Rationales

BUN, Blood urea nitrogen.

Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

eNursing Care Plan 43-3

Patient with Acute Pancreatitis

Outcomes (NOC) Interventions (NIC) and Rationales

*Nursing diagnoses listed in order of priority.

Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

Outcomes (NOC) Interventions (NIC) and Rationales

Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

Outcomes (NOC) Interventions (NIC) and Rationales

Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

Outcomes (NOC) Interventions (NIC) and Rationales

Measurement Scale Nutrition Management

Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

Outcomes (NOC) Interventions (NIC) and Rationales

Knowledge: Substance Use Substance Use Treatment

Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

Outcomes (NOC) Interventions (NIC) and Rationales

Copyright © 2020 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

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