AUTO CLUTCH FOR AUTOMOBILE

SYNOPSIS

This project work titled “AUTO CLUTCH FOR AUTOMOBILE” has

been conceived having studied the automatic clutch mechanism in vehicles. Now
the project has mainly concentrated on a suitable electronic control unit has been
designed for automatic clutch. The fabrication part of it has been considered with
almost case for its simplicity and economy, such that this can be accommodated as
one of the essential tools on automobile garages. In our project, the switch is fixed
below the braking pedal of the four wheeler. The solenoid valve with pneumatic
cylinder mechanism is used to pushing/pulling of the clutch automatically, when
the braking pedal is pressed.
 1. PROJECT PLANNING

Before starting every project its planning is to be done. Planning is very

important task and should be taken with great care, as the efficiency of the whole
project largely depends upon its planning while planning a project each and every
details should be worked out in anticipation and should carefully is considered
with all the relating provisions in advance. Project planning consists of the
following steps.

1.1 PROJECT CAPACITY

The capacity of the project must be decided considering the amount of

money which can be invested and availability of material and machines.

1.2 DRAWINGS

Drawing been decided for the project to be manufacture. Its detailed drawing
specification for raw material and finished products should be decided carefully
along with the specification of the machines required for their manufacture.

1.3 MATERIAL EQUIPMENT

The list of materials required for manufacture is prepared from the drawings.
The list of is known as “BILL OF MATERIALS”. This passes to the store keeper
and the required materials taken from the store under permission of store keeper
operation, the necessity of operation, the person to do the job, machine to be used
to do the job are considered while planning the operation. After considering tea
above questions a best method is developed and the best method is applied to the
operation.

1.4 MACHINE LOADING

While planning proper care should be taken to find the machining time for
each operation as correct as possible. So that the arrangement for full utilization of
machine can be made machine loading programmed is also known.

1.5 PURCHASE CONSIDERATION

It is different to manufacture all the component needed for the equipment in

the workshop itself. The decision about a particular item whether to purchase or to
manufacture is taken by planning after making through study of relative merits
demerits.

1.6 EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATION

Result obtained from “PROCESS PLANNING” and “MACHINE LODING”

helps in calculating the equipment requirement specification of the equipment
should be laid down by considering the drawing. Drawing will also help in
deciding and necessary requirement of tools, accessories.

1.7 COST CALCULATION

The cost of the project can be calculated by adding following.

1. Material Cost ,2.Machining Cost,3.Overhead Expenses.

1.8 COMPARISION
 The various items in the finished project are compared to the standards for
the further correction.

1.9 REPORT

At the end of the project work report is prepared for future references. The
report consists of all the items done the project work.
 2. HAND BRAKE

In cars, the parking brake, also called hand brake, emergency brake, or e-
brake, is a latching brake usually used to keep the vehicle stationary. It is
sometimes also used to prevent a vehicle from rolling when the operator needs
both feet to operate the clutch and throttle pedals. Automobile hand brakes usually
consist of a cable directly connected to the brake mechanism on one end and to a
lever or foot pedal at the driver's position. The mechanism is often a hand-operated
lever (hence the hand brake name), on the floor on either side of the driver, or a
pull handle located below and near the steering wheel column, or a (foot-operated)
pedal located far apart from the other pedals.
 Fig 2.1 hand brake, emergency brak

Although sometimes known as an emergency brake, using it in any emergency

where the footbrake is still operational is likely to badly upset the brake balance of
the car and vastly increase the likelihood of loss of control of the vehicle, for
example by initiating a rear-wheel skid. Additionally, the stopping force provided
by using the handbrake is small and would not significantly aid in stopping the
vehicle. The parking brake operates mostly on the rear wheels, which have reduced
traction while braking but in some cases, parking brake operates on front wheel, as
done in most Citroens manufactured since the end of World War II. The hand
brake is instead intended for use in case of mechanical failure where the regular
footbrake is inoperable or compromised. Modern brake systems are typically very
reliable and equipped with dual-circuit hydraulics and low-brake-fluid sensor
systems, meaning the handbrake is rarely used to stop a moving vehicle.

