ESc201, Lecture 12:  Step and 

12:  Step and Freq
Freq response of RLC (Series)
t
di 1
R L Ri +L +  idτ+Vs =00
dt C 0
Vc Note that there would be an integration constant
depending on the capacitor voltage at t=0+
Vs Vs C Differentiate with respect to time
i
di d 2i i d 2i di i
R +L 2 + = 0 = L 2 +R +
dt dt C dt dt C
 R 1
i = Iest
2
s + s+ 0
 f (t)e
In Laplace transform L{ f (t)}   st
dt form:
2 0
L LC
R  R  1
s1,2 = - ±   -
2L  2L  LC
or s1,2 = - α ± α 2 -ω0 2
R 1 1
where
h α= Np/sec (s ) , ω0 = rad/s
2L LC
Three cases are possible: 2
(a) Overdamped case α > ω 2
0 (b) Critically Damped
α 2 = ω0 2(c) Undamped α 2 < ω0 2

i (t )  A1e  A2 e
s1t s2 t
i (t )  D1te  t  D2 e  t i (t )  e  t  B1 cos d t  B2 sin d t 
dv di d 2vc d 2vc R dvc vc Vs
i =C c C 2
=C + + i (t)=
( )
dt dt dt dt 2 L dt LC LC
(a) vc =V +A1'es1t +A 2 'es2 t 
(b) vc =V +D1' te -αt +D 2 'e -αt (c) vc =V +e-αt B1'cosωd t+B2'sinωd t 
 ESc201, Lecture 12:  Step and 
12:  Step and Freq
Freq response of RLC (Parallel)

dv v
dv ddii
iL + C + = Is v = L
iR iL iC dt R dt
Is R L C V
Is L diL d 2iL
iL + + LC 2 = Is
R dt dt
t Note that there would be an
v dv 1
 vdt = L  di L
+C +  vdτ = Is integration
g constant depending
p g on the
R dt L 0 source current at t=0+
Differentiate with respect to time 2
2
d v 1 dv v 2 1 1 1  1  1
+ + =0 s + s+ =0 s1,2
12 = - ±   -
2 RC LC 2RC  2RC  LC
dt RC dt LC
2 2 1 1
s1,2
12 = - α' ± α' -ω 0 α' = p
Np/sec ( 1 ) , ω 0 =
(s rad/s
2RC LC
Three cases are possible: 2 2
(a) Overdamped case α' > ω 0 (b) Critically Damped α' 2
= ω 2
0 (c) Undamped
α'2
< ω 0
2

v (t )  A1e s1t  A2 e s2t v (t)=D1te -α't +D 2 e -α't v (t)=e-α't  B1cosωd t+B2sinωd t 

di dv d 2iL d 2iL 1 diL iL Is
v =L L =L
L 2 + + =
dt dt dt dt 2 CR dt LC LC
iL =I  +A1'es1t +A 2 'es2 t 
(b) iL =I  +D1' te -α't +D 2 'e -α't (c) iL =I +e-α't B1'cosωd t+B2'sinωd t 
 ESc201, Lecture 12:  Step and 
12:  Step and Freq
Freq response of RLC (parallel)

S2
iL((0+) = 0,, (d dt))|t=0+=0,, iL(∞) = - 16A
(diL/dt
t=0
1 1
α' = =  1 rad/s, α'2 =1
16A
t=0
iL(t) 0.8H 2 0.25F 2RC 4  0.25
S1
1 1
ω0 2 = = = 55, ω0 2 > α'
α 2 Underdamped case.
case
LC 0.8  0.25
2
1  1  1
s1,2 = - ±   - s1,2 = - 1 ± 1- 5 = -1  2j rad/s
2RC  2RC  LC
 iL (t) = - 16 + B1'e- t cos2t + B2 'e- t sin2t iL (0) = - 16 + B1' = 0 or B1' = 16 A

diL (t) 0
= (- -t
( e )(B1'cos2t sin2t) + e (2B1'sin2t
cos2t + B2'sin2t) -t
sin2t + 2B2'cos2t)
cos2t), 0 2000 4000 6000
dt ‐10

diL (t) B' - 16A

= - B1' + 2B2 ' = 0 or B2 ' = 1 = 8 A ‐20
dt tt=00+ 2
Voltage1 t(ms)
Voltage1‐t(ms)
‐30
 iL (t) = - 16 + 16e- t cos2t + 8e- t sin2t A for t  0
voltage
5

iL (t) = - 16 + 16e-10t cos50t + 8e- 10t sin50t 0

‐5 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

‐10
voltage
- 16A ‐15
15
‐20
‐25
‐30
 ESc201, Lecture 12:  Step and 
12:  Step and Freq
Freq response of RLC
is
is a small fraction,, which tells us the tolerance within which the steadyy state
value is required or measurements are done.
Initial
Underdamped
Overshoot
‘‘ )2 < (
 ( o ) 2
1.0 + 
1.0 Critically Damped
‘‘ )2 = (
 ( o )2
1.0 - 
Overdamped
Relative Current ‘‘ )2 > (
 ( o )2
or Voltage
Better Critically Damped

0
0 Settling Time t (s)
time
Note that as one goes from Underdamped to Overdamped case, the time required to attain
a steady 1.0 level becomes longer. Ideally therefore one would want an underdamped
case, where the Initial overshoot is <  to get the fastest response.
 ESc201, Lecture 12:  Step and 
12:  Step and Freq
Freq response of RLC
The most convenient way to plot a Transfer Function is by Bode Plot Plot..
Information regarding variation of magnitude and phase of any transfer
function as a function of frequency can be made even simpler by a technique
known as ‘Asymptotic Bode Plot
Plot’’.
The Transfer Function || magnitude is plotted in decibels (dB) & the Phase  in Deg.
Deg.
If  is in the in the complex frequency “s” domain, where s =  ± j , then for
etc.. then  can be expressed as a fraction of polynomials
lumped R, L, C, etc polynomials.. i.e.
Special cases:
m
a ms + ……..+ a1s+a o
H s  =
s
=K'
 1  2 
s+z s+z ……..  m  zi=0, ||→∞, pi=0, ||→0
s+z
n
b n s + ……..+ b1s+a o s  s+p1  s+p 2  ……..  s+p n 
 s  s   s   ω  ω   ω 
1+
 z  z 1+ …….. 1+
 z  1+j
 z  z  1+j …….. 1+j
 z 
 1  2   m  s=jω  1  2   m 
=K  K
 s  s   s   ω  ω   ω 
1+
 p  p 1+ …….. 1+
 p  1+j
 p  p  1+j …….. 1+j
 p 
 1  2   n   1  2   n 
=
 | 
= || ω ω
|| (dB) =20log10 + 20log|1+jω| - 20log|1+j | - 20log|1+j |
|| (dB) = 20 log |
|| 10 100

 ω )) - tan-1(
= tan-1( )) - tan-1(
))
10 1+jj 
 1
H  jω  =
 ω  ω 
1+j  1+j 
 10   100 
 60
ESc201, Lecture 12:  Step and 
12:  Step and Freq
Freq response of RLC

|| (dB) =20log10 + 20log|1+jω| - 20log|1+j

ω ω
| - 20log|1+j |
10 100
40 3dB

|| (dB)

20

- 20
10-1 10o 101 102 103 
 ESc201, Lecture 12:  Step and 
12:  Step and Freq
Freq response of RLC
)) - tan-1(
= tan-1( )) - tan-1(
))

90

45

- 45

- 90

10-1 10o 101 102 103 