_

_________
_________

CHAPTER

I
5 forces in Two Dimensions Jf

Practice Problems
5.1 Vectors
pages 119—125
page 121
1. A car is driven 125.0 km due west
, then 65.0 km due south. What is the
graphically and
problem both
magnitude of its displacement? Solve this
against each other.
mathematically, and check your answers
125.0km
=
2
R
+ A
B 2
2+B
R= VA 2 65.0 km
= V(65.0 km 2)
2) + (125.0 km
= 141 km
n
the mall to their car, which is 250.0 m dow
2. Two shoppers walk from the door of m.
900 to the right and walk an additional 60.0
a lane of cars, and then turn the mall
ment of the shoppers’ car from
What is the magnitude of the displace
ly and mathematically, and check your
door? Solve this problem both graphical
answers against each other.
MaIl 250.0 m
2+
= A
doo r— ... II
L60.0m
R=VA2+B2 257m ‘‘Car

= 2 + (60.0 rn)
\/(250.0 rn) 2
0

2 =257m
L2 makes a turn to the right and
450

3 A hiker walks 4.5 km in one direction, then

de of her displacement?
walks another 6.4 km. What is the magnitu
—
R
+
—
2 2AB B cosO
A

0 R
+
2
— 2A=B B
V co A sO
2(4.5 krn)(6.4 krn)(cos 135°)
C
0
km)
km) + (6.4 2
= \/(4.5 2 —

I,

= 1
1.0X 10 km
one moment, it is moving south a distance
4. An ant is crawling on the sidewalk. At
ls 4.0 mm. What is the magnitude of
0
C
of 5.0 mm. It then turns southwest and craw
0
the ant’s displacement?
=
R
+
—
2 2AA B
B cosU
R=VA2+B2_2ABcosO
= ‘/(5.0 mm 2)
2) + (4.0 mm — 2(5.0 mm)(4.0 mm)(cos 135°)

=8.3mm

Solutions Manual 87
Physics: Principles and Problems
 ued graphically to
Chapter 5 contin to so lv e some of them
12 5 so ch oo se
page . You may al
5—10 algebraically
Solve problems due
k yo ur an sw er s. t of no rt h, then goes 0.50 km
chec ction 60.0° wes
ud hi r w al ks 0. 40 kin in a dire
5.. S
s displacement?
west. What is hi e positive direct
ions..
d w es t as th
Identify north an 35 km
0 (0.4 0 km )(sin 60.0°) = 0.
1 si n =
w=d
1
d 20 km
8 (0.4 0 km )(cos 60.0°) = 0.
diN = d 1 cos =

km
km d N = 0.00
2
w = 0.50
2
d km
0. 35 km +0.50 km = 0.85
+ 2 =
Rw = diw d w
km
= 0.20 km
+ 0.00 km = 0.20
RN = diN + N
2
d

R=R
+
2 VR N W
km)
km) + (0.20 2
V(0.85 2
=

= 0.87 km

O = tan_1(-)

km
= tan_h(085 km
\0.2O
=77°
h
77° west of nort
R = 0.87 km at
sleep
A fu a an d C hr issy ar going to
6. are
r tree house and
overnight in thei a bo x
s to pull up
using some rope ts,
llows and blanke
containing their pi . The
hi ch ha ve a to ta l mass of 3.20 kg n
w
an d on di ff er en t branches, as show
girls st es and
in Figure 5-6,
and pull at the angl
x- and
h th e fo rc es in dicated. Find the
wit the box.
the net force on
y-components of at you do
body diagram so th
Hint: Draw a free-
e.
not leave out a forc .
right as positive
Identify up and
COS
FA on box,x = FA on box • Figure 5-6
= (20.4 N
)(cos 120°)
= —10.2 N
Sifl
FAOfl box
FAofl,Xy=
)
= (20.4 N)(sin 120°
=17.7N
S
Fc on box,x Fc on box CO
(17.7 N)(cos 55°) and Pr oblems
Physics: Principles
=
 Chapter 5 continued C05 8 +
Fcomblned ope1 on swing
= 10.2 N

Frope2 on swing COS 8

a Fc on box,y = Fc on box
= (17.7 N)(sifl 55°)

= 14.5 N
=

=
2
F .ope2 on swing cos 8
(2)(2.28 N)(cos 13.0°)

Fg,xO.ON = 4.44 N upward

Fg,ymg 9. Could a vector ever be shorter
than one of
of
= mis
—(3.20 kg)(9.80 2
) its components? Equal in length to one
its components? Explain.
—31.4 N of its
It could never be shorter than one
=

FA on box,x + alon g eith er

Fnet on box,x = components, but if it lies
po
Fc on box,x + Fg,x the x- or y-axis, then one of its com
nents equals its length.
=—10.2N+10.2N+0.ON
10. In a coordinate system in whi
ch the x-axis is
= 0.0 N
x-compo
east, for what range of angles is the
FA on boxy + ative?
Fnet on box,y
nent positive? For what range is it neg
=

box,y + Fg,
y les
Fc The x-component is positive for ang
less than 90° and for angles gre ater
17.7 N + 14.5 N 31.4 N —

than 270°. It’s negative for angles

=

= 0.8 N °.
greater than 90° but less than 270
ard
The net force is 0.8 N in the upw
direction.
I 7. You first walk 8.0 km north from
home, then
home
Section Review
Vectors V
walk east until your displacement from 5.1
is 10.0 km. How far east did you walk? pages 119—125
The resultant is 10.0 km. Using the page 125
distance
Pythagorean Theorem, the distance 11. Distance v. Displacement Is the
that you walk equal to the magnitude
of
i east Is
2÷B
R=A
2 , so
2 your displacement? Give an example
supports your condusion.
that,

B=Vi2_A2 could
Not necessarily.. For example, you
= 2)
V’(l 0.0 km — 2)
(8.0 km walk around the block (one km per
zero,
=6.0km side). Your displacement would be
wou ld be
but the distance that you walk
8. A child’s swing is held up by two
ropes tied 4 kilometers.
to a tree branch that hangs 13.0° from
the
V
vector K from

II vertical. If the tension in each rope is

what is the combined force (magnitud
direction) of the two ropes on the swi
The force will be straight up. Becaus
2.28 N,
e and
ng?
e
12. Vector Difference Subtract
vector L, shown in FIgure 5-7.

the angles are equal, the horizontal

forces will be equal and opposite and
cancel out. The magnitude of this
vertical force is

Solutions Manual 89
Physics: Principles and Problems
Chapter 5 continued
16. Critical Thinldng A box is moved through
5.0
one displacement and then through a sec
ond displacement. The magnitudes of the
—4.0 M/ji.oo
two displacements are unequal. Could the
-

K
displacements have directions such that the
resultant displacement is zero? Suppose the
box was moved through three displace
6.0
L ments of unequal magnitude. Could the
• Figure 5-7 resultant displacement be zero? Support
6.0 — (—4.0) = 10.0 to the right your condusion with a diagram.
No, but if there are three
13. Components Find the components of displacements, the sum can
vector M, shown in Figure 5-7. be zero if the three vectors
M = m cos 0 form a triangle when they
= (5.0)(cos 37.0°)
are placed tip-to-tail. Also,
the sum of three displace
= 4.0 to the right
ments can be zero without
M = m sin 0 forming a triangle if the sum of two
= (5.0)(sin 37.0°) displacements in one direction equals
= 3.0 upward the third in the opposite direction.