The most common use for a parking brake is to keep the vehicle motionless
when it is parked. Parking brakes have a ratchet locking mechanism that will keep
them engaged until a release button is pressed. On vehicles with automatic
transmissions, this is usually used in concert with a parking pawl in the
transmission. Automotive safety experts recommend the use of both systems to
immobilize a parked car, and the use of both systems is required by law in some
places[citation needed]
, yet many individuals use only the "Park" position on the
automatic transmission and not the parking brake. It's similar with manual
transmission cars: They are recommended always to be left with the handbrake
engaged, in concert with their lowest gear (usually either first or reverse). The use
of both systems is also required by law in some jurisdictions. However, when
parking on level ground, many people either only engage the handbrake (gear lever
in neutral), or only select a gear (handbrake released). If parking on a hill with only
one system results in the car rolling and damaging the car or other property,
insurance companies in some countries, for example in Germany, aren’t required to
pay for the damages.

Types of brakes

Fig 2.2The hand brake lever in a Saab 9-5 automobile.

School buses which are equipped with a hydraulic brake system will have a
hand brake lever to the left of the driver (in left hand drive buses) near the floor. It
is operated by pushing the lever down with one's hand to apply the brake, and
pulling it upwards to release it. However, this has been known to cause severe back
problems in drivers who do this regularly, and many choose to push it up with their
feet.

Some cars with automatic transmissions are fitted with automatically

releasing parking brakes. Later models require the foot brake to be depressed
before the car's transmission can be moved from park. When reverse or drive is
selected, the parking brake automatically releases. Earlier models would release
the parking brake when the gear selector was placed in a forward or reverse gear
without requiring any input on the brake pedal at all. These earlier automatic
release systems were a safety hazard, since there would be no protection against
accidentally knocking the transmission into gear.

In cars with rear drum brakes, the emergency brake cable usually actuates
these drums mechanically with much less force than is available through the
hydraulic system.

In cars with rear disc brakes, the emergency brake either actuates the disc
calipers (again, with much less force) or a small drum brake housed within the hub
assembly (the inner circumference of the disc is often used instead of a separate
drum).

Hudson automobiles used an unusual hybrid hydraulic-mechanical dual-

brake system which operated the rear brakes through the otherwise conventional
mechanical emergency-brake system when a failure of the hydraulic system
allowed the pedal to travel beyond its normal limit.[1]

A number of production vehicles, light and medium duty trucks, and motor
homes have been made with a separate drum brake on the transmission output
shaft; called a driveline parking brake. This has an advantage of being completely
independent of other braking systems. This is effective as long as the drive train is
intact — propeller shaft, differential, and axle shafts. In many vehicles, this type of
parking brake is operated by either a foot pedal or a hydraulic cylinder controlled
by the transmission gear selector, or by both.

2.2 Large vehicles

Large vehicles are usually fitted with power operated or power assisted
handbrakes. Power assisted handbrakes are usually found on large vans as well as
some older heavy vehicles. These operate in the same way as a conventional
handbrake, but pulling the lever will operate a valve that allows air or hydraulic
pressure or vacuum into a cylinder which applies force to the brake shoes and
makes applying the handbrake easier. When releasing the handbrake, the same
mechanism also provides assistance to the driver in disengaging the ratchet.
Particularly on commercial vehicles with air operated brakes, this has the added
benefit of making it much harder or even impossible to release the parking brake
when insufficient air pressure is available to operate the brakes. A reservoir or
accumulator is usually provided so a

limited amount of power assistance is available with the engine off. Power
operated handbrakes are fitted to heavy commercial vehicles with air brakes, such
as trucks and buses. These usually are spring applied, with air pressure being used
to hold the brake off and powerful springs holding the brakes on. In most cases, a
small lever in the cab is connected to a valve which can admit air to the parking
brake cylinders to release the parking brake, or release the air to apply the brake.
On some modern vehicles the valve is operated electrically from a lever or button
in the cab. The system is relatively safe since if air pressure is lost the springs will
apply the brakes. Also, the system prevents the parking brake being released if
there is insufficient air pressure to apply the foot brake. A disadvantage to this
system is that if a vehicle requires towing and can not provide its own air supply,
an external supply must be provided to allow the parking brake to be released, or
the brake shoes must be manually wound off against the springs.

