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Chapter 3

DIODE

Contents

 Conventional semiconductor diode

 Rectifier
 Trimmers and pin circuits
 Diode zener

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Junction diode

 A PN junction with open terminals

 The diode is a PN junction that is placed into the
component case and connected to the outside via
component pins

Structure and operating principles

 Structure and operating principles

 The diode is a PN junction that is placed into the
component case and connected to the outside via
component pins

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PN Junction with an applied voltage

 Reverse-Bias:
 Height of the barrier is increased, reducing Idiff
 Idiff approaches zero rapidly, with iD ≈ IS
 A very small negative iD
 Forward-Bias:
 Height of the barrier is decreased, increasing Idiff
 Idiff increases rapidly with vD leading to iD ≈ Idiff
 A very large positive iD

Forward bias for diode

 Provide positive (+) voltage in Anode (semiconductor area P) and
negative voltage (-) to Cathote (semiconductor region n).
 Under the interaction effect of voltage, the poor region narrows.
 When the difference in voltage between the two poles reaches 0.7V
(with Diode type Si) or 0.3V (with Diode type Ge), the area of the
insulation domain decreases to zero → The diode starts conducting
electricity.

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Forward bias for diode

 If the source voltage continues to increase, the
current through the diode increases rapidly, but the
voltage between the two poles of the diode does not
increase (remains at 0.7V).

Reverse bias for Diode.

 When reverse biasing for Diode:
 Volt (+) into Katot (semiconductor n), Volt (-) into
Anode (semiconductor p)
 Under the interaction of reverse voltage, the poor
region widens and prevents the current from passing
through the junction.

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Phân cực ngược cho Diode

 Conclude: when
 Forward bias → current I increase
quickly
 Reverse bias → current through
diode is saturation reverse current Is
has small value
 Diode is a one-way valve

Diode model
 Ideal Diode : consider as a two-door device has equivalent
function as a electric lock.
 When forward bias, it acts like an electric lock that closes circuit
 When reverse bias, it acts like an electric lock open circuit
 Barrier voltage, dynamic resistance and reverse current are ignored

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Diode circuit equations are nonlinear

 Two equations in two-unknowns to solve for iD and vD

 Non-linear equation: cannot be solved analytically
 Solution methods:
 Numerical (PSpice)
 Graphical (load-line)
 Approximation to get linear equations (diode piece-linear
model)

Current – voltage relations in a ideal model

 Ideal diode

 Vi >0 : iD >0 và VD =0 (short circuit diode)

 Vi <0 : VD <0 và iD =0 (open circuit diode)

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Graphical Solution (Load Line)

Diode piecewise-linear model

 Diode iv is approximated by two lines

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Example

 With the following circuit. What is the current

through diode
 Solution:
 Assumme diode ON →VD =0 with iD >0

 Assumme diode OFF →iD =0 with VD <0

Example
 Find iD and vD for R = 1k, vi = 5 V, and Si Diode
(VD0 = 0.7 V).

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Solution

Example

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Analysis of small signal circuits

 Electronic components can operate in two modes: small and
large signal.
 Small signal mode: is the mode in which the current and volt of the
component change in a small enough part of the characteristic to be
considered linear
 Large signal mode: is the mode in which the current and volt of the
component change over the entire characteristic curve of the
component.
 Consider the following circuit : A<<E

 Conventional:
 iD(t), vD(t): immediate current and volt through diode
 ID, VD: DC current and volt through diode
 id(t), vd(t): AC current and volt through diode
iD(t) = ID + id(t)
vD(t) = VD + d(t)
 Consider DC(AC short circuit) and AC (DC short circuit)

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 Apply superposition principle

Analysis of large signal circuits and applications

 Diode rectifier circuit (half-wave)

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Rectifier Circuit

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 Rectifier circuit using diode (2 semi-periods):

Rectifier full-wave period

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Example

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Example
 With the following circuit, find I, 𝑉𝑅,

Cropping circuit (mạch xén)

 Example 1

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Clipper

Parallel clipper

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Parallel clipper

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Example

 Find V0 with the following circuit, assume ideal

diode

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Example 2
 Find V0 with the following circuit, assume ideal
diode.

Other types of diodes

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Zener Diode piecewise-linear model

Apply

 Zener diodes are useful in providing

reference voltages
 Example: Find the iv characteristics of the two-
terminal circuit below (for vo > 0)
 Solution:

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Cont

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