ESc201, Lecture 27:  Operational  Amplifier Applications

Digital to Analog Converters : (DAC)

Digital number :
0110….1
110….100
MSB LSB

v V (b 2 -1 + b 2 -2 + ...+ b 2 -n )
o REF 1 2 n
R-2R Ladder

LSB MSB
Inverted R
R--2R Ladder
LSB
MSB

MSB LSB
 ESc201, Lecture 27: Operational Amplifier
Positive (Regenerative) Feedback
Feedback-- Astable (No stable state) Multivibrator
Output voltage (v
(vo) switches periodically
between the two states V+sat & V-sat.
F positive
For iti output
t t voltages,
lt v+=[R
[R1/(R1 + R2)]
)]VV+sat
≈ [R1/(R1 + R2)]VCC.
g
For negative output
p voltages
g , v+=[R1/(R1 + R2)]V-sat
≈ - [R1/(R1 + R2)]VEE.
 R1 
 1+  
R1
T=T1+T2 =(2RC).ln 
R1 +R 2  /  1- R +R 
   1 2  
T1
+[R
[ 1/(
/(R1 + R2)]VCC

- [R1/(R1 + R2)]VEE
T2
 ESc201, Lecture 27: Operational Amplifier Astable Multivobrator
R 1V C C
v c ( T1 ) = )] -T1 / R C
= v c (  )  [ v c (  )  v c ((0 )]e
R 1+ R 2
 -R 1 V E E  -T1 / R C
 V C C   VC C  e
 R 1 + R 2 
 R1   R1 V E E  -T1 / R C
O r V C C 1    V CC  1   e
 R 1+R 2   R 1 + R 2 VC C 
R1 R1
1- 1+
R 1+R 2 R 1+R 2
O r T1   (R C ).ln  (R C ).ln
R1 R1
R1 1 + 1 -
1+ R 1+R 2 R 1+R 2
R 1 +R 2
Similarly T2  ((RC).ln
)
R1
1-
R 1 +R 2
R1
1+
T=T1+T2 =(2RC).ln R1 +R 2
R1
1-
R1 +R 2
 ESc201, Lecture 27: Operational Amplifier +ve
+ve Feedback Applications
An Astable multivibrator can be used to ggenerate square,
q , triangular
g and sine
wave outputs as shown at frequencies up to few MHz.

Frequency is varied by changing R3 or C3.

C3 is changed in decade steps,
steps, R3 may be varied continuously using potentiometer.
 ESc201, Lecture 27: Operational Amplifier +ve
+ve Feedback Applications
Monostable Multivibrator or One Shot
Operates with one stable state, generates single pulse of
known duration on application of trigger signal.
D1 couples trigger signal
into circuit, and the
clamping
l i diode
di d D2 limits
li it
vid R1
t negative voltage β
excursion on capacitor C. R1 +R 2
The circuit remains in the
quiescent state vo= -VEE and for vt < - VEE, D1 is cutoff.
C discharges through R till D2 turns
on, clamping the VC at -Von,
vid= –VEE – (–Von)= –VEE +Von
When VEE >Von, vid< 0 the circuit
has one stable state vo= -VEE .
Th Monostable
The M bl Multivibrator
M l i ib i triggered
is i d (t=0)
( 0) by
b a positive
i i pulse
l vt
which exceeds –VEE at node 2 by Von , D1 is turned on and pulls the voltage at node 2 above that of
+VCC.
node 3. vo now changes state and the node 2 voltage is abruptly changed to +
Again vo would change state when the vC (at node 3) reaches VCC
after time T. Or v (t)=V -[V  (V )]e t/RC
C CC CC on  
 V 
Hence βVCC =VCC -[VCC  (Von )]eT/RC 1+  on 

 V 
 CC 
Output of circuit consists of a positive pulse T=RC.ln R1
with fixed duration T from above as: 1-
R1+R 2
 ESc201, Lecture 27: Operational Amplifier-
Amplifier- Monostable Multivibrator
For well
well--defined pulse, circuit should not be triggered
till
ill voltages
l on all
ll nodes
d return to their
h i quiescent
i
steady--state values.
steady
Following the return of the output to -VEE the capacitor
voltage
lt starts
t t charging
h i from f +VEE towards
+ t d -VEE but
b t gets
t
clamped at -Von when D2 starts conducting.

Hence -V
Von =-V
VEE -[-V βVCC )]eTr /RC
[ VEE -βV
Fro above the Recovery time (return of circuit to state before
trigger pulse was applied) is given by:

 
R1  VCC 
1+
R1 +R 2  V 
T =RC.ln  EE 
r 
V

 
1-  on 

 V 
 EE 
 ESc201, Lecture 27: Operational Amplifier : Oscillator
V (s)  V (s)  V (s) V (s)=Vo (s)β(s)
Amplifier d i f f
V (s) As  As 
A s  = o = =
v V (s) 1+A  s β  s  1+T  s 
i
Where T(s
T(s)) = Loop Gain
For negative feedback: T(s) > 0
Feedback
For positive feedback: T(s) < 0
Phase Margin is the maximum change in the
phase shift that can be tolerated before the
system becomes unstable.
Where Phase Margin (φ )  T(s=jω )  (180) 180T(s=jω ) For T(jω ) =1
1
m 1 1
For vi=0 and if Barkhausen’s criteria is satisfied the circuit does not
need an input and would start oscillating; Barkhausen’s
Barkhausen s criteria states
-
T  jωo  =0° for T  jωo  1
   
l i l off 360° ,
O even multiples
Or
For T  jω  1 system would be
o

unstable or distorted osc.

ω 2C2 RR
1 o 1 1 R1
For ω = at ω , T(jω )= =
o 3RC o o 4 12 R
 ESc201, Lecture 27: Operational Amplifier
With LC Filter: (1) Colpitts Oscillator (2) Hartley Oscillator (3) Crystal Oscillators

Ampli Ampli
fier fier A

Wheatstone Bridge: (looks like a wheat grinding stone) R3 B id is

Bridge i
R1 balanced
10 +
i1 i2
30k 20k Null when when
+ + +
30 5V

 balanced R1/R2=
v1 v2

20
 30k R2 R4 R3/R4
20k
40

C3
R1 R3
+
Wein Bridge: ~ Connect to
Amplifier
C3=C4= C
and R3=R4=R R2 R4
C4
 ESc201, Lecture 27: Operational Amplifier -- Wein Bridge Oscilator :
vo
1+RCs R
R1 Z1= Z2 =
C3 Cs 1+RCs
R1 R R2 Feedback fraction R
3 +V
+
~  CC Z2 1+RCs
v- v+ A vo =
Z1+Z2 1+RCs R
}

-VEE C 
R2 R4 Z1 Cs 1+RCs
C4 R RCs

  3RCs1
2

}
C3=C4= C and R3=R4=R RCs
C R Z2 jjωRC
Z2 R2 1 
 
v  vO  v  vO  vO 2 2
Z1+Z2 R1+R 2 1+R / R 1 ω RC 3jωRC
1 2
ωRC

ACL = 1+ 1 
R Z2  ω2  RC 2 1
Apply Barkhausen’s criteria 3ωRC  j
 R  Z +Z 
2  1 2 
 
 ω2  RC 2 1 
 =0° o  
 R  Z   Z  ω 2 RC 2 1  0
1+ 1
 R  Z +Z 
2
 1 and  2
 = tan 
1

 2  1 2   Z1 +Z2   3ωRC 
1
gives ωo   ,
 R1   ωo RC   R1  RC
 1+ R   3ω RC  1 or  R  =3-1 or R1=2R 2 or f = 
1
 2  o   2 o
2πRC