14. Vector Sum Find the sum of the three

vectors shown in Figure 5-7. Practice Problems
5.2 Friction
= — 4.0 + 6.0 + 4.0 pages 126—130
=6.0 page 128
R= K+ L+ M 17. A girl exerts a 36-N horizontal force as she
pulls a 52-N sled across a cement sidewalk
= 0.0 + 0.0 ÷ 3.0
at constant speed. What is the coefficient of
=3.0 kinetic friction between the sidewalk and
R=VR)+R the metal sled runners? Ignore air resistance.
FN = mg=52N
= \/6.02 + 3.02
Since the speed is constant, the friction
force equals the force exerted by the
0 =tan() girl, 36 N.
1
F = IIkFN
= tan_1(--) 1
F
SO ILk =
= 27°
36 N
R = 6.7 at 27° 52 N

15. Commutative Operations The order in = 0.69

which vectors are added does not matter.
Mathematicians say that vector addition is
commutative. Which ordinary arithmetic
operations are commutative? Which are not?
Addition and multiplication are commu
tative. Subtraction and division are not.
90 Solutions Manual
18. You need to move a 105-kg sofa to a differ
ent location in the room. It takes a force of
102 N to start it moving. What is the coeffi
cient of static friction between the sofa and
the carpet?
Physics: Principles and Problems
 Chapter 5 continued
5.8 N
F ILSFN 0.58
A F = 1.0x10’ N
w
after = I’k, afterFN
=—L = 1
(0.06)(1.0x10 N)
mg
102 N = 0.6 N
— (105 kg)(9.80 mIs
)
2
= 0.0991 page 130
22. A 1.4-kg block slides across a rough surface
19. Mr. Ames is dragging a box full of books such that it slows down with an acceleration
from his office to his car. The box and . What is the coefficient of
of 1.25 rn/s
2
books together have a combined weight of kinetic friction between the block and the
134 N. If the coefficient of static friction surface?
between the pavement and the box is 0.55,
Fnet PkFN
how hard must Mr. Ames push the box in =

order to start it moving? ma =

a
FAmes on box rictIon I
k
1 =j
= ILSFN
1.25 mIs
2
= p
m
8g — 9.80 mIs
2
= (0.55)(134 N) = 0.128

=74 N 23. You help your mom move a 41-kg bookcase

to a different place in the living room. If
20. Suppose that the sled in problem 17 is you push with a force of 65 N and the
resting on packed snow. The coefficient of , what is
bookcase accelerates at 0.12 m/s
2
kinetic friction is now only 0.12. If a person the coefficient of kinetic friction between
weighing 650 N sits on the sled, what force the bookcase and the carpet?
is needed to pull the sled across the snow at
C. constant speed? Fnet = F ILkFN = F img = ma
-
—

E
8 At constant speed, applied force equals F -ma
ILk- mg
friction force, so
65 N (41 kg)(0.12 mIs
— )
2
F=ILkFN
—

(41 kg)(9.80 mis

)
2
= (0.12)(52 N + 650 N)
—

0
C

=84 N = 0.15

21. Suppose that a particular machine in a 24. A shuffleboard disk is accelerated to a speed
factory has two steel pieces that must rub of 5.8 rn/s and released. If the coefficient of
against each other at a constant speed. kinetic friction between the disk and the
C
C Before either piece of steel has been treated concrete court is 0.31, how far does the disk
go before it comes to a stop? The courts are
U

0 to reduce friction, the force necessary to get

them to perform properly is 5.8 N. After the 15.8 m long.
I
8 pieces have been treated with oil, what will Identify the direction of the disk’s motion
be the required force? as positive. Find the acceleration of the
Ff, before disk due to the force of friction.
= Pic, beforeFN
Fnet = ILkFN = —
u
1 mg = ma
—
before
SOr —
a=—g
k, before

Solutions Manual 91
Physics: Principles and Problems
Chapter 5 continued
+ (0.0 m/s) (23 mIs)
2
Then use the equation v
— —
2 =
1
80
(2)(—0.41)(9. mis
)
2
) to find the distance.
—

1 cJ
2a(d 1 —

1 = 0 and solve for d

Let d .
1 = 66 m, so he hits the branch before
he can stop.
— 1
—V
Vf
2
c4 2a
2
1
V

(—kg)
)(
2
— 2
1
V
Section Review
5.2 Friction
2 (5.8 mIs)
(0.0 mIs) 2
pages 126—130
—

(2)(—0.31 )(9.80 m/s

)
2
page 130
=5.5m 27. Friction In this section, you learned about
static and kinetic friction. How are these
25. Consider the force pushing the box in
two types of friction similar? What are the
Example Problem 4. How long would it
differences between static and kinetic friction?
take for the velocity of the box to double to
2.0 m/s? They are similar in that they both act in
a direction opposite to the motion (or
The initial velocity is 1.0 mIs, the final
intended motion) and they both result
velocity is 2.0 mIs, and the acceleration
from two surfaces rubbing against each
, so
is 2.0 mIs
2
other. Both are dependent on the normal
a= =
1
“ ;I
0an fort.
Ivett
dsoe force between these two surfaces. Static
friction applies when there is no relative
t
— Vl—VI motion between the two surfaces. Kinetic
a friction is the type of friction when there
— 2.Om/s—1.Om/s is relative motion. The coefficient of
— 2.0 rn/s
2 static friction between two surfaces is
= 0.50 s greater than the coefficient of kinetic fric
tion between those same two surfaces.
26. Ke Mm is driving along on a rainy night at
23 rn/s when he sees a tree branch lying 28. Friction At a wedding reception, you
across the road and slams on the brakes notice a small boy who looks like his mass
when the branch is 60.0 m in front of him. is about 25 kg, running part way across the I
If the coefficient of kinetic friction between dance floor, then sliding on his knees until a
the car’s locked tires and the road is 0.41, he stops. If the kinetic coefficient of friction
will the car stop before hitting the branch? between the boy’s pants and the floor is
The car has a mass of 2400 kg. 0.15, what is the frictional force acting on ii
Choose positive direction as direction him as he slides?
of car’s movement. = ILkFN
Fnet = ILkFN = —pmg ma =

a= —Lg = (0.15)(25 kg)(9.80 m/s

)
2
Then use the equation 2 = V
1
v 2
1 + = 37 N

2a(c4 ) to find the distance.

