ESc201, Lecture 12:  

12:  Diodes
Diodes
Anode Cathode
– Tunnel Diode
– Varactor Diode ID
– Gunn Diode
------------------------------------
– Schottky Diode

Cathode

ID≈0

Anode

Termed as transferred electron device.

Anode

ID

Cathode
Low cut in voltage (V≈ 0.1-0.2V), low BV, low capacitance It can also use as an amplifier.
 ESc201, Lecture 12:  
12:  Diodes
Diodes

– Avalanche Breakdown Diode

specially designed to undergo breakdown at specific
reverse voltage
lt to
t preventt the
th ddamage.

– Step Recovery Diode Stores the charge from positive pulse and uses in the
negative pulse of the sinusoidal signals. The rise time
of the current p
pulse is equal
q to the snap
p time. Due to
this phenomenon it has speed recovery pulses.

Cut-off frequency range of 200

Cut- 200--300 GHz. In the operations which are performing at
10GH range these
10GHz th diodes
di d plays
l a vital
it l role.
l
 ESc201, Lecture 14:  
14:  Diodes
Diodes--2 Vout Diode Clamping Circuit:
Voltage Transfer
Diode Applications: Characteristic using model
Vclamp+0.6
0.6(V)
(V)
– Clamping with Von= 0.6V and rF=0.
– Clipping
Vin R

V)
– Wave-shaping

0.6(V
(V
Vin

Vcllamp+0.6
– Peak Detection
– Peak-to-Peak Detection
~ Vout
Vclamp
– Rectification (AC to DC)
• Half-wave For Vin negative & Vin<(Vclamp+0.6)
• Full-Wave Vin, Vout (V) the Diode remains off.
• Bridge
g Vin
i
Vclamp+0.6
0.6(V)
(V)
Dual Clipper
Clipping p waveforms in both +ve & ve
pp g of input t
half cycles. D1 conducts if its anode voltage is ≥ Vout
Vin and D2 conducts if its cathode is ≤ Vin.
Vin, Vout (V)
R Vin
D1 D2
Vin
~ Vout Vclamp1+0.6
0.6(V
(V))
Vclamp
Vclamp 2
Vout
1 t
Vclamp +0.6
0.6(V
(V))
2
 ESc201, Lecture 14:  
14:  Diodes
Diodes--2 Vin, Vout (V)
Peak (or Envelope) Detector
D (Sample and Hold Circuit)
Circuit)
If C is initially completely
discharged,
g , Vout will follow
Vin C Vout V whenever D is forward
in
biased (assuming ideal t
diode).. However,
diode) However, as soon as
Vin starts
t t to t decrease
d b
beyond d its
it maximum
i value,
l D
immediately gets reverse biased and C stores the
charge corresponding to the last peak value of Vin.
((Nowadaysy much better options
p are availabile
availabile)).
Measures the peak
peak--to-
to-peak + Vmax
Peak--to
Peak to--Peak value of the input signal and Vin t
Detector holds (or clamps
clamps)) that value at
the output. It consists of 22--
C1 D2 blocks i.e. a +
+ve
ve diode clamp - Vmax
Vx
(C1-D1), and a -ve peak detector
(C2-D2). For positive Vin, D1 gets Vx
-2Vmax Vout
Vin D1 Vout forward biased and clamps Vx
C2 to 0 V. C1 gets charged to Vmax.
Or Vx = - (Vc -Vin ).
1
Vc remains i clamped
l d att Vmax whereas
h th
the maximum
i andd minimum
i i values
l
+ve diode -ve peak 1
of Vin are + Vmax and - Vmax. Vx swings between 0 and -2Vmax. Vout gets
clamp detector
clamped at - 2Vmax. But the input need not be symmetric.
 ESc201, Lecture 14:  
14:  Diodes
Diodes--2 Transformer Inductor
Transformer Equivalent
q Circuit Referred
to Primary Side

 (t) = L×i(t)
di(t)
v(t)  L
The DOTs show polarity OR it indicates how the wires are wound dt

Transformer Equivalent Circuit Referred to Secondary Side

di1 (t) di 2 (t)

Components transferred v1 (t)  L1  M12
from primary to secondary
dt dt
In most cases M 21 =M 21 =M di 2 (t) di1 (t)
v 2 (t)  L 2  M 21
dt dt