2.3 Electric parking brake

A recent variation is the electric parking brake. First installed in the 2001
BMW 7 Series (E65), electric park brakes have since appeared in a number of
vehicles.
 Two variations are available: In the more-traditional "cable-pulling" type, an
electric motor simply pulls the emergency brake cable on the push or pull of a
[2]
button rather than a mechanical handle in the cabin. A more complex unit uses a
computer-controlled motor attached to each of the two rear brake calipers referred
to as the Motor on Caliper(MoC) system.

It is expected that these systems will incorporate other features in the future.
Jaguar, Landrover, BMW, Renault, Subaru and VW already have a system where
the emergency brake engages when the engine is stopped and is released when the
gas pedal is pressed. An extension of this system, called the hill-hold function,
prevents roll-back when stopping and starting on a hill. The OEM can easily turn
off the system.

2.4 Railroad hand brakes

Virtually all railroad rolling stock is equipped with manually operated

mechanical hand brake devices that set and release the brakes. Most of these
involve a chain linked to the brake rigging, most often at the brake cylinder, that
when tightened pull the piston out against the releasing springs, thus applying the
brakes on the car (if there is only one brake cylinder per car) or bogie (if there is
more than once cylinder per car). Newer locomotives have electric systems that
simply place an electric motor in place of the chain winding mechanism. This
brake acts independent of the action of the automatic air brakes, which function
collectively when coupled in a train and are under the control of the locomotive
engineer.

Manual hand brakes serve to keep a piece of rolling stock stationary after it
has been spotted in a rail yard or at a customer for unloading or loading. They are
also used to secure a parked train from inadvertent movement, especially while
unmanned.
Before the development of locomotive-actuated train braking systems in the late
19th century, designated railroad employees known as brakemen would move
about the tops of cars, setting hand brakes in an effort to stop the train in a timely
manner. This process was imprecise and extremely dangerous. Many brakemen
lost life and limb as a result of falling from a moving train, icy and wet conditions
often adding to the hazards involved in negotiating the top of a swaying boxcar. In
the U.S., an 1893 federal law, the Railroad Safety Appliance Act, required
automatic brakes on all railroads, effective in 1900.

3. GENERAL CONSTRUCTION OF HAND BRAKING SYSTEM

The YA/YT and the YB have completely different hand brakes. Whilst the
lever between the front seats is identical, the two cables running to the rear brakes
work different linkage inside the drums.

It is VITAL that the two cable adjusting nuts on the hand brake lever are
fully wound back so there is plenty of free play of the cables before you adjust the
rear brake shoes (see the other brake article on this site).

A car has to have, by law, two independent braking systems. The first is the
foot brake that is hydraulic. The second 'emergency' brake is the hand brake
worked by cables. Both use the same brake shoes inside the rear brake drums.

The cables on the YA/YT enter the rear of the back plate and operate a long
lever. This lever is pivoted near its top end in such a way that it forces one shoe
onto the drum, and at the same time operates another link that forces the other shoe
'on', ie, the cable and levers push the shoes apart. This is the standard
Morris/Wolseley/MG pre-WW2 system and is also used on the TA, TB and TC.
The cables need filling with grease until it oozes out of both ends.

There should be a grease nipple at the cable's centre. Once the rear brake
shoes have been adjusted correctly using the big nuts on the back plate, then, and
only then, adjust the cables at the hand brake lever end. If the brakes are stiff, or
try to remain 'on', the linkage inside the drum may need oil working into the
various joints or the cable has 'unwound' inside its sheath somewhere; you will
need a new cable to cure this.

