06 04 2009

PRAGMATIKH ANALUSH II

4o DÐwro Ask sewn Tm ma: B.Blˆqou

∞
X sin2 n
'Askhsh 1h: Na exetasteÐ wc proc thn sÔgklish h seirˆ arijm¸n: .
2n
n=1
sin2 n
LÔsh: Ja gÐnei qr sh tou krithrÐou sÔgkrishc. 'Estw an = 2n , n ∈ N kai bn = 1
2n , n ∈ N.
Tìte:
sin2 n 1
0≤ n
≤ n , ∀n ∈ N
2 2
(qrhsimopoi same thn anÐswsh sin x ≤ 1, ∀x ∈ R.)
'Ara:
0 ≤ an ≤ bn , ∀n ∈ N.
∞
X 1
Epiplèon, eÐnai gnwstì apì thn jewrÐa ìti h seirˆ sugklÐnei (gewmetrik  seirˆ). Apì to
2n
n=1
krit rio sÔgkrishc èpetai ìti kai h zhtoÔmenh seirˆ sugklÐnei.
∞
X n
'Askhsh 2h: Na exetasteÐ wc proc thn sÔgklish h seirˆ arijm¸n: .
n+2
n=1
LÔsh: Exetˆzw to ìrio thc akoloujÐac:
n
lim = 1 6= 0.
n→+∞ n + 2

SÔmfwna me gnwst  prìtash, h seirˆ den sugklÐnei.

∞
X 2n
'Askhsh 3h: Na exetasteÐ wc proc thn sÔgklish h seirˆ arijm¸n: .
n+1
n=1
LÔsh: Exetˆzw to ìrio thc akoloujÐac:
2n
lim 6 0,
= +∞ =
n→+∞ n + 1

(gnwstì apì Pragmatik  Anˆlush I.)

SÔmfwna me gnwst  prìtash, h seirˆ den sugklÐnei.
∞
X n2
'Askhsh 4h: Na exetasteÐ wc proc thn sÔgklish h seirˆ arijm¸n: .
2n
n=1
LÔsh: Ja efarmìsoume to krit rio rÐzac. Opìte:
r
2
√
n
√
n n nnn 1
lim n
= lim = ,
n→+∞ 2 n→+∞ 2 2
√
(qrhsimopoi same thn gnwst  plhroforÐa apì Pragmatik  Anˆlush I: lim n
n = 1.)
n→+∞
Efìson to ìrio eÐnai Ðso me arijmì mikrìtero thc monˆdoc, h zhtoÔmenh seirˆ sugklÐnei.

1
 ∞  n
X n
'Askhsh 5h: Na exetasteÐ wc proc thn sÔgklish h seirˆ arijm¸n: .
3n + 1
n=1
LÔsh: Ja gÐnei qr sh tou krithrÐou sÔgkrishc. JewroÔme,
1
• an = , n = 1, 2, . . .
(3 + n1 )n

• bn = 1
3n , n = 1, 2, . . ..
∞
X
Tìte, profan¸c h zhtoÔmenh seirˆ eÐnai an kai 0 < an < bn , n = 1, 2, . . .. 'Omwc, h seirˆ
n=1
∞
X
bn sugklÐnei (gnwstì apì jewrÐa, eÐnai gewmetrik ) kai ètsi apì to krit rio sÔgkrishc èpetai ìti
n=1
sugklÐnei kai h zhtoÔmenh seirˆ.
∞ 
1 n
X 
'Askhsh 6h: Na exetasteÐ wc proc thn sÔgklish h seirˆ arijm¸n: − .
5
n=1
 n  n ∞
1 1 X
LÔsh: 'Estw an = − , n = 1, 2, . . .. Tìte |an | = , n = 1, 2, . . .. H seirˆ |an |
5 5
n=1
sugklÐnei (gnwstì apì jewrÐa, gewmetrik ). Dhlad , h zhtoÔmenh seirˆ sugklÐnei apolÔtwc kai
sÔmfwna me gnwst  jewrÐa sugklÐnei.
∞
X n
'Askhsh 7h: Na exetasteÐ wc proc thn sÔgklish h seirˆ arijm¸n: .
n2 +1
n=1
LÔsh: Ja gÐnei qr sh tou krithrÐou sÔgkrishc. JewroÔme,
n
• an = , n = 1, 2, . . .
n2 +1

• bn = n1 , n = 1, 2, . . ..

