HYPOTHESES

DEFINITION
TYPES
FORMULATION

MR. NAGESH V A ASSIT PROFESSOR SDMIONS

 NATURE OF HYPOTHESIS

 ƒ It can be tested – verifiable

 ƒ Hypotheses are not moral or ethical questions

 ƒ It is neither too specific nor to general

 ƒ It is a prediction of consequences

 ƒ It is considered valuable even if proven false

 DEFINITIONS OF HYPOTHESIS

 “Hypothesis is a formal statement that presents the expected

relationship between an independent and dependent
variable.”(Creswell, 1994)
 ƒ “It is a tentative prediction about the nature of the
relationship between two or more variables.”
 “Hypotheses are always in declarative sentence form, an they
relate, either generally or specifically , variables to variables
RESEARCH or ALTERNATIVE--A statement

of the expectations of the researcher concerning the

relationships of the variables under study H1

NULL OR STATISTICAL--states that there is

no relationship among the variables HO

 TYPES OF HYPOTHESES

SIMPLE AND COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS

ASSOCIATIVE VERSUS CAUSAL

NON-DIRECTIONAL VERSUS
DIRECTIONAL

NULL VERSUS RESEARCH

 1.SIMPLE AND COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS

 SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS: It is a statement that reflects the

relationship between two variables.

Ex. The lower the level of hemoglobin .the higher the risk of
infection among postpartum women.
 COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS: The relationship between more
than two variables.

Ex. Satisfaction is higher among patients who are older and house
in rural area. than those who are younger and house in urban area.
 2.ASSOCIATIVE VERSUS CAUSAL

 ASSOCIATIVE samples says that there is a relationship.

Ex. X is related to Y ( mother is related daughter)

 CAUSAL states that there is a cause-and-effect relationship

between variables

 X is caused by Y (smoking and cancer)

3.NON-DIRECTIONAL VERSUS DIRECTIONAL

 NON-DIRECTIONAL states that a relationship exists but

does not further describe the nature of the relationship.
Ex. X and Y will be related (no explanation)

 DIRECTIONAL hypothesis exists the interaction between

two or more variables such as positive ,negative, higher,
lower.
Ex. There is a positive relationship between years of nursing
experience and job satisfaction among nurses.
4.NULL VERSUS RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

 A NULL HYPOTHESIS states that there is no relationship

between variables; also called a statistical hypothesis

 A RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS states that there is a

relationship between two or more variables

 HYPOTHESIS TESTING IS A FOUR-
STEP PROCEDURE:

 1. Stating the hypothesis (Null or Alternative)

 2. Collecting data

 3. Setting the criteria for a decision

 4. Evaluate the Null hypothesis

TESTABLE HYPOTHESIS

 Should be ‘testable’ in the real world

 Variable are clearly measured and able to be
manipulated
 Relationship between variables is supported or not
 Causal link between the independent and dependent
variable is evaluated using statistical tests
 HOW TO FORMULATE HYPOTHESIS

 Written before starting the study

components
 Dependent and independent variables.

 Nature of relationship between Dependent and independent

variables.
 Subjects in population being studied.

 The level of significance for accepting /rejecting the hypothesis.

 Should be declarative sentence& present tense.

 Should be restricted to six (confusion , more analysis)

 Stated in empirically (experienced) testable form (verifiable)

WELL STATED HYPOTHESIS

 There is a significant positive correlation between

years of experience and level of nurses job

satisfaction.
 “A study to evaluate the effectiveness of Self

Instructional Module (SIM) on the knowledge of

Arterial Pressure Monitoring (APM) among the

nurses working in Critical Care Units of SDM

Hospital Dharwad.
Cont..

 H1 :The mean post test knowledge scores of the nurses

exposed to Self Instructional Module (SIM) will be
significantly greater than their mean pretest knowledge
scores at 0.05 level of significance.
 H2: There will be a statistically significant association

between pre-test knowledge scores and selected

demographic variables at 0.05 level of significance.
ASSUMPTIONS

 Are statements that are taken for granted or are

considered true, even though they have not been

scientifically tested.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ASSUMPTIONS
&HYPOTHESIS
ASSUMPTIONS HYPOTHESIS

Basically beliefs and ideas that Prediction

we hold to be true

Not statistically tested in  statistically tested and may be

research accepted or rejected

The researcher attempt to Predicts a relation between

discover the correlation variables & Statically tested to
conclude the study
ASSUMPTIONS Ex …

1. Nurses have moderate knowledge regarding

Arterial Pressure Monitoring (APM).

2. Self Instructional Module (SIM) is an effective

self learning package for nurses to update their

knowledge.
DELIMITATIONS

 Are boundaries set by the researcher before starting

the study to clearly define the scope of the

particular study
 DELIMITATIONS – scope of study
Process of fixing limits or boundaries

 Description of subjects

 Description of variables

 Description of tests, instruments, procedures

 Description of special equipment

 Type of training

 Time and duration of study

 Analytical procedures
LIMITATIONS

 Refers to challenges faced by the researcher

beyond his or her control .

LIMITATIONS (weaknesses)
Restriction

 Approach, design, method, techniques

 Sampling problems
 Uncontrolled variables
 Errors in test administration or data handling
 Generalization of data
 Representativeness of subjects
 Compromises to internal and external validity
 Reliability and validity of research instruments
 Type –I error (alpa –error) :The null hypothesis is

rejected .when it is true .

 Type –II error (beta error): Null hypothesis is

accepted . When it is false.