The YB is totally different and uses the MG TD/Wolseley 4/44 system. The cable
is anchored on the rear spring pad and it pulls a lever that is pivoted inside the
brake cylinder. Inside this cylinder there are two pistons. The outer one is worked
by the hand brake, the inner one by the foot brake. To be able to accommodate
lining wear the whole cylinder slides back and forth in the back plate. It is often
seized so may need oil working into the slot.

Also, the pistons seize inside the cylinder (see that same brake article on these
pages as above for a cure). Again, the cables must be fully wound back BEFORE
the shoes are adjusted, and only wound back after correct adjustment of the 'snail
cams' inside the drum accessed by a hole in the brake's drum. Fill the cable with
grease as on the YA/YT.

.
 4. VARIOUS HAND BRAKE

Fig 4.1 parking brake system

The parking brake system is a secondary braking system used to hold a

parked car in position. They are applied independently of the service brakes. Since
there is no inertia to overcome, less braking power is required to hold the vehicle
stationary and less force is required to apply. The application of only two of the
four brake assemblies are required to hold the vehicle. There are three styles of rear
parking brake systems. Two types use the service brake and the other is an
exclusive parking brake design. The service type parking brake uses part of the
ordinary service brake mechanism and operates the shoe or piston mechanically.
The parking brake lever is located near the driver’s seat. Pulling the parking brake
lever by hand or pressing the pedal with the foot, operates the brake via a cable
connected to the parking brake lever of the brake assembly.

There are a number of different types of parking brake levers, as shown below.
Application depends upon the design of the driver’s seat and the desired operating
effort. The parking brake lever is provided with a ratchet locking mechanism to
maintain the lever at the position to which it was set, until released. Some parking
levers have an adjusting screw near the brake lever so the amount of brake lever
travel can be easily adjusted.

Fig 4.2 Adjusting screw

4.1 HANDBRAKE LINKAGE

The parking brake cable transmits the lever movement through a typical
series of components, as shown below, to the brake drum subassembly. The
Intermediate Lever multiplies the operating force to the Equalizer. The Equalizer
divides the lever operating force to brake assemblies at both wheels. The two
major parts may vary in design however, their function remains the same
4.2. DRUM PARKING BRAKE

On all models using drum brakes on the rear, the cable pulls the parking brake
lever. The lever is attached to the secondary shoe at the top and transfers the lever
action to the primary shoe through the shoe strut. When released, the brake shoe
springs return the shoes to their retracted position.

Fig 4.3 Disc Type Parking Brake

There are two types of rear wheel parking brake systems for disc brakes. The first
uses the brake caliper assembly to mechanically apply pressure to the disc. The
second type is an exclusive drum brake assembly that applies pressure to an inside
drum, which is an integral part of the disc rotor

4.4 CALIPER BRAKING ASSEMBLY

The parking brake is built into the caliper housing and is provided with an
automatic adjusting mechanism to compensate for piston movement as the brake
pads wear.

Fig 4.4 Caliper Braking Assembly

4.5 HAND BRAKE OPERATION

When the parking brake is applied, the cable attached to the parking brake lever
rotates the crank lever counterclockwise. The crank pin then pushes the strut to the
left. The strut moves the djusting bolt, sleeve nut, and piston toward the left. As the
strut moves to the left, it also compresses the adjusting bolt return spring. The
assembly moves until it presses the pads against the disc rotor.

5. DESCRIPTION OF A PARKING BRAKE

Fig 5.1 hand-operated parking brake is released by pushing a button and

lowering the stick

A parking brake, also sometimes called a hand brake or emergency brake, is a

device that keeps a car from moving, effectively keeping it in place while stopped
or slowing it down while in motion. While many parking brakes in American cars
are located within easy reach of the driver's right hand, different styles of parking
brakes can be located on the left side of the seat, under the steering wheel or even
on the floor.

5.1Parking

Parking without the hand brake can add extra stress to the axles and
transmission.Thinkstock/Comstock/Getty Images In an automatic car, the main
purpose of a parking brake is to keep the automobile stationary while it is in park.
A driver might use this braking system when parking on an hill to ensure the car
does not roll away. Likewise, driving instructors recommend always setting the
brake, when parked, to prevent mechanical damage, to keep the brake cables in
working order and to prevent the car from rolling if it is struck by another vehicle.