1
c1
29. Velocity Derek is playing cards with his
—

Let di = 0 and solve for d

.
1 friends, and it is his turn to deal. A card has
a mass of 2.3 g, and it slides 0.35 m along
= V
2
1 2
1
V
the table before it stops. If the coefficient
-

2a
of kinetic friction between the card and the
— —V
1
V
2
table is 0.24, what was the initial speed of
— (—kg)
)(
2 the card as it left Derek’s hand?
92 Solutions Manual Physics: Principles and Problems
Chapter 5 continued 0 table
F ma
the card’s ILkFN = —

Identify the direction of

movement as positive 0 table ma
F —

ma mg
= IkFN = —mg =
25 N (13 kg)(0.26 m/s)
—

a=-I.Lg —

mis
(13 kg)(9.80 2
)
v= 1
d
= Oso
=0.17
the coeffi
All you can conclude about
t it is
cient of static friction is tha
=
between
= V’—2(—0.24)(9.80 )
2
m 35 m)
(0!s 0 table
F
1.3 m/s mg
=
20 N
30. Force The coefficient
of static friction m/s
(13 kg)(9.80 2
)
le and the
between a 40.0-kg picnic tab = 0.16
Wh at is the
ground below it is 0.43 m. F table
0
t could be =
greatest horizontal force tha and 1 mg
remains
exerted on the table while it 25 N
stationary? mis
= (13 kg)(9.80 2
)
1
F = ILSFN = 0.20
,mg
= (0.43)(40.0 kg)
m/s
(9.80 2
)
1.7X10 N
= 2 Practice Problems
moving to a new 5.3 Force and Motion in
31. Acceleration Ryan is
apartment and puts a dresse
r in the back of Two Dimensions
his pickup truck. When the tru
ck accelerates pages 13 1—135
es the dresser?
forward, what force accelerat page 133
s could the dresser ady speed up the side
Under what circumstance 33. An ant dimbs at a ste
d 30.00 from
slide? In which direction? of its anthill, which is indine
diagram for
Friction between the dresse
r and the the vertical. Sketch a free-body
sser forward.
truck accelerates the dre the ant.
kward if the
The dresser will slide bac
ater than
force accelerating it is gre
mg.
5
push a 13-kg table
32. Critical Thinking You
ntal force of
in the cafeteria with a horizo
You then push
20 N, but it does not move.
25 N, and it
it with a horizontal force of
rn/s What, if anything,
accelerates at 0.26 2
. Fg
coefficients of
can you condude about the
static and kinetic friction?
your experi
From the sliding portion of
t the coeffi
ment you can determine tha
ween the
cient of kinetic friction bet
table and the floor is
1
F = 0 table
F — 2
F
Solutions Manual 93
s
Physics: Principles and Problem
Chapter 5 continued
34. Scott and Becca are moving a folding table 37. A suitcase is on an indined plane. At what
out of the sunlight. A cup of lemonade, angle, relative to the vertical, will the com
with a mass of 0.44 kg, is on the table. Scott ponent of the suitcase’s weight parallel to
lifts his end of the table before Becca does, the plane be equal to half the perpendicular
and as a result, the table makes an angle of component of its weight?
15.00 with the horizontal. Find the compo Fg, parallel
Fg sin 8, when the angle is
nents of the cup’s weight that are parallel with respect to the horizontal
and perpendicular to the plane of the table. 9 cos 0, when the
Fg, perpendicular = F
Fg,paraijeiFgSflO angle is with respect to the horizontal
= (0.44 kg)(9.80 2 (sin 15.00)
mIs
) Fg, perpendicular = 2
F g, parallel
= 1.1 N = Fg, perpendicular
2
, perpendicular
9
F = Fg COS 0 Fg, parallel

= (0.44 kg)(9.80 m/s

)
2 Fg COS 8
= s1n8
9
F
(cos 15.0°)
= 4.2 N 1
tan 0
35. Kohana, who has a mass of 50.0 kg, is at 0 = tan_1()
the dentist’s office having her teeth deaned,
as shown in Figure 5-14. If the component 26.6° relative to the horizontal, or
=

of her weight perpendicular to the plane of 63.4° relative to the vertical

the seat of the chair is 449 N, at what angle page 135
is the chair tilted? 38. Consider the crate on the indine in Example
Problem 5.
a. Calculate the magnitude of the
acceleration.
F
ci
a m c.
0

— F
s
9 lnO
S
m
• Figure 5-14
mgslne
, perpendicular
9
F = Fg COS 0 = mg cos 0 —

m x
, PerPendicular)
9
F = g sin 8 0

o= mg
0.

= (9.80 )
2
m/ s 30.0°)
(sin 0
0
0
449N
—cos—1( (50.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2))
—
= 4.90 m/s
2
= 23.6° b. After 4.00 s, how fast will the crate be
moving? z

36. Fernando, who has a mass of 43.0 kg, slides ci

down the banister at his grandparents’ house. a= letvj=tj=0. ‘0

If the banister makes an angle of 35.0° with 0

Solve for v
.
1 p
the horizontal, what is the normal force
between Fernando and the banister? v
=
1 at
FN = mg cos 0 = (4.90 )
2 s s)
(4.00
m/
= (43.0 kg)(9.80 2
mI
) s 35.0°)
(cos
= 19.6 m/s
= 345 N

94 Solutions Manual Physics: Principles and Problems

Chapter 5 continued
39. If the skier in Example Problem 6 were on Section Review
a 31° downhill slope, what would be the
magnitude of the acceleration? 5.3 Force and Motion in
Since a = g(sin 0— cos 0),
Two Dimensions
a = (9.80 2 m
) Is
(si n 310 (0.1 5)(cos 31°))
—
pages 131—135
page 135
3.8 mIs
2 is to
42. Forces One way to get a car unstuck
=

down tie one end of a strong rope to the car and

40. Stade who has a mass of 45 kg starts rope
the other end to a tree, then push the
a slide that is indined at an angle of 45° .
with the horizontal. If the coefficient of at its midpoint at right angles to the rope
Draw a free-body diagram and expl ain why
kinetic friction between Stade’s shorts and
even a small force on the rope can exert a
the slide is 0.25, what is her acceleration?
F = ma large force on the car.
Ftacies weight parallel with slide
—

The vectors shown in the free body

= Fscies weight parallel with slIde —
diagram indicate that even a small
a
force perpendicular to the rope can
= mgstn8—cF Increase the tension in the rope
m enough to overcome the friction force.
= mgsln8—imgcosO Since F = 2T sin 0 (where 8 is the angle
m between the rope’s original position
and its displaced position),
= g(sin 0 ILk cos 0)
—

(9.80 )
2
m Is
tsi n
450
0.25)(cos 45°)] 2 sIn 0
= —

For smaller values of 0, the tension, T,

= 5.2 mIs
2
will increase greatly.
ple
41. After the skier on the 37° hill in Exam
Problem 6 had been moving for 5.0 s, the
friction of the snow suddenly increased and
I
Fcar
made the net force on the skier zero. What
Ffriction
is the new coefficient of friction?
a = g(sln 9 ILk cos 0)
a = gaIn 0— 9ILk cos 0
If a= 0,
0 = g sin 0 — g’.L cos 0

ILk cos 0 = sin 8

sinO
Ik = COS 0
sin 37°
ILk = cos 370

= 0.75

Solutions Manual 95
Physics: Principles and Problems
 __

Chapter 5 continued
43. Mass A large scoreboard is suspended from the ceiling of a sports arena by
10 strong cables. Six of the cables make an angle of 8.0° with the vertical while
the other four make an angle of 10.0°. If the tension in each cable is 1300.0 N,
what is the scoreboard’s mass?
Fnet,y may 0

Fnet,y = Fcables on board — Fg

= 6
F cable COS 06 + 4
Fcabie COS 04 — mg = 0
= 6
F Fcabie COS 04
cable COS 06 + 4
m

— 6(1300.0 N)(cos 8.0°) + 4(1300.0 N)(cos 10.0°)

— 9.80 m/s
2
= 3 kg
1.31 X10

44. Acceleration A 63-kg water skier is pulled up a 14.0° indine by a rope parallel
to the indine with a tension of 512 N. The coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.27.
What are the magnitude and direction of the skier’s acceleration?
FN = mg cos 0

Frope on skier Fg — 1
F = ma

Frope on skier — mg sin 0 — ILmg cos 0 = ma

Frope on sicler — mg sin B — I1mg cos 0

a

512 N — )(sin 14.0°) (0.27)(63 kg)(9.80 mIs

(63 kg)(9.80 mIs
2 )(cos 14.0°)
2 —

63kg
= , up the incline
3.2 mIs
2

45. Equilibrium You are hanging a painting using two lengths

of wire The wires will break if the force is too great Should
you hang the painting as shown in Figures 5-Tha or 5-15b

Figure 5-15b; FT so FT gets smaller as 0 gets • Figure 5-15a

= 2
larger, and 0 is larger in 5-15b.

