03-Oct-20

Chapter 1

BASIC CONCEPTS
AND LAWS

Contents

 1.1 Limit and scope of application of the circuit

problems
 1.2 Circuit elements
 1.3 Capacity and energy
 1.4 Classification of circuits
 1.5 Basic laws & equivalent transformations

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Limit & scope of application of the circuit problems

 Objectives: Analysis of physical

phenomena (electromagnetic process)
 The common problem types:
 Circuit model: the model only depends on time
X (t). Relatively simple model.
 Field model: the model depends on spatial

variables X (x, y, z, t). This model is relatively

accurate but complex in terms of calculation

Location of course

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1.2 Elements of electrical circuits

 Circuit: is a system of
electrical and electronic
devices that are
connected by wires to a
closed loop in which
the processes of
transmitting,
transforming energy or
electromagnetic signals
occur.

Clectrical circuit structure

 Circuit include :
 Elements (phần tử mạch)
 Wires (Dây nối)
 Elements : have 2 types
 Properties : source elements and load elements
 Structures : depending on the number of poles of the
circuit element
 Components of an electrical circuit

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 1.Power source: generating (supplying) electricity

 2. Line: Conducting (transmitting) electricity
 3. Transformer device: Transform voltage,
current, frequency, ...
 4. Electricity loading: Receiving (consuming)
electricity

Circuit element structure

 2-pole element: R, L, C,…
 3-pole element: BJT, FET…
 4-pole element: transformer

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Mode parameters of 1 element

 1.Current (immediate) is defined

 Conventional direction (CDOC)
 amperage through the element i = i(t)
 i>0  actual direction is the same of CDOC
 i<0  actual direction is opposite of CDOC
 2. Voltage (immediate) is defined
 Conventional direction of voltage (CDOV) (+ -)
 Voltage through the element: u = u(t)
 u>0  Voltage of positive side (+) > Voltage of
negative side (–)
 u<0  Voltage of positive side (+) < Voltage of
negative side (–)

Resistance (Điện trở)

 Characterized for power losses in circuits.

 Ohm law: u(t) = R.i(t)

 R : resistor, Ohm unit (Ω)

 G = 1/R
 Symbol in diagram

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Inductance (Điện cảm)

 Characterized for the store and release of

magnetic energy.
 Voltage current relationship on linear inductance:

 L : inductance Henry unit (H)

 Symbol in circuit diagram:

Capacitance (Điện dung)

 Characterized for the store and release of electric
field energy.
 Voltage current relationship on linear capacitance

 C : capacitance Fara unit (F)

 Symbol in diagram:

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Summary

Mutual – Inductor (Hỗ cảm)

 The phenomenon of
magnetic field in a coil is
caused by the current
flowing in another coil

 Mutual – inductor factor:

 Mức ghép giữa 2 cuộn dây

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Mutual inductor (Hỗ cảm)

Voltage source

 Independent voltage source

 Relationship: u(t) = e(t)
 Where u do not depend on the current i supply from
the main source and the equal electromotive force of
the source
 Voltage dependent
 U(t) dependency according to voltage or current on
another branch

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Current source

 Independent Current source

 relationship: i(t) = j(t)
 Where i(t) is not depend on u(t)
 Current source dependent
 i (t) dependency according to voltage or current on
another branch

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Capacity and Energy (công suất và năng lượng)

 Capacity:
 Instant capacity:
 p(t): instant capacity, unit Watt [W]
 U(t): instant voltage, unit Volt [V]
 i(t): instant current, unit Ampere [A]
 P(t)>0: The element receives power at the time of
review
 P(t)<0: The element generate power at the time of
review
 Evarage capacity:

Capacity and Energy

 Energy:
 The amount of energy absorbed by the element in the
small time is defined by

 Energy is absorbed by circuit in during from t 0 to t0+∆t

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Capacity and energy

Elements Everage capacity Energy

Resistance PR = RI2

Capacitance PC = 0

Conductance PL = 0

Mutual inductor PM = 0

Electrical circuit classification

 Parameters: concentration - distribution.

 State: stationary - non stationary
 Circuit element: linear - non-linear

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The basic laws

 The terminology
 Stimulation, impact: voltage source, current, input signals ...
 Response: current, voltage across branches, output signal.
 Branches: a collection of connected circuit elements with
the same current flowing.
 Node: A node is a point were two or more circuit elements
meet. A node where only two elements join is called simple
node (conventional in the circuit problem of intersection of
3 or more branches).
 Ring: gathering many consecutive branches into a closed
loop.
 Mesh: is the smallest ring containing no other rings inside
it.

Examples: Nodes, branches, meshes, loops

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Examples

Motivation

 If you are given the following circuit, how can

we determine (1) the voltage across each
resistor, (2) current through each resistor. (3)
power generated by each current source, etc.
 What are the things which we need to know in
order to determine the answers?

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Motivation

 Things we need to know in solving any resistive

circuit with current and voltage sources only:
 Kirchhoff’s Current Laws (KCL)
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Laws (KVL)
 Ohm’s Law
 How should we apply these laws to determine
the answers?

Kirchoff Laws

 Kirchoff’s Law 1:
Kirchoff’s current law
(KCL)
 State:

 Convention:
 Current in put node
which is positive
 Current output node
which is negative

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KCL example

Practical considerations on KCL

 For any circuit with N nodes we can derive only

N-1 independent current equations
 Elements forming a simple node are always
traversed by the same current (there is no need to
apply KCL on a simple node)
 When two or more elements are traversed by the
same current they are said to be connected in
series

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Kirchoff Laws

 Kirchoff law 2: Kirchoff’s

voltage law (KVL)
 State:

 Convention:
 Voltage is positive if the
same direction with loop
 Voltage is negative if
invert direction with loop

Examples

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Example

Practical consideration on KVL

 For any circuit with N essential nodes and B

essential branches we can derive only B-(N-1)
independent voltage equations
 Elements connected to the same two node are
subjected to the same voltage (there is no need to
apply KVL)
 When two or more elements are subjected to the
same voltage they are said to be connected in
parallel

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Branch current equation system

Examples:

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Examples

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Equations

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Some transformations

 Ideal voltage source in series

Some transformations

 Ideal current source in parallel

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Some transformations

 real source transformation

Series and parallel connections

 Two or more elements are said to be connected

in series if they carry the same current
 Two or more elements are said to be connected
in parallel if they are subjected to the same
voltage

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 Series resistors transformation

 Parallel resistors transformation

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Node method

 It allows to find out all unknown node voltages in

a circuit by using the essensial nodes of the circuit
 Step 1: label all essential nodes
 Step 2: select one of essential node as reference
 Step 3: apply KLC to each labeled node (except
the reference node) but with the currents
expressed in terms of node voltages
 Step 4: solve the resulting set of NE – 1
simultaneous equations for unknown node
voltages

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Example

Example

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Mesh method

 Step 1: select a set of BE – (NE -1) meshes, such

that at least one mesh pass through each branch
 Step 2: label each mesh with the corresponding
mesh current
 Step 3: apply KVL around each leabeled mesh,
but with each voltage expressed in terms of the
corresponding mesh current
 Step 4: solve the resulting simultaneous
equations for unknown mesh currents

Example

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