5.2Slowing Down in an Emergency

If the main hydraulic foot brake fails due to a mechanical problem or sudden
emergency, a driver can use the parking brake to reduce the car's speed and
eventually stop. This is why it is also called an "emergency brake." However,
besides being harmful to a car's mechanical systems, using a hand brake to slow a
vehicle down is no more effective than using the foot brake. Manufacturers
recommend only using the emergency brake when absolutely necessary.

5.3 Manual Transmission

Successfully starting a manual car on a hill is a challenge for new stick-shift

drivers. Jupiterimages/Polka Dot/Getty Images In cars with manual transmissions,
the parking brake is also used when starting the car on a slight incline. Because
manual transmissions do not have the "Park" setting that locks automatic cars into
a stationary position, the parking brake is helpful to prevent the car from rolling
backward when the engine is first engaged. As manual drivers become more
experienced and can start the engine quickly, they often do not need to use the
parking brake on a hill.

5.4 Mechanics

Disc brakes are safer than drum brakes but also more expensive. Hemera
Technologies/PhotoObjects.net/Getty Images Unlike the main brakes operated by a
foot pedal that rely on a complex hydraulic system, the parking brake is a direct
line of control from the driver's hand to the braking system. The parking brake
components differ for disc breaks and drum brakes, but both utilize strong cables
that attach to the braking mechanism.

6. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF HAND BRAKE RELEASING SYSYTEM

Pneumatic accessories
1. Compressor
2. Pneumatic Cylinder
3. Solenoid Valve
4. Hose and fitting
5. Break assembly
6. I.R Sensor

6.1 COMPRESSOR:
The air under high pressure is given by a compressor. It is driven by an
electric motor. The compressor delivers air to inlet of the cylinder. An air
compressor as the same indicates is a machine to compress the air and to raise its
pressure. The air compressor sucks air from the atmosphere, compresses it and
then delivers the same under a high pressure to a storage vessel from the storage
vessel it may be conveyed by a pipeline to a place where the supply of compressed
air is required.
6.2 Double Acting Cylinder
In this the force exerted by the compressed air moves the piston in two
directions. They are used partially when the piston is required to perform work not
only on the advance movement but also on the return stroke. This principle, the
stroke length is unlimited, although bucking and bending must be considered
before selecting the particular size of piston diameter, rod length and stroke length.

The different parts of double acting cylinder are:

1. Barrel
2. Piston rod

3. Top Cover
4. Bottom Cover
5. Wiper Cover
6. Retaining ring
7. Piston
8. Piston guide
9. Bearing Cap
10.‘O’ ring for piston guide
11.Hexagonal socket head screw
12.Check nut
The double acting cylinder is made up of cast aluminium. The inner and
outer surface of the cylinder should be machined accurately. The internal diameter
of the cylinder should be accurate in order to provide a smooth surface for the
packing. The appearance of the outer diameter should be good.
 The outer most part of the bottom and top cover contains internal threads for
inserting bolts to clamp the cylinder.
In case of double acting cylinder a force is developed in both the directions.
The moving member inside the cylinder is nothing but a piston which is found to
be moving forward and backward due to high-pressure air. The cylinder top and
lower plate are flanged together by means of bolts and nuts. The bottom of the
cylinder is also flanged with end covers for the movement of the piston in
reciprocating manner.

6.3 Solenoid Valve

The directional valve is one of the important parts of a pneumatic system.
Commonly known as DCV, this valve is used to control the direction of air flow in
the pneumatic system. The directional valve does this by changing the position of
its internal movable parts.