U Figure 5-15b

46. Critical Thinking Can the coefficient of friction ever have a value such that a
skier would be able to slide uphill at a constant velocity? Explain why or why
not. Assume there are no other forces acting on the skier.
No, because both the frictional force opposing the motion of the skier
and the component of Earth’s gravity parallel to the slope point downhill,
not uphill.

96 Solutions Manual Physics: Principles and Problems

 Chapter 5 continued
52. Explain the method that you would use to
Chapter Assessment subtract two vectors graphically. (5.1)
Reverse the direction of the second
Concept Mapping vector and then add them.
page 140
4Z Complete the concept map belo
w by label
to 53. Explain the difference between these two
ing the cirdes with sine, cosine, or tangent symbols:AandA. (5.1)
indicate whether each function is posi tive
A is the symbol for the vector quantity.
or negative in each quadrant.
A is the signed magnitude (length) of
the vector.
is written
54. The Pythagorean theorem usually
2=a
c 2+ b . If this relationship is used
2
in vector addition, what do a, b, and c
represent? (5.1)
a and b represent the lengths of two
vectors that are at the right angles to
one another. c represents the length
of the sum of the two vectors.

Mastering Concepts 55. When using a coordinate system,

how is the
page 140 angle or direction of a vector determined
48. Describe how you would add two vecto
rs with respect to the axes of the coordinate
graphically. (5.1) system? (5.1)
Make scale drawings of arrows repre The angle is measured counterclock
senting the vector quantities. Place the wise from the x-axls.
arrows for the quantities to be added tip- nt of
to-tail. Draw an arrow from the tail of the 56. What is the meaning of a coefficie
friction that is greater than 1.0? How
first to the tip of the last. Measure the
.5
length of that arrow and find its direction. would you measure it? (5.2)
The frictional force is greater than the
issi
49. Which of the following actions is perm normal force. You can pull the object
S
8
aa vecto r to
ble when you graphically add one along the surface, measuring the force
another moving the vector, rotating the needed to move it at constant speed.
vector, or changing the vector’s length? (5.1) Also measure the weight of the object.
0
allowed: moving the vector without described
57. Cars Using the model of friction
0

changing length or direction een

in this textbook would the friction betw
a wide
I0
50. In your own words, write a dear definition a tire and the road be increased by
of the resultant of two or more vectors. Do rather than a narrow tire? Explain. (5.2)
it
a not explain how to find it; explain what It would make no difference. Friction
represents. (5.1) does not depend upon surface area.
The resultant is the vector sum of two
eI or more vectors. It represents the quan
tity that results from adding the vec
tors.
58. Describe a coordinate system
that would
be suitable for dealing with a problem
which a ball is thrown up into the
air.
in
(5.3)

‘ 51. How is the resultant displacement

affected
when two displacement vectors are adde
d
One axis is vertical, with the posi
direction either up or down.
tive

in a different order? (5.1)

It is not affected. 97
Solutions Manual
Physics: Principles and Problems
Chapter 5 continued
59. If a coordinate system is set up such that
the positive x-axis points in a direction 30°
above the horizontal, what should be the
angle between the x-axis and the y-axis?
What should be the direction of the positive
y-axis? (5.3)
The two axes must be at right angles.
The positive y-axis points 300 away
from the vertical so that it is at right
angles to the x-axis.
60 Explain how you would set up a coordinate
system for motion on a hill. (5.3)
For motion on a hill, the vertical (y) axis
is usually set up perpendicular, or nor
mal, to the surface of the hill.
61. If your textbook is in equilibrium, what can
you say about the forces acting on it? (5.3)
The net force acting on the book is zero.
62. Can an object that is in equilibrium be
moving? Explain. (5.3)
Yes, Newton’s first law permits motion
as long as the object’s velocity is con
stant. It cannot accelerate.
63. What is the sum of three vectors that, when
placed tip to tail, form a triangle? If these
vectors represent forces on an object, what
does this imply about the object? (5.3)
The vector sum of forces forming a
closed triangle is zero, If these are the
only forces acting on the object, the net
force on the object is zero and the
object is in equilibrium.
64. You are asked to analyze the motion of a
book placed on a sloping table. (5.3)
a. Describe the best coordinate system for
analyzing the motion.
Set up the y-axis perpendicular
to the surface of the table and the
x-axis pointing uphill and parallel to
the surface.
b. Flow are the components of the weight of
the book related to the angle of the table?
98 Solutions Manual
One component is parallel to the
inclined surface and the other is
perpendicular to it.
65. For a book on a sloping table, describe
what happens to the component of the
weight force parallel to the table and the
force of friction on the book as you
increase the angle that the table makes
with the horizontal. (5.3)
a. Which components of force(s) increase
when the angle increases?
As you increase the angle the table
makes with the horizontal, the com
ponent of the book’s weight force
along the table increases.
b. Which components of force(s) decrease?
When the angle increases, the com
ponent of the weight force normal to
the table decreases and the friction
force decreases.
Applying Concepts
pages 140—141
66. A vector that is 1 cm long represents a dis
placement of 5 km. How many kilometers
are represented by a 3-cm vector drawn to
the same scale?
km
51 cm = 15 km
(3 cm)(
/
67. Mowing the Lawn If you are pushing a
lawn mower across the grass, as shown in
Figure 5-16, can you increase the horizon
tal component of the force that you exert
on the mower without increasing the mag
nitude of the force? Explain.
F
t
F
I Figure -16
Physics: Principles and Problems
Chapter 5 continued
Yes, lower the handle to make the angle
between the handle and the horizontal
smaller.
68. A vector drawn 15 mm long represents a
velocity of 30 rn/s. How long should you
draw a vector to represent a velocity of
20 m/s?
(20 mIs)( ) = 10 mm
69. What is the largest possible displacement•
resulting from two displacements with mag
nitudes 3 m and 4 m? What is the smallest
possible resultant? Draw sketches to
demonstrate your answers.
The largest is 7 m; the smallest is 1 m.
3m 4m
—* —a
7m
4m
3m
im
70. How does the resultant displacement
change as the angle between two vectors
increases from 0° to 1800?
The resultant Increases.
71. A and B are two sides of a right triangle,
where tanG = A/B.
a. Which side of the triangle is longer if
tan 0 is greater than 1.0?
A is longer.
b. Which side is longer if tan 0 is less
than 1.0?
B is longer.
c. What does it mean if tan 0 is equal
to 1.0?
A and B are equal in length.
72. Traveling by Car A car has a velocity of
50 km/h in a direction 60° north of east. A
coordinate system with the positive x-axis
pointing east and a positive y-axis pointing
north is chosen. Which component of the
velocity vector is larger, x or y?
The northward component (y) is longer.
Physics: Principles and Problems
73. Under what conditions can the Pythagorean
theorem, rather than the law of cosines, be
used to find the magnitude of a resultant
vector?
The Pythagorean theorem can be used
only if the two vectors to be added are
at right angles to one another.
74. A problem involves a car moving up a hill,
so a coordinate system is chosen with the
positive x-axis parallel to the surface of the
hill. The problem also involves a stone that
is dropped onto the car. Sketch the problem
and show the components of the velocity
vector of the stone.
One component is in the negative
x-direction, the other in the negative
y-dlrection, assuming that the positive
direction points upward, perpendicular
to the hill.
vx4w’l.
V
75. Pulling a Cart According to legend, a horse
learned Newton’s laws. When the horse was
told to pull a cart, it refused, saying that
if it pulled the cart forward, according to
Newton’s third law, there would be an equal
force backwards; thus, there would be bal
anced forces, and, according to Newton’s
second law, the cart would not accelerate.
How would you reason with this horse?
The equal and opposite forces referred
to in Newton’s third law are acting on
different objects. The horse would pull
on the cart, and the cart would pull
on the horse. The cart would have an
unbalanced net force on it (neglecting
friction) and would thus accelerate.
Solutions Manual 99
Chapter 5 continued
76. Tennis When stretching a tennis net Mastering Problems
between two posts, it is relatively easy to 5.1 Vectors (
pull one end of the net hard enough to pages 141—142
remove most of the slack, but you need a Level 1
winch to take the last bit of slack out of 79. Cars A car moves 65 km due east,
the net to make the top almost completely then 45 km due west. What is its total
horizontal. Why is this true? displacement?
When stretching the net between the 65 km + (—45 km) = 1 2.0X10 km
two posts, there is no perpendicular
id = 2.0X 101 km, east
component upward to balance the
weight of the net. All the force exerted
80. Find the horizontal and vertical compo
on the net is horizontal. Stretching the
nents of the following vectors, as shown in
net to remove the last bit of slack
Figure 5-17.
requires great force in order to reduce
the flexibility of the net and to increase
the internal forces that hold it together.
IB(3.0) A(3.O)