Gia kˆje n ∈ N isqÔei:

n n 1 1
an = ≥ 2 = = bn . (1)
n2 + 1 n + n2 2n 2
∞
X
Epiplèon, h seirˆ bn den sugklÐnei. 'Ara den sugklÐnei oÔte h zhtoÔmenh seirˆ.
n=1
1
bn
b' trìpoc: lim= lim n
= 1. 'Ara h akoloujÐa { abnn }n∈N sugklÐnei, dhlad  eÐnai frag-
n→+∞ an n→+∞ 2n
n +1
mènh, dhlad  upˆrqei M > 0 tètoio ¸ste abnn ≤ M, n ∈ N. Opìte bn ≤ M an , n ∈ N, anisìthta
antÐstoiqh me thn (1).
∞
X 1
'Askhsh 8h: Na exetasteÐ wc proc thn sÔgklish h seirˆ arijm¸n: .
(2n + 1)!
n=1

2
 1
LÔsh: Ja qrhsimopoi soume to krit rio lìgou. JewroÔme an = , n = 1, 2, . . .. Tìte:
(2n + 1)!
1
|an+1 | (2(n+1)+1)! (2n + 1)! 1 · 2 · 3 · . . . · 2n(2n + 1)
lim = lim 1 = lim = lim
n→+∞ |an | n→+∞ n→+∞ (2n + 3)! n→+∞ 1 · 2 · 3 · . . . · 2n(2n + 1)(2n + 2)(2n + 3)
(2n+1)!

1
= lim = 0 < 1.
n→+∞ (2n + 2)(2n + 3)
∞
X
SÔmfwna me to krit rio lìgou, afoÔ autì to ìrio eÐnai mikrìtero thc monˆdoc, h seirˆ an sugk-
n=1
lÐnei.
∞
X n!
'Askhsh 9h: Na exetasteÐ wc proc thn sÔgklish h seirˆ arijm¸n: .
nn
n=1
n!
LÔsh: Ja qrhsimopoi soume to krit rio lìgou. JewroÔme an = n , n = 1, 2, . . .. Tìte:
n
(n+1)!
|an+1 | (n+1)n+1 (n + 1)!nn 1 · 2 · 3 · . . . · n(n + 1) · nn
lim = lim n!
= lim = lim =
n→+∞ |an | n→+∞ n→+∞ (n + 1)n+1 n! n→+∞ 1 · 2 · 3 · . . . · n · (n + 1)n+1
nn
n
nn

1 1
= lim = lim 1 = <1
n→+∞ (n + 1)n n→+∞ 1 + e
n
∞
X
SÔmfwna me to krit rio lìgou, afoÔ autì to ìrio eÐnai mikrìtero thc monˆdoc, h seirˆ an sugk-
n=1
lÐnei.  n
1
(Qrhsimpoi same gnwstì ìrio apì thn Pragmatik  anˆlush I: lim 1 + = e.)
n→+∞ n
∞
X 1
'Askhsh 10h: Na exetasteÐ wc proc thn sÔgklish h seirˆ arijm¸n: .
(log 2)n
n=1
LÔsh: H zhtoÔmenh seirˆ eÐnai gewmetrik  me bˆsh log1 2 , arijmìc megalÔteroc thc monˆdac. Apì
gnwst  prìtash, h seirˆ den sugklÐnei (mˆlista apoklÐnei sto +∞.)
(ShmeÐwsh: e > 2 =⇒ log e > log 2 =⇒ 1 > log 2 =⇒ 1 < log1 2 . Qrhsimopoi same to gegonìc ìti h
sunˆrthsh log eÐnai aÔxousa sto pedÐo orismoÔ thc.)
∞
X 3n2
'Askhsh 11h: Na exetasteÐ wc proc thn sÔgklish h seirˆ arijm¸n: .
4n4 − n + 1
n=1
LÔsh: Ja gÐnei qr sh tou krithrÐou sÔgkrishc. JewroÔme,

3n2
• an = , n = 1, 2, . . .
4n4 − n + 1

• bn = 1
n2
, n = 1, 2, . . ..

3
 3n2
an 4n4 −n+1 3
lim = lim 1 = .
n→+∞ bn n→+∞ 4
n2
Opìte, h akoloujÐa { abnn }n∈N sugklÐnei, dhlad  eÐnai fragmènh, dhlad  upˆrqei M > 0 tètoio ¸ste
∞
X
an
bn ≤ M, n ∈ N . '
A ra 0 < a n ≤ M b n , n ∈ N kai epeid  h seirˆ bn sugklÐnei, apì to krit rio
n=1
∞
X
sÔgkrishc èpetai ìti sugklÐnei kai h an .
n=1