This rate of decrease in the angle is a measure of the shear rate

between
the elements in the directions of and . In the engineering
literature it
is customary to define the rate of shear as half the change
(increase or decrease)
between two material line elements instantaneously at right
angles to one
another. Thus for and ,
and, in general, the off-diagonal elements of the rate of
deformation tensor
are seen to represent shear rates for the three pairs of coordinate
axes.
Because D is a symmetric, second-order tensor, the derivation of
principal
values, principal directions, a Mohr's circles representation, a
rate of deformation
deviator tensor, etc., may be carried out as with all such tensors.
Also, it is useful to develop the relationship between D and the
material
derivative of the strain tensor E. Recall that
2E = C – I = FT F – I
so that, using Eq 4.10-7,
=
or
(4.10-17)
Note also that from ui + Xi = xi we have ui,A + i,A = xi,A and
if the displacement
gradients ui,A are very small, ui,A << 1 and may be neglected,
then i,A xi,A
(I F), and of course, FT = IT = I. At the same time for ui,A
very small in
magnitude, by Eq 4.7-4, E and Eq 4.10-17 reduces to
(4.10-18)
for the infinitesimal theory. Finally, taking the material
derivative of the
difference (dx)2 – (dX)2 = dX 2E dX, and noting that
[(dx)2 – (dX)2]= [(dx)2]
since [(dX)2]• = 0, we obtain
[(dx) ]2 = dX dX = dX F T2D F dX = dx 2D
dx (4.10-19)
which shows that the local motion at some point x is a rigid
body motion if
and only if D = 0 at x.
ˆn1 ˆn2
n ˆ eˆ 1 1 n ˆ eˆ 2 2 
1 
2 12 1 2 12
˙ eˆ D eˆ D
2E˙ F˙ T F FT F˙ LFT F FT LF
FT LT F FT LF FT LT LF FT (2D)F