77. The weight of a book on an indined plane

can be resolved into two vector compo
nents, one along the plane, and the other C(6.O) D(4.O)
perpendicular to it. FIgure 5-17
a. At what angle are the components
equal? a. E
450 E=EcosO
(5.0)(cos 45°)
b. At what angle is the parallel component =

equal to zero? = 3•5

00 EsInO
c. At what angle is the parallel component = (5.0)(sin 45°)
equal to the weight?
900
=3.5
bF I
78. TV Towers The transmitting tower of a TV F = F cos 0
station is held upright by guy wires that = (5.0)(cos 225°)
extend from the top of the tower to the =
ground. The force along the guy wires can 6
F = F sin 0
be resolved into two perpendicular compo-
0
2.
nents. Which one is larger? = (5.0)(sin 225°)
The component perpendicular to the = —3.5
ground is larger if the angle between C A
the guy wire and horizontal is greater A = A cos 9 2
than 45 (3.0)(cos 180°) 0
=

=—3.O
A sin 9
= (3.0)(sin 180°)

=0.0 4

100 Solutions Manual Physics: Principles and Problems

 Chapter 5 continued
81. Graphically find the sum of the following 83. You walk 30 m south and 30 m east. Find
the magnitude and direction of the resul

a pairs of vectors, whose lengths and direc

tions are shown in Figure 5-17:
a. DandA
tant displacement both graphically and
algebraically.

0 = 2 + 82
A
I
I A = V(30 2 + (30 rn)
rn) 2
A
-0
=40m
R(1.0)
tan 0 = = 1
b. CandD
0
o = 450
C
A = 40 m, 450
east of south
R(1 0.0)

c. CandA 30 m S
C
I

A
I 30 m E
R(3.0)
The difference in the answers is due to
d. EandF significant digits being considered in
the calculation.

84. Hiking A hiker’s trip consists of three seg

R = 0.0 ments. Path A is 8.0 km long heading 60.0°
north of east. Path B is 7.0 km long in a
Level 2 direction due east. Path C is 4.0 km long
82. Graphically add the following sets of heading 315° counterdockwise from east.
vectors, as shown in Figure 5-17.
a. Graphically add the hiker’s displace
a. A, C, andD ments in the order A, B, C.
A

b. A, B, andE
C
R(7.0)
D
I
4=2
b. Graphically add the hiker’s displace
ments in the order C, B, A.

I
BIA_I B

C. B,D,andF c. What can you conclude about the

resulting displacements?
You can add vectors in any order.
The result is always the same.

Physics: Principles and Probkms Solutions Manual 101

Chapter 5 continued
in B B cos
85. What is the net force acting on the ring
= B
8

Figure 5-18? = (128 N)(cos 30.0°)

= 111 N
B = B sin ea

= (128 N)(sin 30.0°)

=64N
R= A+ B
= —64 N ÷ 111 N

• Figure 5-18 =47 N

2
R = 2+ B
A 2 R= A+ B

R=’/A2+B2 =0 N +64 N
=64 N
= 2 + (400.0 N)
V(500.0 N) 2
R= VR)+ RI
= 640.3 N
= \/(47 N)
2 + (64 N)
2
tan o = 4 = 79 N
8 = tan_1(4)
0 = tan_1()
= 5
ta
° nh(
\400.O = tan_1()
= from B
51.340
= 540
51.340
The net force is 640.3 N at
Level 3
86. What is the net force acting on the ring in
87. A Ship at Sea A ship at sea is due into a
Figure 5-19?
port 500.0 km due south in two days.
However, a severe storm comes in and
blows it 100.0 km due east from its original
position. How far is the ship from its desti
nation? In what direction must it travel to
128 N reach its destination?

R = \/E1 00.0 km) 2)

2 + (500.0 km
R Figure 5-19
= 509.9 km
A —128 N +64 N ‘A
= —64 N 8 =
tan1 (_i
A = A cos
= tanl(S°
= (—64 N)(cos 180°) \100.0
= —64 N = 78.69°
A= AsinOA R = 509.9 km, 78.69° south of west
= (—64 N)(sin 1800)
=ON

Physics: Principles and Problems

102 Solutions Manual
 Chapter 5 continued
land 5.2 Friction
88. Space Exploration A descent vehide
ing on Mars has a vertical velocity toward page 142
the surface of Mars of 5.5 rn/s. At the same Level 1
time, it has a horizontal velocity of 3.5 m/s. 90. If you use a horizontal force of 30.0 N to
slide a 12.0-kg wooden crate across a floor
a. At what speed does the vehicle move
at a constant velodty what is the coefficient
along its descent path?
of kinetic friction between the crate and the
2 =A
A 2 + 82 floor?
R = 2 + (3.5 m/s)
V(5.5 mis) 2 = ILkFN = umg = FhorIzonI

v= R=6.5 rn/s — Fhorlzontal

ILk— mg
b. At what angle with the vertical is this
path? 30.0 N
(12.0 kg)(9.80 mis
)
2
o tan_1(t) = 0.255

= tan_1() 91. A 225-kg crate is pushed horizontally

with a
force of 710 N. If the coefficient of friction
= 58° from horizontal, which is 32° is 0.20, calculate the acceleration of the crate.
from vertical ma = Fnet = Fappi —