This valve was selected for speedy operation and to reduce the manual
effort and also for the modification of the machine into automatic machine by
means of using a solenoid valve. A solenoid is an electrical device that converts
electrical energy into straight line motion and force. These are also used to operate
a mechanical operation which in turn operates the valve mechanism.
Solenoids may be push type or pull type. The push type solenoid is one in
which the plunger is pushed when the solenoid is energized electrically. The pull
type solenoid is one is which the plunger is pulled when the solenoid is energized.
The name of the parts of the solenoid should be learned so that they can be
recognized when called upon to make repairs, to do service work or to install them.
 Fig 6.1 Solenoid Valve

6.4 Working of Solenoid Valve

The solenoid valve has 5 openings. This ensure easy exhausting of 5/2
valve. The spool of the 5/2 valve slide inside the main bore according to spool
position; the ports get connected and disconnected. The working principle is as
follows.

Position-1

When the spool is actuated towards outer direction port ‘P’ gets connected
to ‘B’ and ‘S’ remains closed while ‘A’ gets connected to ‘R’
Poisition-2

When the spool is pushed in the inner direction port ‘P’ and ‘A’ gets
connected to each other and ‘B’ to ‘S’ while port ‘R’ remains closed.

6.5 HOUSE AND FITINGS:

It is provided for the passage of compressed air from the compressor outlet
to the operating valve.
 Two separate pipes also connect the operating valve with the working
cylinder pressure drop through and air line depends on the flow rate, pipe diameter,
pipe length and pipe geometry. It can be determined directly for straight pipes of
any given length. A small chaining bore size can have marked effect on pressure
drop, where as even doubling the pipe length, will only result in doubling the
pressure drop.
:
3.5 mm = 3.5 x 10 ˉ ³

6.6 Brake assembly

A brake is a mechanical device which inhibits motion. Its opposite component is a

clutch. The rest of this article is dedicated to various types of vehicular brakes.

Most commonly brakes use friction to convert kinetic energy into heat,
though other methods of energy conversion may be employed. For example
regenerative braking converts much of the energy to electrical energy, which may
be stored for

later use. Other methods convert kinetic energy into potential energy in such
stored forms as pressurized air or pressurized oil. Eddy current brakes use
magnetic fields to convert kinetic energy into electric current in the brake disc, fin,
or rail, which is converted into heat. Still other braking methods even transform
kinetic energy into different forms, for example by transferring the energy to a
rotating flywheel.

Brakes are generally applied to rotating axles or wheels, but may also take
other forms such as the surface of a moving fluid (flaps deployed into water or air).
Some vehicles use a combination of braking mechanisms, such as drag racing cars
with both wheel brakes and a parachute, or airplanes with both wheel brakes and
drag flaps raised into the air during landing.

Since kinetic energy increases quadratically with velocity (K = mv2 / 2), an

object moving at 10 m/s has 100 times as much energy as one of the same mass
moving at 1m/s , and consequently the theoretical braking distance, when braking
at the traction limit, is 100 times as long. In practice, fast vehicles usually have
significant air drag, and energy lost to air drag rises quickly with speed.

Almost all wheeled vehicles have a brake of some sort. Even baggage carts
and shopping carts may have them for use on a moving ramp. Most fixed-wing
aircraft are fitted with wheel brakes on the undercarriage. Some aircraft also
feature air brakes designed to reduce their speed in flight. Notable examples
include gliders and some World War II-era aircraft, primarily some fighter aircraft
and many dive bombers of the era. These allow the aircraft to maintain a safe
speed in a steep descent. The Saab B 17 dive bomber used the deployed
undercarriage as an air brake.

Friction brakes on automobiles store braking heat in the drum brake or disc
brake while braking then conduct it to the air gradually. When traveling downhill
some vehicles can use their engines to brake.

When the brake pedal of a modern vehicle with hydraulic brakes is pushed,
ultimately a piston pushes the brake pad against the brake disc which slows the
wheel down. On the brake drum it is similar as the cylinder pushes the brake shoes
against the drum which also slows the wheel down

6.7 I.R SENSOR

 Infrared (IR) light is electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths
than those of visible light, extending from the nominal red edge of the visible
spectrum at 0.74 micrometres (µm) to 300 µm. This range of wavelengths
corresponds to a frequency range of approximately 1 to 400 THz,[1] and includes
most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature. Infrared
light is emitted or absorbed by molecules when they change their rotational-
vibrational movements. The existence of infrared radiation was first discovered in
1800 by astronomer William Herschel.

