VARIABLES

Independent Variables

Dependent Variables

Controlled Variables
 Independent Variables (CAUSE)

 is always the one that we change, and the dependent variable is that
which changes because of that.
 to insure a fair test, a good experiment has only ONE independent
variable.
 as the scientist/researcher changes the independent variable, he or she
records the data that they collect.
Examples:
 Amount of sunlight to the plant, school, environment, materials
Dependent Variables (EFFECT)

 the item that responds to the change of the independent variable.

 the dependent variable depends/changes when the independent
variable is changed.
For example
 if you open a stove (the independent variable)
 the amount of fire from the stove(dependent variable) changes in
response--you observe the amount of fire as it increases and decreases
Controlled Variables
 These are the quantities/items that you want to remain constant, and
must observe carefully as the dependent variables.
 It can have a significant effect on the outcome of an experiment
Examples:
 the amount of light, constant humidity, or duration of an experiment
 An experiment whether a particular fertilizer has an effect on plant
growth.
 independent variable is the presence or absence of the fertilizer
 the dependent variable is the height of the plant or rate of growth.
HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis

the initial point of Research

any investigation hypothesis is a
an assumption that
that translates the hypothesis that is used
is made based on
research questions to test the relationship
some evidence.
into predictions between two or more
variables.
 Characteristics of
Hypothesis
The way of
explanation of the
If the hypothesis is The hypothesis hypothesis must be
The hypothesis a relational must be specific very simple and it
should be clear and hypothesis, then it and should have should also be
precise to consider should be stating scope for understood that the
it to be reliable. the relationship conducting more simplicity of the
between variables tests. hypothesis is not
related to its
significance.
Sources of Hypothesis

 Observations from
The resemblance General patt erns
past studies, present-
between the that infl uence the
day experiences .
phenomenon. thinking process of
 Scientific theories.
people
Types of Hypothesis
1. Simple Hypothesis 2. Complex Hypothesis
It shows a relationship between one
dependent variable and a single It shows the relationship between
independent variable. two or more dependent variables
and two or more independent
variables.
Example:
If you eat more carbohydrates, you Example:
will gain weight faster.
eating more carbohydrates- Eating more carbohydrates and high
independent variable fat dairy leads to gaining weight and
gaining weight- dependent variable. may lead to risk heart disease
Types of Hypothesis
3. Directional Hypothesis
It shows how a researcher is
intellectual and committed to a
particular outcome. The relationship 4. Non-directional Hypothesis
between the variables can also
predict its nature. It is used when there is no theory
involved. It is a statement that a
Example: relationship exists between two
Teenage people who mostly like variables, without predicting the
sweets, soda, ice tea are prone to exact nature (direction) of the
diabetes than teen age people who relationship.
unlikely eats and drinks sweets. This
shows the effect and direction of the
effect.
Types of Hypothesis
5. Null Hypothesis
It provides a statement which is
contrary to the hypothesis.
It’s a negative statement, and there is
no relationship between 2. Associative and Casual
independent and dependent Hypothesis
variables.
The symbol is denoted by “Ho”. It occurs when there is a change in
one variable resulting in a change in
the other variable.
Example:
Eating burger during lunch time has
no significant effect of the student
performance in the class.
 ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

An opposing theory to the null hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis often is

the statement you test when attempting to disprove the null hypothesis

Example:

if the null hypothesis predicts something to be true, the alternative

hypothesis predicts it to be false..
Examples of Hypothesis
 Consumption of sugary drinks every day leads to obesity (simple hypothesis)

 All lilies have the same number of petals. (null hypothesis)

 If a person gets 8 hours of sleep, then he will feel less fatigue than if he sleeps
less. (directional hypothesis)
Functions of Hypothesis

Following are the functions performed by the hypothesis:

 Hypothesis helps in making an observation and experiments possible.

 It becomes the start point for the investigation.
 Hypothesis helps in verifying the observations.
 It helps in directing the inquiries in the right direction.
How will Hypothesis help in the Scientific Method?

 Formation of question
 Doing background research
 Creation of hypothesis
 Designing an experiment
 Collection of data
 Result analysis
 Summarizing the experiment
 Communicating the results