89. Navigation Aifredo leaves camp and,

using where F
1 = ILkFN = I.Lkmg
a compass, walks 4 km E, then 6 km S,
Therefore
3 km E, 5 km N, 10 km W, 8 km N, and,
finally, 3 km S. At the end of three days, he
=
a
is lost. By drawing a diagram, compute how
far Aifredo is from camp and which direc — 710 N — (0.20)(225 kg)(9.80 )
2
m/s
tion he should take to get back to camp. —
225kg
Take north and east to be positive = 1.2 mIs
2
C
directions. North: —6 km + 5 km +
‘I 8 km 3 km = 4 km. East: 4 km +
—
Level 2
8
S
3 km 10 km = —3 km.. The hiker is
—
92. A force of 40.0 N accelerates a 5.0-kg
block
4 km north and 3 km west of camp. 2 along a horizontal surface.
at 6.0 m/s
C.,
To return to camp, the hiker must go a. How large is the frictional force?
:5 3 km east and 4 km south.
ma = Fnet = Fappi F 1 —

C =A
R
+
2 B ma
C
0 SO F
1 Fappi —

R 2 + (4 km)
V’3 km) 2
•0 =
40.0 N (5.0 kg)(6.0 m/s
= —
)
2
z =5km = 1 1.0x10 N
:5 o —
b. What is the coefficient of friction?
0 - tan’ 1 = I.LkFN = I1mg
F
tan_1(4 km\
C.,
= 3
km) SO ILk =

I 53°
=

R = 5 km, 53° south of east

—

—
1.0x10l N
(5.0 kg)(9.80 m/s
)
2
= 0.20

Solutions Manual 103

Physics: Principles and Problems
Chapter 5 continued o Dimensions
ur family just had a 5.3 Force and Motion in Tw
93. Moving Appliances Yo ry man pages 142—143
e delive
new refrigerator delivered. Th
t the refrigerator Level 1
has left and you realize tha m has three forces
ition, so you 95. An object in equilibriu
is not quite in the right pos s at 90.0°
timeters. If the exerted on it. A 33.0-N force act
plan to move it several cen ce acts at
180 kg, the coeffi from the x-axis and a 44.0-N for
refrigerator has a mass of the magni
ween the bottom 60.0° from the x-axis. What are
dent of kinetic friction bet for ce?
floor is 0.13, and tude and direction of the third
of the refrigerator and the the sum of
the static coefficient of fric
tion between First, find the magnitude of
ibrant will
these same surfaces is 0.2
1, how hard do these two forces. The equil
t opposite
you have to push horizonta
lly to get the have the same magnitude bu
refrigerator to start moving? direction.
0 fidge
F = Ffrictlon 1 = 33.0 N, 90.0°
F

= ISFN 2
F = 44.0 N, 60.0°
=

mis
= (0.21)(180 kg)(9.80 2
) = 1 COs 01
F

= 370 N = (33.0 N)(cos 90.0°)

= 0.0 N
Level 3 1 sin 01
You are driving 1
F = F
94. Stopping at.a Red Light
ed of
a 2500.0-kg car at a constant spe = (33.0 N)(sin 90.0°)
t, level
14.0 rn/s along a wet, but straigh = 33.0 N
ection,
road. As you approach an inters 2 cos
F
u sla m on the 2
F
the traffic light turns red. Yo
=

tires begin
brakes. The car’s wheels lock, the (44.0 N)(cos 60.0°)
=
halt in a
skidding, and the car slides to a = 22.0 N
coe fficient
distance of 25.0 m. What is the
tires and 2= F
F 2 Sfl
of kinetic friction between your
the wet road? = (44.0 N)(sin 60.0°)
= 1kFN =
ma 38.1 N=

2
m
—(Vf V
)
2
1
where Vf =0 x+ F
Fs= F
1 x
2
—iLmg = 2d
= 0.0 N + 22.0 N
force is
(The minus sign indicates the 22.0 N=
n of
acting opposite to the directio
3
F y+ Fy
= F
1
motion.)
2
1
v = 33.0 N + 38.1 N
= 71.1 N
m/s)
(14.0 2 3
F = +
=
m/s
2(25.0 m)(9.80 2
)
= 2 + (71.1 N)
V(22.o N) 2
= 0.400
= 74.4 N

Physics: Principles and Problems

104 Solutions Manual
 Chapter 5 continued
5= F5 cos 85 (50.0 N)(cos 60.0°)
For equihbrium, the sum of the compo F =

nents must equal zero, so = 25.0 N

F
5 1, = 5 sin 85
F = (50.0 N)(sin 60.0°)
8 = tan’() + 180.0°
= 43.3 N
N\ = i-a+ F (-1 x+ F
3 5
= tair1( 71.1 + 180.0° 5
F
22.0 N)
= 0.0 N ÷ 40.0 N + 0.0 N
+
= 253°
(—40.0 N) + 25.0 N
3
F = 74.4 N, 253°
= 25.0 N
Level 2 = F, + F, + F, + F 41, + 5
F 1,
N at
96. Five forces act on an object: (1) 60.0
(3) 80.0 N at = 60.0 N + 0.0 N + (—80.0 N) +
90.0°, (2) 40.0 N at 0.0°,
270.00, (4) 40.0 N at 180.0°, and 0.0 N + 43.3 N
ni
(5) 50:0 N at 60.0°. What are the mag = 23.3 N
tude and direction of a sixth force that
6
F = VF6X2 + F
2
51,
would produce equilibrium?
Solutions by components = 2 + (23.3 N)
V(25.0 N) 2

1
F = 60.0 N, 90.0° = 34.2 N

2
F = 40.0 N, 0.00 86
= tan, \F
,)
6
÷ 180.0°
3
F = 80.0 N, 270.0°
tanl( 23.3 N + 180.0°
=
4
F = 40.0 N, 180.0° \ 25.0 N)
= 223°
5
F = 50.0 N, 60.0°
F = 34.2 N, 223°
6

= 1 cos 01
F 97. Advertising Joe wishes to hang a sign
weighing 7.50X 102 N so that cable A,
= (60.0 N)(cos 90.0°) = 0.0 N attached to the store, makes a 30.0° angl
e,
e B is hor i
E
F
11, = 1 sin 81 = (60.0 N)(sin 90.0°)
F as shown in Figure 5-20. Cabl
8 ld
z
zontal and attached to an adjoining bui
= 60.0 N ing. What is the tension in cable B?
2 COS 2
= F = (40.0 N)(cos 0.0°)
= 40.0 N

F
2

3
F
1, =

=
2 sin 82
F
0.0 N
3 cos 83
F
0.0 N
=

=
(40.0 N)(sin 0.0°)

(80.0 N)(cos 270.0°)

1• JOE’S
b-—--.— L
= 3 sin 6
F = (80.0 N)(sin 270.0°)
• Figure 5-20
= —80.0 N
4
F = 4 cos 04
F = (40.0 N)(cos 180.0°)

= —40.0 N
F
4 1, = 4 SIn 04
F = (40.0 N)(sin 180.0°)

= 0.0 N
Solutions Manual 105
Physics: Principles and Problems
Chapter 5 continued
Fparaiiei 9 sin 8
F
Solution by components. The sum of
=

the components must equal zero, so = (215 N)(sin 35.0°)

