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1 Cycle
Positive & Negative Alternations + +
D Vm
Vi R Vo Vi R Vo Forward bias
Diode passes only the positive half of the sinusoid.
T/2
The diode behaves as a short circuit during the positive half
cycle, and an open circuit during the negative half cycle.
D
Vi R Vo Vi R Vo=0 0V
T/2
Reverse bias
Half-wave rectification
𝑉𝑑𝑐=𝐶
∙ 𝑉𝑚 Ideal
For ideal half-wave rectifier, the dc voltage
– 0.7) Practical Vdc = C Vm. The diode is conducting after
the voltage supplied is more than 0.7 V for
C = -1 = 0.318 Silicon diode (0.3 V for Germanium diode).
So, the dc voltage will be reduced.
Half-wave rectification
Example
Vout
Vin
Vout
Half-wave rectification
𝑅=100
∙𝑟 𝐷 𝑅=𝑟
𝐷
𝑅
𝑉𝑂= ( 𝑉𝑚 −𝑉𝐷𝑂)
Offset due to VDO 𝑅 +𝑟 𝐷
Slope
Full-wave rectification
𝑜= 𝑅
𝑉 (𝑉𝑚 − 2 𝑉𝑑)
𝑅 +2 𝑟 𝑑
i
Full-wave rectificationSecond-half
i
The current flowing through
the load is the same direction
as before.
𝑜= 𝑅
As the current flowing through 𝑉 (𝑉𝑚 − 2 𝑉𝑑)
𝑅 +2 𝑟 𝑑
the load is unidirectional, so
the voltage developed across D1 and D4 ON / D2 and D3 OFF
the load is also unidirectional i V0 = Vm – 2Vd
the same as for the previous
two diode half-wave rectifier
Full-Wave Rectifier: Bridge
Rectifier
The figure above shows a full-wave rectifier, where D1 and D4 pass the
negative half cycle of the input and D2 and D3 pass the positive half cycle.
A full-wave rectifier passes both the negative and positive half cycles
of the input, while inverting the negative half of the input.
Full-wave rectification
out = 2 in
Half-wave Full-wave
rectification rectification
𝑉𝑃 2𝑉 𝑃
𝑉 𝐷𝐶 ( 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒)= = 0.318 𝑉 𝑃 𝑉 𝐷𝐶( 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒)= =0.636 𝑉 𝑃
𝑇/2
𝑇 /2
𝑉𝑝 1 2𝑉
=𝑉 = 1
𝑉 ∫ 𝑉 𝑝 sin 𝜔 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉 𝑎𝑣𝑔 =𝑉 𝐷𝐶 = ∫ 𝑉 𝑝 sin 𝜔 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑝
𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐷𝐶
𝑇 0 𝜋 𝑇 /2 0 𝜋
𝑉𝑃
𝑅𝑀𝑆= 𝑉 𝑃 =0.5 𝑉 𝑃
𝑉
𝑉 𝑅𝑀𝑆 = =0.7 𝑉 𝑃
2 √2
r r
The RMS (root mean square) value of a sinusoidal voltage is The ripple factor r defines the effectiveness of rectification.
the DC voltage that yields the same power dissipation as the
time-averaged power dissipation of the AC signal. r
Half and Full-Wave Rectifiers Without
Low Pass Filter
Example
What is the average value of the hal-wave rectified voltage in the figure below?
𝑉 𝑝 50 𝑉
𝑉 𝐴𝑉𝐺 = = =15.9 𝑉
𝜋 𝜋
Half and Full-Wave Rectifiers Without
Low Pass Filter
Example
What is the average value of the full-wave rectified voltage in the figure below?
Full-wave
Vin Vout
rectifier
2 𝑉 𝑝 2(15 𝑉 )
𝑉 𝐴𝑉𝐺 = = =9.55 𝑉
𝜋 𝜋
Diode-Capacitor Circuit: Constant Voltage Model
IDEAL
PRACTICAL
If the resistor in half-wave rectifier is replaced by a capacitor, a fixed voltage output is obtained
since the capacitor (assumed ideal) has no path to discharge.
Diode-Capacitor Circuit: Constant Voltage Model
D IDEAL
Vout
= RonC
Vin AC C Vout
Vin
Time (msec)
Diode-Capacitor With Load
Resistor
PRACTICAL
(Ripple)
Vin Vc
Vp(in) - 0.7 V
t0 Vin VC RL
i t0
t1 t2
Vin VC RL
t0
i t0 t1
Vin exceeds
Vin exceeds VC
VC
t1 t2
Vin VC RL
t0
i t0 t1 t2
Diode-Capacitor With Load
Resistor
D
Vout
IDEAL
Vin AC C R Vout
1 F 5 kΩ Vin
Time (msec)
D R = 1 M Vout
R = 5 k Vout
Time (msec)
Behavior for Different Capacitor Values
𝑅
𝑇h =2 𝑅 𝑜𝑛 𝑅 𝐿 Discharging process
Full-wave
Rectification
Approximations
Ripple is the AC component remaining superimposed on the DC output following smoothing
Ripple voltage, which is deviation from dc, becomes a problem
if it goes above 5 to 10% of the output voltage.
r=
* Approximation of ripple voltage
𝐼 𝐿𝑂𝐴𝐷
𝑉 𝑟 =
Applicable for small ripple 𝑓𝐶
and ILOAD constant
Ripple frequency (twice input frequency)
*
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 *
𝑟= 𝐼 𝐿𝑂𝐴𝐷
𝐷𝐶 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
= and 𝑉 𝑟 =
𝑓𝐶
r= r=
=
𝐷𝐶 ≈ (1 − 1 =
𝑉 )𝑉 𝑝 (𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡) 𝑅
𝐿 𝐶 ≫ 1/ 𝑓
2 𝑓 𝑅𝐿𝐶
Half and Full-Wave Rectifiers
Approximations
r=