Much of the energy from the Sun arrives on Earth in the form of infrared
radiation. Sunlight at zenith provides an irradiance of just over 1 kilowatt per
square meter at sea level. Of this energy, 527 watts is infrared radiation, 445 watts
is visible light, and 32 watts is ultraviolet radiation.[2] The balance between
absorbed and emitted infrared radiation has a critical effect on the Earth's climate.

Infrared light is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-

vision devices using infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed
without the observer being detected. In astronomy, imaging at infrared
wavelengths allows

observation of objects obscured by interstellar dust. Infrared imaging cameras are

used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the
skin, and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus

6.8 I.R SENSOR WITH RELAY:-

The IR transmitter and IR receiver circuit is used to sense obstacles crossing the
sensor. It is fixed to the frame stand with a suitable arrangement.
 Fig 6.4 I.R Sensor With Relay

It is the same principle in ALL Infra-Red proximity sensors. The basic idea
is to send infra red light through IR-LEDs, which is then reflected by any object in
front of the sensor. Then all you have to do is to pick-up the reflected IR light. For
detecting the reflected IR light, we are going to use a very original technique: we
are going to use another IR-LED, to detect the IR light that was emitted from
another led of the exact same type.
 This is an electrical property of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) which is the
fact that a led Produce a voltage difference across its leads when it is subjected to
light. As if it was a photo-ell, but with much lower output current. In other words,
the voltage generated by the leds can't be - in any way - used to generate electrical
power from light, It can barely be detected. that's why as you will notice in the
schematic, we are going to use a Op-Amp (operational Amplifier) to accurately
detect very small voltage changes.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

FLOW CONTROL
VALVE AIR TANK

BRAKE SWITCH SOLENOID VALVE

PEDAL CONTROL

CLUTCH PNEUMATIC
CYLINDER

8. WORKING PRINCIPLE
 The Automatic hand break Release for passenger car system working from
the main air brake pressure lines and a pressure switch is provided which trips once
the air pressure for the separate air brake system of a passenger car is reached.

This pressure switch in turn energizes another mechanism, either a piston or

other internal types of mechanical connection, which then pushes up the brake
lever release releasing the handbrake. Since each handbrake on each end of car is
connected to the main air brake system through pressure sensitive valves, all
manual handbrakes are released on car once the air pressure of the train is brought
up to a certain level.

Automation can be achieved through computers, hydraulics, pneumatics,

robotics, etc., of these sources, pneumatics form an attractive medium for low
cost automation. Automation plays an important role in automobile.

Nowadays almost all the automobile vehicle is being atomized in order to

product the human being. The automobile vehicle is being atomized for the
following reasons.

To achieve high safety:

• To reduce man power,

• To increase the efficiency of the vehicle,
• To reduce the work load,
• To reduce the vehicle accident,
• To reduce the fatigue of workers,
• To high responsibility,
• Less Maintenance cost.
 ADVANTAGES
• Free from wear adjustment.

• Reduce the manual work

• Less skill technicians is sufficient to operate.

• Installation is simplified very much.

APPLICATIONS
• Four wheeler application

• It is also implemented in two wheeler.

9. COST OF ESTIMATION
COMPONENTS NAME QTY RATE AMOUNT
PNEUMATIC 1 1500 2000
CYLINDER
SOLENOIND 1 500 750

D.C VALNE
BRAKE ASSEMBLY 1 700 700
OVER HEAD COST 500
FABICATION COST - 1200
I.R SENSOR 1000
TOTAL 6150
AUTO CLUTCH FOR AUTOMOBILE
 CONCLUSION
In our project we have successfully implemented the AUTO CLUTCH
FOR AUTOMOBILE is carried out very carefully. It maintains high
accuracy and precision. The prototype model designed by us with an
application of is checked whether this system is suitable or not and analyzed
by us.

32
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5. ALBERT PAL MALVINO, Principle of Digital Electronics.
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