FAyFg=O = 123 N
SO FAY = 9
F
Level 3
= 7.50X10 N
2 100.. Emergency Room You are shadowing a
FAY = FA sin 60.00 nurse in the emergency room of a local
hospital. An orderly wheels in a patient
_
FAy who has been in a very serious accident
SO sin 60.00
—
and has had severe bleeding. The nurse
— 2
7.50
N X10 quidcly explains to you that in a case like
— sin 60.00 this, the patient’s bed will be tilted with
= 866 N the head downward to make sure the brain
0, so
gets enough blood. She tells you that, for
Also, FB FA
most patients, the largest angle that the bed
—

FB=FA can be tilted without the patient beginning

to slide off is 32.0° from the horizontal.
= FA cos 60.0°
a. On what factor or factors does this
= (866 N)(cos 60.0°) angle of tilting depend?
= 433 N, right The coefficient of static friction
between the patient and the bed’s
98. A street lamp weighs 150 N. It is supported sheets.
by two wires that form an angle of 120.0°
b. Find the coefficient of static friction
with each other. The tensions in the wires
between a typical patient and the bed’s
are equal.
sheets.
a. What is the tension in each wire sup mg sin 0
9 parallel to bed
F
porting the street lamp?
9
F = 2Tsin 0 =F
0
F =
so T = 2 sInG S
cos 0
— 150N
(2)(sin 30.00) mg sin 0
—
5
SO,.L mgcosO
= 2
1.5X 10 N
sin 0 C.

b. If the angle between the wires support — cosO 0

C

ing the street lamp is reduced to 90.0°,

C
= tan 0
what is the tension in each wire?
= tan 32.0°
T— = 0.625 z=
2 sin 0
150 N S
(2)(sin 45°) I
= i.ixio N
2

99. A 215-N box is placed on an indined plane

that makes a 35.0° angle with the horizon
tal. Find the component of the weight force
parallel to the plane’s surface.

106 Solutions Manual Physics: Principles and Problems

 _

Chapter 5 continued
fric
101. Two blocks are connected by a string over a
tionless, massless pulley such that one is resting on
an inclined plane and the other is hanging over the
top edge of the plane, as shown in Figure 5-21. The [Li
hanging block has a mass of 16.0 kg, and the one on
the plane has a mass of 8.0 kg. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between the block and the indined
plane is 0.23. The blocks are released from rest.
• Figure 5-21

a. What is the acceleration of the blocks?

F = mbOha = Fg hanging FlIpIane F plane
— —

= m
f
8 lgjflgg — 9 plane Slfl B
F — g plane COS 9
1
Pk
so a
mbOh

= mflgjflgg — mpieg sin B — I.Lmpflg cos B

mbOh

g(mhaflglflg mplanesin 9 lLkmplane COS 0)

= —

mhanglng + mp,ane

(9.80 2
m/
) s 6.0
(1 kg — (8.0 kg)(sin 37.0°) (0.23)(8.0 kg)(cos 37.0°))
—

(16.0 kg + 80 kg)

4.0 mIs
= 2
?
b. What is the tension in the string connecting the blocks
FTFgFa
= mg ma —

=m(g—a)
‘.3
C
= (16.0 kg)(9.80 mis
2 — 4.0 mIs
)
2
= 93 N

102. In Figure 5-22, a block of mass M is pushed

with such a force, F; that the smaller block of
mass m does not slide down the front of it.
F
There is no friction between the larger block
-

and the surface below it, but the coefficient

of static friction between the two blocks is p.
Find an expression for F in tems of M, m, ,

and g.
Smaller block:
I FIgure 5-22
= IsFN,Monm = mg
Ft,Monm
mg
M on m =
= ma

Solutions Manual 107

Physics: Principles and Problems
Chapter 5 continued start the
b. What force will be needed to
Larger block: sled moving?
F— FN,m on M Ma

ILsFg
F—=
ILs
=
5
M
= 2
(0.30)(4.90X10 N)
F= (rn+M) 2
1.5 X10 N
=

C. What force is needed

to keep the sled
Mixed Review moving at a constant velocity?
pages 143—144 FI=ILSFN
Level 1 = I.tsFg
103. The scale in Figure
5-23 is being pulled
e does the
on by three ropes. What net forc 2
(0.1
= 0)(4.90X10 N)
scale read? = 49 N, kinetic friction
must be
d. Once moving, what total force
applied to the sled to acc elerate it at
m/s
3.0 2
?
ma = Fnet = Fappi F 1 —

SO Fappi ma + F
1
= (50.0 kg)(3.0 2
m/
) s + 49 N

= 2
2.0X 10 N

Level 2
105. Mythology Sisyphus was a
character in
N doo med in
Greek mythology who was
a
Hades to push a boulder to the top of
150.0 N top,
steep mountain. When he reached the
n the
I Figure 5-7 the boulder would slide back dow
t all
Find the y-component of the two
side mountain and he would have to star
middle Sisy phu s slid es the
ropes and then add them to the over again. Assume that
t bein g
rope. boulder up the mountain withou
ver
F= FcosO able to roll it, even though in most
sions of the myth, he rolled it.
= (75.0 N)(cos 27.00) a. If the coefficient of kinetic friction
ain
= 66.8 N between the boulder and the mount
the bou lder is
F total = F, left + F, middle + F, right side is 0.40, the mass of
20.0 kg, and the slope of the mo unt ain
= 66.8 N ÷ 150.0 N + 66.8 N is a constant 30.0°, what is the forc
e
the bou lder
283.6 N that Sisyphus must exert on
to move it up the mountain at a con
50.0 kg is
104. Sledding A sled with a mass of stant velocity?
und.
pulled along flat, snow-covered gro Fs on rock F
9 110 slope
The static friction coefficient is 0.30, and
—

the kinetic friction coefficient is 0.10. = Fs on rock — mg sin 8 —

a. What does the sled weigh? IImgcosO=ma=0

mg m/s
(50.0 kg)(9.80 2
)
9
F = =
Fs on rock = mg sin 8+ mg cos 8
= 4.90X10 N
2
Physics: Principles and Problems
108 Solutions Manual
Chapter 5 continued
= mg(sin 6 + ILk COS 6)
= m/s
(20.0 kg)(9.80 2
)
(sin 30.00 + (0.40)(cos 30.0°))
= 166 N
of 0.25 rn/s and it takes him
b. If Sisyphus pushes the boulder at a velocity
is the mythical mountain’s
8.0 h to reach the top of the mountain, what
vertical height?
h = dsin 6
= vtsin 9

= (0.25 m/s)(8.0 h)(3600

slh)(sin 30.0°)

= 3
3.6X 10 m = 3.6 km

Level 3 :;
d on a flatbed •
106. Landscaping A tree is being transporte
. If the
trailer by a landscaper, as shown in Figure 5-24
traile r, fall over
base of the tree slides on the tree will the
and be damaged. If the coefficient of static
friction
r is 0.50 , what is the
between the tree and the traile
ling
minimum stopping distance of the truck, trave
not
at 55 km/h, if it is to accelerate uniformly and
on the traile r?
have the tree slide forward and fall • Figure 5-24
= ILSFN = 5
—,
m gL= ma
ruck = —

— mg
a= , =—g

= — (0.50)(9.80 )
2
mi s

= —4.9 mIs
2
• = 2 +
1
V 2aid with V = 0,

soid=—-j
))2
_((55 km/h)( 1 m)( 1 h
1km 3600s
— (2)(—4.9 )
2
m/s
=24m

Solutions Manual 109

Physics: Principles and Problems
Chapter 5 continued
Thinking Critically
page 144
107. Use Models Using the Example Problems in
this chapter as models, write an
following
example problem to solve the following problem. Indude the
wn (with a
sections; Analyze and Sketch the Problem, Solve for the Unlcno
driver of a 975-kg car traveling
complete strategy), and Evaluate the Answer. A
will take for the car
25 m/s puts on the brakes. What is the shortest distance it
the road on the
to stop? Assume that the road is concrete, the force of friction of
tires is constant, and the tires do not slip.

