NCM 111- Nursing Research 1 you can use could it be inferential or descriptive

Week 8: Hypothesis statistics.”

HYPOTHESIS Ideas, questions & hypotheses

§ An educated guess or a tentative answer to a
question.
§ Statement of expected relationship between
two or more variables that can be empirically
tested. (David, 2002)
§ Statement of predicted relationship between
two or more variables. (Polit and Beck, 2004)
§ Define as tentative explanation for certain
behaviors, phenomena or events which have
occurred or will occur.
NULL HYPOTHESIS
“A hypothesis can translate a quantitative research - A negative statement which indicates the
question into a precise prediction of expected absence of a relationship/correlation
outcomes. In qualitative studies, researchers do not between two variables.
begin with the hypothesis in part because there is - an absence of significant difference
usually too little known about the topic to justify a between the proportions of two groups of
hypothesis. Hypothesis now can be tested through people or objects possessing a particular
statistical procedures. we use specific statistics to characteristic
answer your hypothesis.” - requirement for the undergraduate
students
Characteristics of a good hypothesis
• Should be reasonable ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
• Testable - Positive form of the null hypothesis.
• Follow findings of previous studies - It may state the presence of a significant
o The most defensible hypothesis relationship between two means or two
follows from a previous research proportions.
finding or deducted from a theory - Always a requirement for the graduate
o when a relatively new area is being school program
investigated, the researcher may turn
to logical reasoning or personal Null and Alternative Hypothesis Example:
experience to justify the prediction

Research questions (RQs)

- refined statements of the specific
components of the problem
“When coming up with your hypothesis, it would
always be based on that research question.”

Hypothesis (H)
- is an unproven statement or proposition
about a factor or phenomenon that is of
interest of the researcher
- a possible answer to the research question
- helps provide guidelines on what and how
data should be collected and analyzed.
“Therefore, when you come up with your
hypothesis statement make sure also that you
know what could be a possible statistical data that
SINGLE HYPOTHESIS
- state that an independent variable is
associated with a dependent variable.
- EXAMPLES:
o There is a significant association
between level of knowledge about
dangers of smoking and smoking
habits of young professionals.
 o Parents’ extent of participation in
school activities of their children is
significantly related to their
children’s school performance.
A. Sometimes a hypothesis specifies that under
certain conditions (x, y, z) variable A is
associated with or can influence variable B.
EXAMPLE:
§ There is a significant association
between level of knowledge about
dangers of smoking and smoking habits
among young medical practitioners
who have positive attitude towards life.
§ Condition: if they have positive attitude
B. Sometimes a hypothesis specifies that under
certain conditions (x, y, z) variable A is
associated with or can influence variable B
EXAMPLE:
§ There is a significant relationship
between men’s extent of exposure to
gender issues and their degree of
involvement in childcare among those
living in urban areas.
§ Condition: living in urban areas
C. Some hypotheses may state that a particular
characteristic of a person or object varies
according to another variable.
EXAMPLE:
§ There is a higher proportion of women
from rural areas than those from urban
areas who have experienced domestic
violence.
§ Board performance of nursing
graduates varies according to the type
of school they graduated from.
TYPES OF HYOPTHESIS
1. Null Hypothesis (Statistical Hypothesis)
- A negative statement which indicates the
absence of a relationship/correlation
between two variables.
- an absence of significant difference
between the proportions of two groups of
people or objects possessing a particular
characteristic
- an absence of difference between or
among the means of two or more groups
with respect to a particular variable.
- EXAMPLES:
o There is no significant relationship
between mass media exposure and
attitude towards contraceptive
among multigravida women.
o There is no significant difference
between the mean age of male
nurses and female nurses in the
surgical ward.
o There is no significant difference
between the proportions of health
care providers who are smoking and
the proportion of those who are not
smoking.
2. Alternative Hypothesis (Research Hypothesis)
- Positive form of the null hypothesis.
- It may state the presence of a significant
relationship between two means or two
proportions.
- EXAMPLES:
o There is a significant relationship
between mass media exposure and
attitude towards contraceptives
among multigravida women.
o There is a significant difference
between the mean age of male
nurses and mean age of female
nurses in the surgical ward.
o There is a significant difference
between the proportions of health
care providers who are smoking and
the proportion of those who are not
smoking.
“In a graduate program, they use both the null and
alternative hypothesis because it requires higher
form of statistic. What gives more meaning to your
research.”
3. Directional Hypothesis
- States whether the relationship between
two variables is direct or inverse or positive
or negative.
- A positive or direct relationship is present
when the value of one variable increases
with the increase in the value of another.
- The relationship is negative when the value
of one variable increases as the value of
another decreases.
- EXAMPLES:
o The higher the level of exposure of
the multigravida women to mass
 media, the more favorable their HOW TO WRITE HYPOTHESIS
attitude towards contraceptives. ü written in simple understandable language
(Positive) ü focus on the variable on hand or being
o The longer the time nurses spend in studied
duty, the less productive they are. ü One must keep in mind the distinction
(Negative) between independent and dependent
variables
4. Non-directional Hypothesis
- It does not specify the direction of
relationship between variables.
- It merely states the presence or absence of
a relationship between two variables or
that one variable influence another or
there is a significant difference in the mean
values of the two variables.
- EXAMPLES:
o The women’s educational
attainment is significantly
associated with their extent of
participation in decision making at
home.
o Taking vitamins regularly tend to
improve a worker’s total health
status.

5. SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS
- Express a predicted relationship between
an independent variable and one
dependent variable.
- EXAMPLE:
o Patients receiving a warmed
solution for a body cavity irrigation
during surgical procedures will
maintain a higher core body
temperature than patients
receiving a room temperature
solution.

6. COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS
- State an anticipated relationship between
two or more independent variables and
two or more dependent variables.
- EXAMPLE:
o Most postpartum depression and
feelings of inadequacy are reported
by women who give birth by
caesarian section than those who
deliver vaginally.