I I I I I I I _

V Ff Fnet
a Fg

Analyze and Sketch the Problem

on
• Choose a coordinate system with a positive axis in the directi
of motion.
• Draw a motion diagram.
• Label vand a.
• Draw the free-body diagram.
Known: Unknown:
=0
1
d c4=?
= 25 mIs
1
v
vt=
0
m = 975 kg
= 0.80

Solve for the Unknown

Solve Newton’s second law for a.
Fnet = ma

—F = ma Substitute —Ff =
= ma Substitute F = FN
—umg = ma Substitute FN = mg
a= —g
Use the expression for acceleration to solve for distance.
v2_ 2 L
+ 4
2a(d—d, )
12
2_ V

2a -

—v
2
v
= + Substitute a
(2)(—tg)

110 Solutions Manual Physics: Principles and Problems

 Chapter 5 continued
Substitute d
1 0.0 m, V1 = 0.0 mis,
2 (25 mIs)
(0.0 mIs) 2
00 m +
—

= 0.65, g = 9.80 mIs

2
=
(2X-o.65X9.80 m!s)2 1 = 25 mIsjL
V
A
=49m

108. Analyze and Condude Margaret Mary, Doug, and

Kako are at a local
amusement park and see an attraction called the Giant Slide, which is simply a
seme nt park climb a long
very long and high indined plane. Visitors at the amu
top of the 27° indined plane and are given canvas sacks.
flight of steps to the
the time when the
They sit on the sacks and slide down the 70-rn-long plane. At
are each at the top
three friends walk past the slide, a 135-kg man and a 20-kg boy
take the man to
preparing to slide down. “I wonder how much less time it will
“I think the boy will
slide down than it will take the boy,” says Margaret Mary
will reach the
take less time,” says Doug. “You’re both wrong,” says Kako. ‘They
bottom at the same time”
correct.
a. Perform the appropriate analysis to determine who is
Fnet = Fg — 1
F
= Fg SIn 9 ILkFN

= mg sin 9— mg cos 9 = ma
ent of the
a = sin 8— lk cos 6), so the acceleration is independ
mass. They will tie, so Kako is correct.
unt of time to reach the
b If the man and the boy do not take the same amo
will be between
of the slide, calculate how many seconds of difference there
) the two times.
They will reach the bottom at the same time

Writing in Physics
page 144
109 Investigate some of the techniques used m
industry to reduce the fnction
8 of these techniques
between vanous parts of machines Descnbe two or three
and explarn the physics of how they work
ction of the
Answers will vary and may include lubricants and redu
normal force to reduce the force of friction.
s, such as sprinters, swimmers,
110. Olympics In recent years, many Olympic athlete
used modified equipment to reduce the effects of
skiers, and speed skaters, have
nt used by one of
friction and air or water drag. Research a piece of equipme
years. Explain how
these types of athletes and the way it has changed over the
physics has impacted these changes.
Answers will vary.

Solutions Manual 111

Physics: Principles and Problems
Chapter 5 continued
Cumulative Review Challenge Problem
page 144 page 132
111. Add or subtract as indicated and state
the
Find the equilibrant for the following forces.
-
answer with the correct number of signifi 1 = 61.0 N at 17.00 north of east
F
cant digits. (Chapter 1) 2 = 38.0 N at 64.0° north of east
F
a. 85.26 g + 4.7 g 3 = 54.0 N at 8.0° west of north
F
90.0 g 4 = 93.0 N at 53.0° west of north
F
5 = 65.0 N at 21.0° south of west
F
b. 1.07 km + 0.608 km
6 = 102.0 N at 15.0° west of south
F
1.68 km 7 =26.0 N south
F
c. 186.4 kg — 57.83 kg 8 = 77.0 N at 22.0° east of south
F
128.6 kg 9 =51.0 N at 33.0° east of south
F
d. 60.08 S — 12.2 5 10 = 82.0 N at 5.0° south of east
F
47.9 s

112. You ride your bike for 1.5 h at an average

velocity of 10 km/h, then for 30 mm at
15 km/h. What is your average velocity?
(Chapter 3)
Average velocity is the total displace
ment divided by the total time. 5
=
ti—ti
= +v
1
v
—
t
2 d
tl + t
2 —

d
=
1=0,so
F = (61.0 N)(cos 17.0°) = 58.3 N
1
+v
1
v
2
t
+ t
2 13 = (61.0 N)(sin 17.0°) = 17.8 N
F
, 0

— (10 km/b)(1.5 h) + (15 km/h)(0.5 h) 2 = (38.0 N)(cos 64.0°) = 16.7 N

F
— 1.5 h + 0.5 h
2 = (38.0 N)(sin 64.0°) = 34.2 N
F
= 10 kmlh
—(54.0 N)(sin 8.0°) = —7.52 N 0.

113. A 45-N force is exerted in the upward 3

F =

direction on a 2.0-kg briefcase. What is the 3

F = (54.0 N)(cos 8.0°) = 53.5 N
acceleration of the briefcase? (Chapter 4)
Fnet = Fapplled Fg = Fapplled mg
— —
4
F = —(93.0 N)(sin 53.0°) = —74.3 N

= ma 4
F = (93.0 N)(cos 53.0°) = 56.0 N
mg 2
= FaDpIIed — ‘0

so a m 5
F = —(65.0 N)(cos 21.0°) = —60.7 N
2
— 45 N — (2.0 kg)(9.80 m/s
)
2 5
F = —(65.0 N)(sin 21.0°) = —23.3 N
— 2.0kg
6
F = —(102 N)(sin 15.0°) = —26.4 N
= 13 mis
2
6
F = —(102 N)(cos 15.0°) = —98.5 N

112 Solutions Manual Physics: Principles and Problems

 Chapter 5 continued
F
=
70.0N
‘
F
=
7 —26.ON
= —107.65 N

8
F = (77.0 N)(sin 22.0°) = 28.8 N = /j)2 + (F )2
FR -

—(77.0 N)(cos 22.0°) =—71.4 N

2 + (—107.65 N)
V(44.38 N) 2

F = (51.0 N)(sin 33.0°) = 27.8 N

9 = 116 N
, = —(51.0 N)(cos 33.00) = —42.8 N
9
F IF
= tanl(t
= (82.0 N)(cos 5.0°) = 81.7 N
Ox
—(82.0 N)(sin 5.0°) = —7.15 N tan( N
O
4
_
6 5
Na)
=
Oy
——67 6°
F =ZF, FujfIbflt = 116 N at 112.4°

= 116 N at 22.4° W of N
= 44.38 N

•1
I

Solutions Manual 113

Physics: Principles and Problems